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Polikistik over sendromunda depresif semptomlar: işlevsel olmayan tutumların ve olumsuz otomatik düşüncelerin rolü

Year 2026, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 116 - 122, 06.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1836752

Abstract

Amaç: Polikistik over sendromu (PKOS), duygudurum bozuklukları riskinin artmasıyla ilişkilidir; ancak bu ilişkinin altında yatan bilişsel mekanizmalar yeterince anlaşılmamıştır. Depresyonun temel bilişsel yapılarını oluşturan disfonksiyonel tutumlar (DT) ve negatif otomatik düşünceler (NOD), PKOS popülasyonlarında sistematik olarak incelenmemiştir. Bu çalışma, PKOS'lu kadınlarda DT ve NOD'nin depresif ve anksiyete semptomları üzerindeki etkisini sağlıklı kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırarak araştırmayı amaçlamıştır.
Yöntem: Bu kesitsel vaka-kontrol çalışmasına Rotterdam kriterlerine göre PKOS tanısı konmuş premenopozal kadınlar ve bu katılımcılarla yaşları eşleştirilmiş sağlıklı kontroller dahil edildi. Katılımcılara Hastane Anksiyete ve Depresyon Ölçeği (HADÖ), Disfonksiyonel Tutum Ölçeği (DTÖ) ve Otomatik Düşünceler Anketi (ODA) uygulandı. Sosyodemografik değişkenler kaydedildi. Gruplar arası farklılıklar ve bilişsel yapı ile duygusal semptomlar arasındaki korelasyonlar uygun istatistiksel yöntemler kullanılarak analiz edildi.
Sonuç: PKOS'lu kadınlarda, kontrol grubuna kıyasla önemli ölçüde daha yüksek depresyon, anksiyete ve toplam HADÖ puanları saptandı (tümü p≤0,01). Ayrıca, önemli ölçüde daha yüksek ODA puanları (p=0,03), daha yüksek DTÖ toplam puanları (p≤0,01) ve daha yüksek DTÖ mükemmeliyetçilik alt ölçek puanları (p=0,025) saptandı. NOD, HADÖ depresyon, anksiyete ve toplam puanları ile pozitif korelasyon gösterdi (tümü p≤0,01). NOD ayrıca DTÖ toplam (p≤0,01) ve DTÖ mükemmeliyetçilik alt ölçek puanları (p≤0,01) ile de pozitif ilişkiliydi. Benzer şekilde, DT da PKOS grubundaki depresif ve anksiyete semptomları ile güçlü pozitif korelasyon gösterdi. Ek olarak, PKOS'lu kadınlar, sağlıklı kontrollere kıyasla önemli ölçüde daha yüksek BKI ve daha düşük eğitim düzeyine sahipti, bu da eşzamanlı metabolik ve sosyoekonomik zayıflığı göstermektedir. Ancak, regresyon analizinde HADÖ toplam puanlarını bağımsız olarak öngören tek bir bilişsel değişken bulunmamıştır.
Sonuç: NOD ve DT, PKOS'lu kadınlarda belirgin şekilde yüksektir ve depresif semptomların şiddeti ile güçlü bir şekilde ilişkilidir. Daha yüksek BKI ve daha düşük sosyoekonomik göstergelerle birlikte, bu bilişsel duyarlılıklar entegre bir biyopsikososyal yaklaşımın gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır. Bilişsel çarpıtmalar, bilişsel davranışçı terapi temelli müdahalelerin potansiyel değerini vurgulamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma için Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu’ndan 15.01.2020 tarihli ve 2020-01 sayılı karar ile etik kurul onayı alınmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Yok

