Leaded Bronze Arrowheads at Daskyleion

Abstract

Arrowheads made of leaded bronze and unearthed in Daskyleion during the excavations between 1954-1959 and 1988-2019 constitute the subject of this study. 406 leaded bronze arrowheads have been found up to now in a grave named Tumulus T6. Leaded bronze arrowheads from Daskyleion date to the 5th and 4th centuries BC. The arrowheads are here classified according to their function. Especially some of the suggestions on archaeological typology proposed by different scholars are practically tested here as a case study using the Daskyleion arrowheads. This typology points to which arrowheads were used as military or hunting weapons in Daskyleion. It can be argued that lead, highly detected, was used in these arrows for “engineering” purposes. In addition, the deformation observed on the arrowheads is explained using historical events that occurred in the settlement and narrated by ancient authors. Consequently, the leaded bronze arrowheads used at Daskyleion are comprised of samples quite common in the Eastern Mediterranean. Fortunately, these examples were mostly found in the datable layers at Daskyleion.

Keywords

• Daskyleion
• tumulus
• leaded bronze
• weapon

Thanks

This article is produced from the PhD dissertation being prepared by Özgün Kasar under the supervision of Kaan İren. This study is supported by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Turkish Historical Society, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Coordinatorship of Scientific Research Projects (with projects number 17/128, 17/095, 17/206, 17/261 and 15/142), Turkish American Scientific Research Center, Koç University Suna & İnan Kıraç Mediterranean Civilizations Research Center (with project number KU AKMED 2018/T.1045) and Prof. Dr. Ünsal Yalçın, Prof. Dr. Ali Arslan Kaya, and Prof. Dr. Ünal Akkemik. We thank all academics and institutions that have supported this study.

References

1. Adams, W.Y., and E.W. Adams. 1991. Archaeological Typology and Practical Reality: A DialecticalvApproach to Artifact Classification and Sorting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Adams, W.Y. 2008. “Classification and Typology.” In Encylopedia of Archaeology. Vol. 2, edited by D.M. Pearsall, 1019-27. San Diego, CA: Elsevier.
3. Akar-Tanrıver, D.S. 2009. “Apollon Klarios Kültü, Kehanet Pratikleri ve Adaklar.” Ph.D. diss., Ege University.
4. Akar-Tanrıver, D. 2017. “Eski Smyrna’da Savaşlar, Silahlar ve Askeri Donanımlar.” Arkeoloji ve Sanat 156:77-91.
5. Akok, M. 1965. “Afyon-Çavdarlı Höyük Kazısı.” TürkArkDerg 14.1-2:5-34.
6. Akurgal, E. 1983. Alt-Smyrna I. Wohnschichten und Athenatempel. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
7. Alcock, J.P. 2006. Food in the Ancient World. Westport, CONN.: Greenwood Press.
8. Arslan, B., S. Aybek, and E. Durak. 2017. “Metropolis’de Bulunan Ok Uçları.” Masrop E-Dergi. Mimarlar Arkeologlar Sanat Tarihçileri ve Restoratörler Ortak Platformu E-Dergisi 9.13:54-73.

