BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

J. Paul Getty’s Motivations for Collecting Antiquities

Yıl 2016, Sayı: 19, 345 - 366, 01.06.2016

Öz

Collecting is a curious behaviour. Hardly anyone has not formed a collection, however small. And yet, for all its universality, the collecting impulse, especially the impulse to collect classical antiquities, has been surprisingly little studied. Thanks to inventory lists, household expense records, architectural plans, and other archival records, we know many of the practical facts of most major private collections of antiquities: how much collectors paid for them, from whom they purchased them, where in their homes or private museums they displayed them. Yet, answering the questions of who, when and where bring us very little closer to answering the question of why.

Kaynakça

  • Addison 1712 J. Addison, Cato (1712).
  • Alsop 1982 J. Alsop, The Rare Art Traditions: The History of Art Collecting and Its Linked Phenomena Wherever These Have Appeared (1982).
  • Auchincloss – Morgan 1990
  • L. Auchincloss – J. P. Morgan, The Financier as Collector (1990).
  • Ayres 1997 P. Ayres, Classical Culture and the Idea of Rome in Eighteenth-Century England (1997).
  • Cabanne 1963 P. Cabanne, The Great Collectors (1963).
  • Christian 2010 K. Christian, Empire without End: Antiquities Collections in Renaissance Rome, c. 1350-1527 (2010).
  • Cook 1917 A. Cook, “A Pre-Persic Relief from Cottenham”, JHS 37, 1917, 116-125.
  • Dyson 1998 S. Dyson, Ancient Marbles to American Shores: Classical Archaeology in the United States (1998).
  • Fejfer 2003 J. Fejfer, “Restoration and Display of Classical Sculpture in English Country Houses: A Case of Dependence”, in: J. B. Grossman – J. Podany – M. True (eds.), History of Restoration of Ancient Stone Sculptures (2003) 87-104.
  • Getty 1965a J. Getty, The Joys of Collecting (1965).
  • Getty 1965b J. Getty, How to be Rich (1965).
  • Getty 1968 J. Getty, The Golden Age (1968).
  • Getty 1986 J. Getty, As I See It: My Life as I Lived It (1986).
  • Getty Trust 2007a Getty Trust, Press Release, “The Italian Ministry of Culture and the J. Paul Getty Museum Sign Agreement in Rome”, Aug. 1, 2007.
  • Getty Trust 2007b Getty Trust, Press Release, “Ministry of Culture for the Hellenic Republic and J. Paul Getty Museum Sign Agreement Finalizing Return of Objects to Greece”, 7 February 2007.
  • Greenblatt 2005 S. Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare (2005).
  • Gummere 1963 R. Gummere, The American Colonial Mind and the Classical Tradition (1963).
  • Hewins 1960 R. Hewins, The Richest American: J. Paul Getty (1960).
  • Hoffmann 1970 H. Hoffmann, Ten Centuries that Shaped the West: Greek and Roman Art in Texas Collections (1970).
  • Howard 1968 S. Howard, “Henry Blundell’s Sleeping Venus”, Art Quarterly 21.4, 1968, 405-420.
  • Howard 1982 S. Howard, Bartolomeo Cavaceppi: Eighteenth-Century Restorer (1982).
  • Howard 1991 S. Howard, “Ancient Busts and the Cavaceppi and Albacini Casts”, JHC 3.2, 1991, 199-217.