Thanks

Yok

References

  • Yin X, Ji Y, Chan CLW, Chan CHY. The mental health of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2021;24(1):11-27. doi:10.1007/s00737-020-01043-x
  • Gnawali A, Patel V, Cuello-Ramírez A, et al. Why are women with polycystic ovary syndrome at increased risk of depression? exploring the etiological maze. Cureus. 2021;13(2):e13489. doi:10.7759/cureus.13489
  • Clark DA, Beck AT. Cognitive theory and therapy of anxiety and depression: convergence with neurobiological findings. Trends Cogn Sci. 2010;14(9):418-24. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.06.007
  • Gökdağ, C, Arkar H. An Examination of the Relationships Between the Psychobiological Model of Personality and Cognitive Theory in Patients Diagnosed With Major Depression and Healthy Individuals. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry. 2016;27(4):257-265. doi:10.5080/u12300
  • Lee SH, Cho SJ. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depressive Disorders. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;13 05:295-310. doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6044-0_16
  • Özdel K. From past to present cognitive behavioral therapies: Theory and practice. Türkiye Klinikleri J Psychiatry-Special Topics. 2015;8(2):10-20.
  • Yıldız M. The effect of dysfunctional attitudes and negative automatic thoughts on depression in university students. J Natl Acad Educ. 2017; 1(1):1-7.
  • Greenwood EA, Yaffe K, Wellons MF, Cedars MI, Huddleston HG. Depression over the lifespan in a population-based cohort of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: longitudinal analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(7):2809-2819. doi:10.1210/jc.2019-00234
  • Damone AL, Joham AE, Loxton D, Earnest A, Teede HJ, Moran LJ. Depression, anxiety and perceived stress in women with and without PCOS: a community-based study. Psychol Med. 2019;49(9):1510-1520. doi:10.1017/s0033291718002076
  • Kolhe JV, Chhipa AS, Butani S, Chavda V, Patel SS. PCOS and depression: common links and potential targets. Reprod Sci. 2022;29(11):3106-3123. doi:10.1007/s43032-021-00765-2
  • Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361-70. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
  • Aydemir Ö, Guvenir T, Kuey L, Kultur S. Validity and reliability of Turkish version of hospital anxiety and depression scale. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 1997;8(4):280-7.
  • Weissman AN, Beck AT. Development and validation of the dysfunctional attitude scale: a preliminary investigation 1978.
  • Şahin NH, Şahin N. Bir kültürde fonksiyonel olan tutumlar bir başka kültürde de öyle midir. Psikoloji Dergisi. 1991;7(26):30-40.
  • Şahin NH, Şahin N. How dysfunctional are the dysfunctional attitudes in another culture? Br J Med Psychol. 1992;65(1):17-26. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1992.tb01680.x
  • Hollon SD, Kendall PC. Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 1980;4(4):383-395. doi:10.1007/BF01178214
  • Sahin NH, Sahin N. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the automatic thoughts questionnaire. J Clin Psychol. 1992;48(3):334-340. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199205)48:3<334::aid-jclp2270480311>3.0.co;2-p
  • Rubin KH, Andersen MS, Abrahamsen B, Glintborg D. Socioeconomic status in Danish women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a register-based cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2019;98(4):440-450. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13514
  • Pastore LM, Patrie JT, Morris WL, Dalal P, Bray MJ. Depression symptoms and body dissatisfaction association among polycystic ovary syndrome women. J Psychosom Res. 2011;71(4):270-276. doi:10.1016/j.jps ychores.2011.02.005
  • Annagür BB, Tazegül A, Akbaba N. Body image, self-esteem and depressive symptomatology in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2014;51(2):129-132. doi:10.4274/npa.y6778
  • Emeksiz HC, Bideci A, Nalbantoğlu B, et al. Anxiety and depression states of adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. Turk J Med Sci. 2018;48(3):531-536. doi:10.3906/sag-1708-131
  • Hollinrake E, Abreu A, Maifeld M, Van Voorhis BJ, Dokras A. Increased risk of depressive disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2007;87(6):1369-1376. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.039
  • Asik M, Altinbas K, Eroglu M, et al. Evaluation of affective temperament and anxiety-depression levels of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Affect Disord. 2015;185:214-218. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.06. 043
  • Bhattacharya SM, Jha A. Prevalence and risk of depressive disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Fertil Steril. 2010;94(1): 357-359. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.025
  • Naqvi SH, Moore A, Bevilacqua K, et al. Predictors of depression in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2015;18(1):95-101. doi:10.1007/s00737-014-0458-z
  • Weber B, Lewicka S, Deuschle M, Colla M, Heuser I. Testosterone, androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone concentrations are elevated in female patients with major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2000;25(8):765-771. doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(00)00023-8
  • Calvi C, Sherman KA, Pham D. Loneliness and perceived social support in endometriosis: the roles of body ımage disturbance and anticipated stigma. Int J Behav Med. 2024;31(3):433-444. doi:10.1007/s12529-023-10 230-w
  • Erzin G, Kılınçel M, Bayram Ş, et al. Premenstrüel disforik bozukluğu olan hastaların sıkıntıya ve rahatsızlığa dayanma düzeylerinin ve fonksiyonel olmayan tutumlarının incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2020;23(3):248-255. doi: 10.5505/kpd.2020.09216
  • Erözkan A. Interpersonal sensitivity and depression levels of university students. SOBBİAD. 2005;14(1):129-155.
  • Korkmaz ŞA, Ertekin H, Yapar S, Aperribai L. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the premenstrual dysphoric disorder questionnaire for DSM-5 (CTDP-DSM-5). BMC Psychol. 2025;13(1):1277. doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03576-1