9. Atik, N. 2017. “Heraion Teikhos Kazılarında Bulunan Ok Uçları.” Masrop E-Dergi. Mimarlar Arkeologlar Sanat Tarihçiler ve Restoratörleri Ortak Platformu E-Dergisi 11.16:57-76.
10. Attaelmanan, A.G., E.A. Yousif, and S.A. Jassim. 2013. “Investigation of Tin, Arsenic and Lead Concentrations in Prehistoric Arrowheads.” Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 28:1436-440.
11. Baitinger, H. 1999. “Waffen und Bewaffnung aus der Perserbeute in Olympia.” AA:125-39.
12. Baitinger, H. 2001. Die Angriffswaffen aus Olympia. Berlin: De Gruyter.
13. Bakır, T. 2011. Daskyleion: Balıkesir‘in Eski Çağlardaki Valilik Merkezi. Balıkesir: Balıkesir Valiliği.
14. Bakır, T. 2003. “Daskyleion (Tyaiy Drayahya) Hellespontine Phrygia Bölgesi Akhaemenid Satraplığı.” Anadolu 25:1-26.
15. Bakır, T., R.G. Gürtekin-Demir, and C. Tanrıver. 2003. “Daskyleion 2001.” Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 24.1:491-500.
16. Bakır, T., K. İren, and Ç. Atay. 2013. “Yağmalanan Daskyleion Tümülüsleri.” Aktüel Arkeoloji 34:26-27.
17. Baykan, D. 2017a. “Nif Dağı Kazısı Karamattepe ve Ballıcaoluk’ta Bulunan Ok Uçları.” Masrop E-Dergi. Mimarlar Arkeologlar Sanat Tarihçiler ve Restoratörler Ortak Platformu E-Dergisi 9.12:18-40.
18. Baykan, D. 2017b. “Metal Buluntular ve Arkeometalürji Verileri.” In Nif Dağı Ballıcaoluk (2008-2016) Prof. Dr. Elif Tül Tulunay Onuruna, edited by M. Peker, C. Baykan, and D. Baykan, 119-60. Istanbul: Homer Yayınları.
19. Bernardini, C. 2006. I bronzi della stipe di Kamiros. Monografie della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente 18. Athens: Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene.
20. Blackmore, H.L. 2000. Hunting Weapons from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century. Mineola, NY.:Dover Publications.
21. Blinkenberg, C., and K.F. Kinch. 1931. Lindos, Fouilles de l’Acropole 1902-1914. Vol. 1, les petits objets.Berlin: De Gruyter.
22. Boehlau, J., and K. Schefold. 1942. Larisa am Hermos. Vol. 3, Die Kleinfunde. Berlin: De Gruyter.
23. Boehmer, R.M. 1972. Die Kleinfunde von Boğazköy aus den Grabungskampagnen 1931-1939 und 1952-1969. Boğazköy-Hattuša 7. WVDOG 87. Berlin: Mann.
24. Broneer, O. 1933. “Excavations on the North Slope of the Acropolis in Athens, 1931-1932.” Hesperia 2.3:329-417.
25. Broneer, O. 1935. “Excavations on the North Slope of the Acropolis in Athens 1933-1934.” Hesperia 4.2:109-88.
26. Bumke, H., and E. Röver. 2002. “Didyma. Bericht über die Arbeiten 2000. Ein wiederentdecktes Heiligtum auf dem ›Taxiarchis‹ in Didyma.” AA 2002.1:84-104.
27. Cahill, N. 2010. “Sardeis’te Pers Tahribi.” In Lydialılar ve Dünyaları, edited by N.D. Cahill, 339-61. Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık.
28. Cahill, N. 2015. “Sardis 2013.” Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 36.2:413-30.
29. Cahill, N. 2018. “Second Newsletter from Sardis 2017.” Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, January 11, 2018. https://fds.lib.harvard.edu/fds/deliver/440424480/Sardis_Newsletter_2017_2.pdf
30. Campbell, D.B. 2008. Ancient Siege Warfare: Persians, Greeks, Carthaginians and Romans 546-146 BC. Oxford: Osprey.
31. Cleuziou, S. 1977. “Les pointes de flèches ‘scythiques’ au Proche et Moyen Orient.” In Le plateau iranien et l’Asie centrale des origines à la conquête Islamique. Leurs relations à la lumière des documents archéologiques, Paris 22-24 Mars 1976, edited by J. Deshayes, 187-99. Colloques internationaux du Centre national de la Recherche scientifique 567. Paris: Editions du CNRS.
32. Conze, A. 1913. Stadt und Landschaft. AvP 1.2. Berlin: Reimer.
33. Cook, J.M. 1958-1959. “Old Smyrna, 1948-1951.” BSA 53/54:1-34.
34. Coşkun, G. 2005. “Daskyleion’da Orta Akhemenid Dönem.” Ph.D. diss., Ege University.
35. Crowfoot, J.W., G.M. Crowfoot, and K.M. Kenyon. 1957. The Objects from Samaria. Samaria-Sebaste; Reports of the Work of the Joint in 1931-1933 and of the British Expedition in 1935, no. 3. London: Palestine Exploration Fund.
36. Curtis, J., and N. Tallis. 2005. Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia. Berkeley/Los Angeles: British Museum Press.