  • Howarth 1985 D. Howarth, Lord Arundel and His Circle (1985).
  • Jackson-Stops 1985 G. Jackson-Stops (ed.), The Treasure Houses of Britain: Five Hundred Years of Private Patronage and Art Collecting (1985).
  • Jardine 1998 L. Jardine, Worldly Goods: A New History of the Renaissance (1998).
  • Lapatin 2011 K. Lapatin, “The Getty Villa: Art, Architecture, and Aristocratic Self-Fashioning in the Mid-Twentieth Century”, in: S. Hales – J. Paul (eds.), Pompeii in the Public
  • Imagination from its Rediscovery to Today (2011) 270-285.
  • Le Vane – Getty 1955 E. Le Vane – J. Getty, Collector’s Choice: The Chronicle of an Artistic Odyssey through Europe (1955).
  • Lee 1981 N. Lee, Lucius Junius Brutus (1681).
  • Levkoff 2008 M. Levkoff, Hearst, the Collector (2008).
  • Marvin 2003 M. Marvin, “Possessions of Princes: The Ludovisi Collection”, in: J. B. Grossman et al. (eds.), History of Restoration of Ancient Stone Sculptures (2003) 225-239.
  • Middleton 1836 R. Middleton, Letter to Nathaniel Russell Middleton, 28 March 1836, South Carolina Historical Society, Middleton Family Papers 1736-1929 (1168.00).
  • Montagu 1759 E. Montagu, Reflections on the Rise and Fall of the Antient Republicks Adapted to the Present State of Great Britain (1759).
  • Moore 2005 M. Moore, “A Note on a Horse Bit from the Collection of J. Pierpont Morgan in the Metropolitan Museum of Art”, AntK 48, 2005, 40-54.
  • Mullett 1939 C. Mullett, “Classical Influences on the American Revolution”, CJ 35.2, 1939, 92-104.
  • Oldmixon 1730 J. Oldmixon, History of England during the Reigns of the Royal House of Stuart (1730).
  • Perkins 1958 J. Perkins, “Four Roman Garland Sarcophagi in America”, Archaeology 11.2, 1958, 98-104.
  • Picón 1983 C. Picón, Bartolomeo Cavaceppi: Eighteenth-Century Restorations of Ancient Marble Sculpture from English Private Collections (1983).
  • Pollitt 1978 J. Pollitt, “The Impact of Greek Art on Rome”, TAPA 108, 1978, 155-174.
  • Procter 1998 B. Procter, William Randolph Hearst: The Early Years, 1863-1910 (1998).
  • Procter 2007 B. Procter, William Randolph Hearst: Final Edition, 1911-1951 (2007).
  • Rosenbaum 2013 L. Rosenbaum, “Getty’s Latest Repatriation (Plus AAMD Members’ Loose Interpretation of Cultural-Property Guidelines”, Arts Journal Blogs, 13 January 2013, available at http://www.artsjournal.com/culturegrrl/2013/01/gettys_latest_ repatriation_plu.html.
  • Scott 2003 J. Scott, The Pleasures of Antiquity: British Collectors of Greece and Rome (2003).
  • Strouse 2000 J. Strouse, “J. Pierpont Morgan: Financier and Collector”, MMAB 57.3, 2000, 1-64. Syson 2001 L. Syson, Objects of Virtue: Art in Renaissance Italy (2001).
  • Thornton 1998 D. Thornton, The Scholar in His Study: Ownership and Experience in Renaissance Italy (1998).
  • Vvon Bothmer 1990 D. von Bothmer, Glories of the Past: Ancient Art from the Shelby White and Leon Levy Collection (1990).
  • Zirpolo 2008 L. Zirpolo, “Severed Torsos and Metaphorical Transformations: Christina of Sweden’s Sale delle Muse and Clytie in the Palazzo Riario-Corsini”, Aurora 9, 2008, 29-53