Depressive symptoms in polycystic ovary syndrome: the role of dysfunctional attitudes and negative automatic thoughts

Year 2026, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 116 - 122, 06.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1836752

Abstract

Aims: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with an elevated risk of mood disturbances; however, the cognitive mechanisms underlying this relationship remain insufficiently understood. Dysfunctional attitudes (DA) and negative automatic thoughts (NAT), which constitute the core cognitive structures of depression, have not been systematically examined in PCOS populations. This study aimed to investigate the influence of DA and NAT on depressive and anxiety symptoms in women with PCOS compared with healthy controls.
Methods: This cross-sectional case–control study included premenopausal women diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria and age-matched healthy controls. Participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS), and the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ). Sociodemographic variables were recorded. Group differences and correlations between cognitive constructs and affective symptoms were analyzed using appropriate statistical procedures.
Results: Women with PCOS exhibited significantly higher depression, anxiety, and total HADS scores compared with controls (all p≤0.01). They also demonstrated significantly higher ATQ scores (p=0.03), higher DAS total scores (p=0.025), and higher DAS perfectionism subscale scores (p≤0.01). ATQ were positively correlated with HADS depression, anxiety, and total scores (all p≤0.01). ATQ were also positively associated with both DAS total (p≤0.01) and DAS perfectionism subscale scores (p≤0.01). Similarly, DA showed strong positive correlations with depressive and anxiety symptoms in the PCOS group. Additionally, women with PCOS had significantly higher BMI and lower educational attainment compared with healthy controls, indicating concurrent metabolic and socioeconomic vulnerability. However, no single cognitive variable independently predicted HADS total scores in regression analysis.
Conclusion: NAT and DA are markedly elevated in women with PCOS and strongly associated with depressive symptom severity. Along with higher BMI and lower socioeconomic indicators, these cognitive vulnerabilities highlight the need for an integrated biopsychosocial approach. Cognitive distortions may represent modifiable therapeutic targets, underscoring the potential value of CBT-based interventions in this high-risk group.

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Ethics Committee (Decision Date: 15.01.2020, Decision No: 2020-01).

Supporting Institution

None

Thanks

None

References

  • Yin X, Ji Y, Chan CLW, Chan CHY. The mental health of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2021;24(1):11-27. doi:10.1007/s00737-020-01043-x
  • Gnawali A, Patel V, Cuello-Ramírez A, et al. Why are women with polycystic ovary syndrome at increased risk of depression? exploring the etiological maze. Cureus. 2021;13(2):e13489. doi:10.7759/cureus.13489
  • Clark DA, Beck AT. Cognitive theory and therapy of anxiety and depression: convergence with neurobiological findings. Trends Cogn Sci. 2010;14(9):418-24. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.06.007
  • Gökdağ, C, Arkar H. An Examination of the Relationships Between the Psychobiological Model of Personality and Cognitive Theory in Patients Diagnosed With Major Depression and Healthy Individuals. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry. 2016;27(4):257-265. doi:10.5080/u12300
  • Lee SH, Cho SJ. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depressive Disorders. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;13 05:295-310. doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6044-0_16
  • Özdel K. From past to present cognitive behavioral therapies: Theory and practice. Türkiye Klinikleri J Psychiatry-Special Topics. 2015;8(2):10-20.
  • Yıldız M. The effect of dysfunctional attitudes and negative automatic thoughts on depression in university students. J Natl Acad Educ. 2017; 1(1):1-7.
  • Greenwood EA, Yaffe K, Wellons MF, Cedars MI, Huddleston HG. Depression over the lifespan in a population-based cohort of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: longitudinal analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(7):2809-2819. doi:10.1210/jc.2019-00234
  • Damone AL, Joham AE, Loxton D, Earnest A, Teede HJ, Moran LJ. Depression, anxiety and perceived stress in women with and without PCOS: a community-based study. Psychol Med. 2019;49(9):1510-1520. doi:10.1017/s0033291718002076
  • Kolhe JV, Chhipa AS, Butani S, Chavda V, Patel SS. PCOS and depression: common links and potential targets. Reprod Sci. 2022;29(11):3106-3123. doi:10.1007/s43032-021-00765-2
  • Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361-70. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
  • Aydemir Ö, Guvenir T, Kuey L, Kultur S. Validity and reliability of Turkish version of hospital anxiety and depression scale. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 1997;8(4):280-7.
  • Weissman AN, Beck AT. Development and validation of the dysfunctional attitude scale: a preliminary investigation 1978.
  • Şahin NH, Şahin N. Bir kültürde fonksiyonel olan tutumlar bir başka kültürde de öyle midir. Psikoloji Dergisi. 1991;7(26):30-40.
  • Şahin NH, Şahin N. How dysfunctional are the dysfunctional attitudes in another culture? Br J Med Psychol. 1992;65(1):17-26. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1992.tb01680.x
  • Hollon SD, Kendall PC. Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 1980;4(4):383-395. doi:10.1007/BF01178214
  • Sahin NH, Sahin N. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the automatic thoughts questionnaire. J Clin Psychol. 1992;48(3):334-340. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199205)48:3<334::aid-jclp2270480311>3.0.co;2-p
  • Rubin KH, Andersen MS, Abrahamsen B, Glintborg D. Socioeconomic status in Danish women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a register-based cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2019;98(4):440-450. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13514
  • Pastore LM, Patrie JT, Morris WL, Dalal P, Bray MJ. Depression symptoms and body dissatisfaction association among polycystic ovary syndrome women. J Psychosom Res. 2011;71(4):270-276. doi:10.1016/j.jps ychores.2011.02.005
  • Annagür BB, Tazegül A, Akbaba N. Body image, self-esteem and depressive symptomatology in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2014;51(2):129-132. doi:10.4274/npa.y6778
  • Emeksiz HC, Bideci A, Nalbantoğlu B, et al. Anxiety and depression states of adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. Turk J Med Sci. 2018;48(3):531-536. doi:10.3906/sag-1708-131
  • Hollinrake E, Abreu A, Maifeld M, Van Voorhis BJ, Dokras A. Increased risk of depressive disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2007;87(6):1369-1376. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.039
  • Asik M, Altinbas K, Eroglu M, et al. Evaluation of affective temperament and anxiety-depression levels of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Affect Disord. 2015;185:214-218. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.06. 043
  • Bhattacharya SM, Jha A. Prevalence and risk of depressive disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Fertil Steril. 2010;94(1): 357-359. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.025
  • Naqvi SH, Moore A, Bevilacqua K, et al. Predictors of depression in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2015;18(1):95-101. doi:10.1007/s00737-014-0458-z
  • Weber B, Lewicka S, Deuschle M, Colla M, Heuser I. Testosterone, androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone concentrations are elevated in female patients with major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2000;25(8):765-771. doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(00)00023-8
  • Calvi C, Sherman KA, Pham D. Loneliness and perceived social support in endometriosis: the roles of body ımage disturbance and anticipated stigma. Int J Behav Med. 2024;31(3):433-444. doi:10.1007/s12529-023-10 230-w
  • Erzin G, Kılınçel M, Bayram Ş, et al. Premenstrüel disforik bozukluğu olan hastaların sıkıntıya ve rahatsızlığa dayanma düzeylerinin ve fonksiyonel olmayan tutumlarının incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2020;23(3):248-255. doi: 10.5505/kpd.2020.09216
  • Erözkan A. Interpersonal sensitivity and depression levels of university students. SOBBİAD. 2005;14(1):129-155.
  • Korkmaz ŞA, Ertekin H, Yapar S, Aperribai L. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the premenstrual dysphoric disorder questionnaire for DSM-5 (CTDP-DSM-5). BMC Psychol. 2025;13(1):1277. doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03576-1
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychiatry
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hülya Ertekin 0000-0003-4787-5333

İlhan Ahmet Çetiner 0009-0003-2287-8906

Neslihan Duran 0000-0002-7713-5187

Fatma Beyazıt 0000-0002-0667-6090

Submission Date December 5, 2025
Acceptance Date December 28, 2025
Publication Date January 6, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Ertekin H, Çetiner İA, Duran N, Beyazıt F. Depressive symptoms in polycystic ovary syndrome: the role of dysfunctional attitudes and negative automatic thoughts. Anatolian Curr Med J / ACMJ / acmj. January 2026;8(1):116-122. doi:10.38053/acmj.1836752

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