37. Curtius, E., and F. Adler. 1890. Olympia: Die Ergebnisse der von dem Deutschen Reich veranstalteten Ausgrabung. Vol. 4, Die Bronzen und die übrigen kleineren Funde von Olympia. Berlin: A. Asher.
38. Dardeniz, G. 2017. “M.Ö. II. ve I. Bin Ok Uçlarında Arkeometrik Bulgular.” Masrop E-Dergi. Mimarlar Arkeologlar Sanat Tarihçiler ve Restoratörler Ortak Platformu E-Dergisi 8.10:7-17.
39. Davidson, G.R. 1952. Corinth. Vol. 12, The Minor Objects. Princeton, NJ: ASCSA. Davis, T.A. 2013. “Archery in Archaic Greece.” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University.
40. Dawkins, R.M. 1929. The Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia at Sparta. London: Macmillan. Delrue, P. 2007. “Trilobate Arrowheads at ed-Dur (U.A.E, Emirate of Umm al-Qaiwain).” Arabian Archaeology Epigraphy 18.2:239-50.
41. Dörpfeld, W. 1902. Troia und Ilion: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen in den vorhistorischen und historischen Schichten von Ilion 1870-1894. Athens: Beck & Barth.
42. Erdmann, E. 1973. “Die sogenannten Marathonpfeilspitzen in Karlsruhe.” AA 88:30-58.
43. Erzen, A. 1978. Çavuştepe I. M.Ö. 7-6. Yüzyıl Urartu Mimarlık Anıtları ve Ortaçağ Nekropolü. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
44. Evliya Çelebi Seyahatname, edited by S.A. Kahraman and Y. Dağlı. 2nd ed. 2011. Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
45. Forsom, E., and M.J. Smith. 2017. “Getting to the Point: An Experimental Approach to Improving the Identification of Penetrating Projectile Trauma to Bone Caused by Medieval Arrows.” JAS 11:274-86.
46. Frankfort, H. 1970. The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
47. Gale, N.H., Z.A. Stos-Gale, and G.R. Gilmore. 1985. “Alloy Types and Copper Sources of Anatolian Copper Alloy Artifacts.” AnatSt 35:143-73.
48. Gilbert, R. 2004. A to Z Guide to White-Tailed Deer and Deer Hunting. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Creative Outdoors.
49. Goldman, H. 1963. Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus. Vol. 3, The Iron Age. Text and Plates. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
50. Greenewalt, C.H., Jr. 1997. “Arms and Weapons at Sardis in the Mid Sixth Century B.C./M.Ö. 6. Yüzyıl Ortasında Sardis’de Askeri Teçhizat ve Silahlar.” Arkeoloji ve Sanat 79:2-20.
51. Guralnick, E. 1987. Sardis: Twenty-Seven Years of Discovery. Chicago: Chicago Society of the Archaeological Institute of America.
52. Hancˇar, F. 1972. “Die Bogenwaffe der Skythen.” MAGW 102:3-25.
53. Hanfmann, M.A., and A.H. Detweiler. 1961. “From the Heights of Sardis.” Archaeology 14:3-11.
54. Haspels, C.H.E. 1951. Phrygie, exploration archéologique. Vol. 3, La cités de Midas, céramique et trouvailles diverses. Institut française d’archéologie de Stamboul. Paris: Boccard.
55. Hellmuth, A. 2014. “Horse, Bow and Arrow - A Comparison between the Scythian Impact on the Mediterranean and on Eastern Middle Europe.” Mediterranean Review 7.1:1-38.
56. Hulit, T.D. 2002. “Late Bronze Age Scale Armour in the Near East: An Experimental Investigation of Materials, Construction, and Effectiveness, with a Consideration of Socio-Economic Implications.” Ph.D. diss., Durham University.
57. Ivantchik, A. 2016. “Arrowheads from a Survey in Celaenae-Apameia.” In Kelainai II. Kelainai-Apameia Kibotos: Eine achämenidische, hellenistische und römische Metropole, edited by A. Ivantchik, L. Summerer, and A. von Kienlin, 473-89. Bordeaux: Ausonius Éditions Bordeaux.
58. İren, K., and H. Yıldızhan. 2017. “Pers Daskyleionu: Güney Marmara Bölgesi’nde bir Satraplık Merkezi.” In Persler Anadolu’da: Kudret ve Görkem, edited by K. İren, Ç. Karaöz, and Ö. Kasar, 332-50. Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık.
59. Kasar, Ö. 2018. “Daskyleion’da Görülen Mezar Tipleri ve Ölü Gömme Gelenekleri.” In Antik Çağ’dan Cumhuriyet’e Bandırma ve Yakın Çevresi Tarihi, edited by U.T. Sivrioğlu, 57-71. Bursa: Dora Press.
60. Klebinder-Gauss, G. 2007. Bronzefunde aus dem Artemision von Ephesos. Ephesos 12.3. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
61. Konyar, E., K. Işık, R. Kuvanç, B. Genç, and B. Gökce. 2018. Zaiahina’nın Bronzları: Doğubayazıt Urartu Metal Eserleri, Ahmet Köroğlu Koleksiyonu. Istanbul: Doğubeyazıt Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları.
62. Lubos, M. 2009. “Weihungen griechischer Söldner in Didyma.” Zurück zum Gegenstand, Festschrift für Andreas E. Furtwängler. Vol. 2, edited by R. Einicke, S. Lehmann, H. Löhr, G. Mehnert, A. Mehnert, and A. Slawisch, 405-14. Schriften des Zentrums für Archäologie und Kulturgeschichte des Schwarzmeerraumes 16. Langenweissbach: Beier&Beran.
63. Malloy, A.G. 1993. Weapons. Ancient and Medieval Art and Antiquities. Sale catalogue 24. South Salem, NY: Alex G. Mallot Inc.
64. Maier, F.G., and V. Karageorghis. 1984. Paphos: History and Archaeology. Nicosia: A.G. Leventis Foundation.
65. Miller, S.G. 1975. “Excavations at Nemea 1973-1974.” Hesperia 44.2:143-72.
66. Minns, E.H. 1913. Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
67. Moorey, P.R.S. 1980. Cemeteries of the First Millennium B.C. at Deve Hüyük, near Carchemish, Salvaged by T.E. Lawrence and C.L. Woolley in 1913 (With a Catalogue Raisonné of the Objects in Berlin, Cambridge, Liverpool, London, and Oxford). BAR-IS 87. Oxford: BAR.
68. Nicholls, R.V. 1958-1959. “Old Smyrna: The Iron Age Fortifications and Associated Remains on the City Perimeter.” BSA 53/54:35-137.
69. Olson, B.R., and T. Najbjerg. 2017. “A Deposit of Scythian-Type Arrowheads from Polis Chrysochous (Ancient Arsinoe).” RDAC 2011-2012:639-56.
70. Otto, T., H. Thrane, and H. Vandkilde, eds. 2006. Warfare and Society: Archaeological and Social Anthropological Perspectives. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
71. Özdemir, M.A., and M. Işıklı. 2017. “Van Ayanis Kalesinden Ele Geçen Ok Uçları Üzerine Genel Bir Değerlendirme.” Masrop E-Dergi. Mimarlar Arkeologlar Sanat Tarihçiler ve Restoratörler Ortak Platformu E-Dergisi 8.11:46-62.
72. Özyiğit, Ö. 1994. “The City Walls of Phokaia.” RÉA 96.1-2:77-109.
73. Paterson, W.F. 1984. Encyclopaedia of Archery. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
74. Petrie, W.M.F. 1888. Tanis. Part 2, Nebesheh (Am) and Defenneh (Tahpanhes). Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund 4. London: Trübner.
75. Petrie, W.M.F. 1928. Gerar. British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Egyptian Research Account 43. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt.
76. Prêtre, Cl. 2016. La fibule et le clou: Ex-voto et instrumentum de l’Artémision. Études Thasiennes 23. Athens: École française d’Athènes.
77. Rausing, G. 1967. The Bow: Some Notes on Its Origins and Development. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia 8.6. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt / Lund: CWK Gleerups.
78. Ray, F.E. 2009. Land Battles in 5th Century B.C. Greece: A History and Analysis of 173 Engagements. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
79. Riesch, H. 2019. “Shooting Experiments with Early Medieval Arrowhead.” EXARC 2019.3:1-4.
80. Robinson, D.M. 1941. Excavations at Olynthus. Part 10, Metal and Minor Miscellaneous Finds. An Original Contribution to Greek Life. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Archaeology 31. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.
81. Rothenberg, B. 1975. “Metals and Metallurgy.” In Investigations at Lachish: The Sanctuary and the Residency (Lachish V), edited by Y. Aharoni, 72-83. Publications of the Institute of Archaeology 4. Tel Aviv: Gateway Publishers.
82. Rudgley, R. 2000. The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age. New York: Simon & Schuster.
83. Sarıkaya, S. 2015. “Agesilaos’un Daskyleion Seferleri (MÖ 396-395).” Phaselis 1:199-219.
84. Sawyer, R.D., and M.L. Sawyer. 2011. Ancient Chinese Warfare. New York: Basic Books. Schmidt, E.F. 1929. “Test Excavations in the City on Kerkenes Dagh.” AJSL 45.4:221-74.
85. Schmidt, E.F. 1957. Persepolis. Vol. 2, Contents of the Treasury and Other Discoveries. OIP 69. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