J. Paul Getty’nin Eski Eser Koleksiyonu Yapma Nedenleri

Yıl 2016, Sayı: 19, 345 - 366, 01.06.2016

Öz

Eski eserler, 20. yy. Amerikalı koleksiyonerlerin Avrupa ile ruhani bağları bulunan sofistike duayenler olarak kendilerine yeni bir kimlik oluşturmalarını sağladı. Bu sayede, 18. ve 19. yy.’ların Amerikalılarında görülen, istedikleri siyasi değişimler için Eski Çağ’dan prototip aranma şeklindeki çelişkili tavırdan büyük bir sapma yaşandı. Fakat bunun yanı sıra büyük çaplı eski eser koleksiyonu yapmayı da genelde reddettiler çünkü Amerika’nın ihtiyacı olan her şeyi, Eski Dünya’nın yardımı veya daha üstün kültür iddiaları olmaksızın üretecek gücü olduğu inancıyla kurulan bir ulusun bunu yapmasının uygun olmayacağı kanısı yaygındı. Bu makalede, petrolcü ve koleksiyoner J. Paul Getty’nin 1892-1976 Amerikan koleksiyonculuğunda dönüm noktası olması irdelenmektedir. Getty, klasik antikalara atfedilen emperyal ve elitist özelliklere olumlu bir gözle bakan ilk Amerikalı koleksiyonerlerdendir. Kendi başına milyarder olan Getty, varlığının çoğunu sanata ve Kaliforniya Los Angeles’ta Getty Müzesi ve Vakfı’nı kurmaya yatırıyordu. Kendi koleksiyonculuğu üzerine sık sık ve kendi kendini analiz eder şekilde yazıyordu; koleksiyonculuğa Büyük Buhran ve II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında koleksiyonlarını ucuza satan Avrupalı koleksiyonerlerden faydalanarak başlamıştı. Zamanla bir koleksiyon toplama felsefesi geliştirdi ki, bu felsefe sanatı işe ve işi de ölümsüzlüğe içinden çıkılmaz şekilde bağlıyordu çünkü sanata maruz kalmanın hem iş hayatında başarı için gerekli ‘hayal gücünü’ artıracağına hem de Amerikalı işadamlarının bu sayede yabancı ortaklarla iş yaparken ihtiyaç duyacağı kültürel akıcılığı sağlayacağına inanıyordu. Getty’e göre, yatırım fırsatları bulmak için kendi hayal gücüne egzersiz yaptırdıktan sonra, gerçek büyük bir işadamı kendi dünya varlığını yapmış olmakla tatmin olamazdı. Bilakis, bir işadamı mümkün olduğunca daha çok kişi için iş yaratmak üzere mevcut girişimlerini büyütmeye ve yenilerini ortaya çıkarmaya devam etmelidir ki, bir Sezar kadar ünlü olsun. Ne var ki, Getty’nin felsefi inançları eski eser alırken onu sahte eser konusunda, özellikle satıcı ilgi çekici bir öykü anlatıyorsa, korumasız bıraktı çünkü Getty için yapılacak alımda en önemli husus, eserin daha önce, tanınmış bir sahibi bulunmasıydı. Her şeyden önce Getty, daha önce İmparator Hadrianus’un veya 18. yy. İngiliz aristokrasisinin, ya da ideal olarak her ikisinin sahip olduğu eski eserleri satın almayı tercih ediyordu – tıpkı Lansdowne Heraklesi örneğinde olduğu gibi. Getty, hayatını, hem Getty İmparatorluğu üzerindeki egemenliği aracılığıyla hem de kapsamlı gezileri, Getty villasının inşası ve de en önemlisi sanat eseri koleksiyonculuğu dahil olmak üzere Romalı ve Avrupalı aristokratların tipik boş zaman etkinlikleri aracılığıyla söz konusu aristokratlara göre biçimlendiriyordu.

Kaynakça

  • Addison 1712 J. Addison, Cato (1712).
  • Alsop 1982 J. Alsop, The Rare Art Traditions: The History of Art Collecting and Its Linked Phenomena Wherever These Have Appeared (1982).
  • Auchincloss – Morgan 1990
  • L. Auchincloss – J. P. Morgan, The Financier as Collector (1990).
  • Ayres 1997 P. Ayres, Classical Culture and the Idea of Rome in Eighteenth-Century England (1997).
  • Cabanne 1963 P. Cabanne, The Great Collectors (1963).
  • Christian 2010 K. Christian, Empire without End: Antiquities Collections in Renaissance Rome, c. 1350-1527 (2010).
  • Cook 1917 A. Cook, “A Pre-Persic Relief from Cottenham”, JHS 37, 1917, 116-125.
  • Dyson 1998 S. Dyson, Ancient Marbles to American Shores: Classical Archaeology in the United States (1998).
  • Fejfer 2003 J. Fejfer, “Restoration and Display of Classical Sculpture in English Country Houses: A Case of Dependence”, in: J. B. Grossman – J. Podany – M. True (eds.), History of Restoration of Ancient Stone Sculptures (2003) 87-104.
  • Getty 1965a J. Getty, The Joys of Collecting (1965).
  • Getty 1965b J. Getty, How to be Rich (1965).
  • Getty 1968 J. Getty, The Golden Age (1968).
  • Getty 1986 J. Getty, As I See It: My Life as I Lived It (1986).
  • Getty Trust 2007a Getty Trust, Press Release, “The Italian Ministry of Culture and the J. Paul Getty Museum Sign Agreement in Rome”, Aug. 1, 2007.
  • Getty Trust 2007b Getty Trust, Press Release, “Ministry of Culture for the Hellenic Republic and J. Paul Getty Museum Sign Agreement Finalizing Return of Objects to Greece”, 7 February 2007.
  • Greenblatt 2005 S. Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare (2005).
  • Gummere 1963 R. Gummere, The American Colonial Mind and the Classical Tradition (1963).
  • Hewins 1960 R. Hewins, The Richest American: J. Paul Getty (1960).
  • Hoffmann 1970 H. Hoffmann, Ten Centuries that Shaped the West: Greek and Roman Art in Texas Collections (1970).
  • Howard 1968 S. Howard, “Henry Blundell’s Sleeping Venus”, Art Quarterly 21.4, 1968, 405-420.
  • Howard 1982 S. Howard, Bartolomeo Cavaceppi: Eighteenth-Century Restorer (1982).
  • Howard 1991 S. Howard, “Ancient Busts and the Cavaceppi and Albacini Casts”, JHC 3.2, 1991, 199-217.
  • Howarth 1985 D. Howarth, Lord Arundel and His Circle (1985).
  • Jackson-Stops 1985 G. Jackson-Stops (ed.), The Treasure Houses of Britain: Five Hundred Years of Private Patronage and Art Collecting (1985).
  • Jardine 1998 L. Jardine, Worldly Goods: A New History of the Renaissance (1998).
  • Lapatin 2011 K. Lapatin, “The Getty Villa: Art, Architecture, and Aristocratic Self-Fashioning in the Mid-Twentieth Century”, in: S. Hales – J. Paul (eds.), Pompeii in the Public
  • Imagination from its Rediscovery to Today (2011) 270-285.
  • Le Vane – Getty 1955 E. Le Vane – J. Getty, Collector’s Choice: The Chronicle of an Artistic Odyssey through Europe (1955).
  • Lee 1981 N. Lee, Lucius Junius Brutus (1681).
  • Levkoff 2008 M. Levkoff, Hearst, the Collector (2008).
  • Marvin 2003 M. Marvin, “Possessions of Princes: The Ludovisi Collection”, in: J. B. Grossman et al. (eds.), History of Restoration of Ancient Stone Sculptures (2003) 225-239.
  • Middleton 1836 R. Middleton, Letter to Nathaniel Russell Middleton, 28 March 1836, South Carolina Historical Society, Middleton Family Papers 1736-1929 (1168.00).
  • Montagu 1759 E. Montagu, Reflections on the Rise and Fall of the Antient Republicks Adapted to the Present State of Great Britain (1759).
  • Moore 2005 M. Moore, “A Note on a Horse Bit from the Collection of J. Pierpont Morgan in the Metropolitan Museum of Art”, AntK 48, 2005, 40-54.
  • Mullett 1939 C. Mullett, “Classical Influences on the American Revolution”, CJ 35.2, 1939, 92-104.
  • Oldmixon 1730 J. Oldmixon, History of England during the Reigns of the Royal House of Stuart (1730).
  • Perkins 1958 J. Perkins, “Four Roman Garland Sarcophagi in America”, Archaeology 11.2, 1958, 98-104.
  • Picón 1983 C. Picón, Bartolomeo Cavaceppi: Eighteenth-Century Restorations of Ancient Marble Sculpture from English Private Collections (1983).
  • Pollitt 1978 J. