Effects of Acid Resistance on Migration Behavior of Vitreous Enamels
Year 2020,
Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 18 - 27, 29.06.2020
Nurullah Çöpoğlu
,
Yasin Bozkurt Yılmaz
,
Tamer Cengiz
Buğra Çiçek
Abstract
A wide variety of cookware and utensils are continuously used throughout
the world. Owing to the high mechanical and thermal properties, metallic
surfaces such as cast iron, steel and aluminum are frequently used in this
field. However, during cooking, metal atoms can enter the food from the metal
surface due to the pH of the food, relatively high cooking temperature and
contact time of the processed food. This condition is called migration and when
the human body gets more metal than it needs to take daily or the harmful
elements enter the body, it causes many diseases, notably cancer. Enamel
coating is an inorganic coating that has high heat capacity owing to the
silicates in their chemical structure, high hardness and durability owing to
their amorphous structure, chemical resistance and abrasion resistance.
Hazardous compounds can be present in the enamel coatings which comes from the
minor components used in production of frit compositions such as NiO and CoO to
ensure chemical bonding in interface. These compounds can leach or migrate into
food and from there into human body. Therefore, some regulations and standards
have been developed to protect human health. ISO 4531:2018 standard states an
ICP analysis with limited release of 16 elements. However, some of these
elements have a vital importance in the enamel coating technology hence it was
aimed to replace the required oxides without causing a change in the enamel
structure. In this study, a typical borosilicate frit composition containing a
high proportion of RO2 groups, was used to provide heat resistance
to the enamel structure and resistance to organic acids. The migration
properties were investigated according to ISO 4531:2018 standard. It is stated
that healthy and conforming to standards enamel compositions can be developed.
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Year 2020,
Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 18 - 27, 29.06.2020
Nurullah Çöpoğlu
,
Yasin Bozkurt Yılmaz
,
Tamer Cengiz
Buğra Çiçek
References
-
[1] A. Andrews, Porcelain Enamels: The Preparation, Application and Properties of Enamels, Champaign: Gerrard Press, 1961.
-
[2] S. Pagliuca and W. Faust, Porcelain (Vitreous) Enamels and Industrial Enamelling Processes, Mantiva: The International Enamellers Institute, 2011.
-
[3] N. MILLAR and C. WILSON, Vitreous Enamel Coatings, Corrosion, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1994, pp. 16:3 - 16:12.
-
[4] E. Scrinzi and S. Rossi, The aesthetic and functional properties of enamel coatings on steel, Materials and Design, pp. 4138-4146, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2010.04.030
-
[5] L. Castle, Chemical migration into food: an overview, Chemical migration and food contact materials, Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2007, pp. 1-12.
-
[6] K. B. Arvidson, M. A. Cheeseman and A. J. McDougal, Toxicology and risk assessment of chemical migrants from food contact materials Chemical migration and food contact materials, Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2007, pp. 158-176.
-
[7] O. Pringer, Mathematical modelling of chemical migration from food contact materials, Chemical migration and food contact materials, Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2007, pp. 180-201.
-
[8] J. Kienlen, Deficiencies in trace elements during parenteral alimentation, Ann Anesthesiol Fr., vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 1019-1034, 1977.
-
[9] S. J. Stohs and D. Bagchi, Oxidation Mechanism in the Toxicity of Metal Ions, Free Radical Biology & Medicine, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 321-336, 1995. DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(94)00159-h
-
[10] L. Prashanth, K. K. Kattapagari, R. T. Chitturi, V. R. Beddam and L. K. Prasad, A review on role of essential trace elements in health and disease, Journal of Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences , vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 75-85, 2015. DOI: 10.4103/2277-8632.158577
-
[11] E. Frieden, The evolution of metals as essential elements (with special reference to iron and copper), Adv Exp Med Biol, vol. 48, no. 0, pp. 1-29, 1974.
-
[12] J. R. Turnlund, R. A. Jacob, C. L. Keen and S. S. Strain, Long-term high copper intake: Effects on indexes of copper status, antioxidant status, and immune function in young men, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 79, no. 6, pp. 1037-1044, 2004. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.6.1037
-
[13] N. Andrews, The iron transporter DMT1, International Journal of Biochem Cell Biol., vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 991-994, 1999. DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(99)00065-5
-
[14] P. Gustavsson, R. Jakobsson, H. Johansson, F. Lewin, S. Norell and L. E. Rutkvist , Occupational exposures and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, Occup Environ Med, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 393-400, 1998. DOI: 10.1136/oem.55.6.393
-
[15] K. Abrams, S. M. Siram, C. Galsim, H. Johnson-Hamilton, F. L. Munford and H. Mezghebe, Selenium deficiency in total parenteral nutrition, Nutr Clin Pract, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 175-178, 1992. DOI: 10.1177/0115426592007004175
-
[16] X. Chen, G. Yang, J. Chen, X. Chen, Z. Wen and K. Ge, Studies on the relations of selenium and Keshan disease, Biol Trace Elem Res, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 91-107, 1980. DOI: 10.1007/BF02798589
-
[17] T. Aoba and O. Fejerskov, Dental fluorosis: chemistry and biology, Crit Rev Oral Biol Med., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 155-170, 2002.
-
[18] J. R. Mellberg and L. W. Ripa, Fluoride Metabolism, Fluorides in Preventive Dentistry - Theory and Clinical Applications, Chicago, Quintessence Publishing, 1983, pp. 81-102.
-
[19] S. Khanna, Immunological and biochemical markers in oral carcinogenesis: The public health perspective, Int J Environ Res Public Health, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 418-422, 2008.