86. Schmidt, E.F., and W.M. Krogman. 1933. The Alishar Hüyük: Seasons of 1928 and 1929, Part 2. Researches in Anatolia Vol. 5. OIP 20. Chicago: University of Chicago.
87. Scott, D.A. 1991. Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals. Malibu: J. Paul Getty Trust.
88. Scott, D.A. 2010. Ancient Metals: Microstructure and Metallurgy. Los Angeles: Conservation Science Press. Schliemann, H. 1884. Troja: Results of the Latest Researches and Discoveries on the Site of Homer’s Troy, and in the Heroic Tumuli and Other Sites, Made in the Year 1882 and a Narrative of a Journey in the Troad in 1881. London: John Murray.
89. Snodgrass, A.M 1964. Early Greek Armour and Weapons from the End of the Bronze Age to 600 B.C. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press.
90. Smirnov, K.F., and V.G. Petrenko. 1963. Savromaty Povolzˇ’ja i juzˇnogo Priyral’ja. Moskva: Izdat.
91. Soyer, A. 2004. Food, Cookery, and Dining in Ancient Times: Alexis Soyer’s Pantropheon. Original edition, New York: Paddington Press, 1853. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
92. Sözüer, Ö. 2018. “Curt Kosswig, Bandırma Kuş Cenneti ve Bandırma’nın Doğal Mirası Üzerine “Etnobiyolojik” Bir Deneme.” In Antik Çağ’dan Cumhuriyet’e Bandırma ve Yakın Çevresi Tarihi, edited by U.T. Sivrioğlu, 589-602. Bursa: Dora Press.
93. Stern, E. 1982. Material Culture of the Land of the Bible in The Persian Period 538-332 BC. Warminster: Aris & Phillips / Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
94. Stronach, D. 1978. Pasargadae. A Report on the Excavations Conducted by the British Institute of Persian Studies from 1961 to 1963. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
95. Sulimirski, T. 1954. “Scythian Antiquities in Western Asia.” Artibus Asiae 17.3-4:282-318.
96. Summerer, L. 2011. “Die Persische Armee in Kelainai.” In Kelainai I. Kelainai-Apameia Kibotos: Stadtentwicklung im anatolischen Kontext. Akten des internationalen Kolloquiums, München, 2-4 April 2009, edited by L. Summerer, A. Ivantchik, and A. von Kienlin, 33-55. Bordeaux: Ausonius.
97. Summers, G.D. 2017. “Iron Age Arrowheads from Kerkenes.” In Overturning Certainties in Near Eastern Archaeology. A Festschrift in Honor of K. Aslıhan Yener. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 90. Edited by Ç. Maner, M.T. Horowitz, and A.S. Gilbert, 645-64. Leiden/Boston: Brill.
98. Tanrıver, C., S. Akat-Özenir, D.S. Akar-Tanrıver, A.Ü. Erdem-Otman, and A. Erdoğan. 2017. “Eski Smyrna (Bayraklı Örenyeri / Tepekule) Kazısı 2014-2015.” Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 38.3:95-114.
99. Thompson, H.A. 1940. The Tholos of Athens and Its Predecessors. Hesperia Suppl. 4. Baltimore: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
100. Trigger, B.G. 2006. A History of Archaeological Thought. 2nd ed. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
101. Ureche, P. 2013. “The Bow and Arrow during the Roman Era.” Ziridava Studia Archaeologica 27:183-195.
102. Valério, P., R.J.C. Silva, M.F. Araújo, A.M.M. Soares, and L. Barros. 2012. “A Multianalytical Approach to Study the Phoenician Bronze Technology in the Iberian Peninsula-A view from Quinta do Almaraz.” Materials Characterization 67:74-82.
103. Waldbaum, J.C. 1983. Metalwork from Sardis. The Finds Through 1974. SardisMon 8. Cambridge, MASS: Harvard University Press.
104. Woolley, L. 1938. “The Excavations at Al Mina, Sueidia. II.” JHS 58.2:133-70.
105. Yalçıklı, D. 2006. Pfeilspitzen, Eisenzeitliche Pfeilspitzen aus Anatolien. Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 128. Bonn: Habelt.
106. Yalçıklı, D. 2016. Anadolu’da Demir Çağı Metal Silâhları. Saarbrücken: Türkiye Alim Kitapları.
107. Young, R.S. 1953. “Making History at Gordion.” Archaeology 6.3:159-66.
108. Yukishima, K. 1992. “Scythian Bronze Arrowheads from Kaman-Kalehöyük.” Anatolian Archaeological Studies 1. Kaman-Kalehöyük 1:89-100.
109. Zunal, O. 2017. “Klaros’ta Bulunan Ok Uçları.” Masrop E-Dergi. Mimarlar Arkeologlar Sanat Tarihçiler ve Restoratörler Ortak Platformu E-Dergisi 9.13:41-53.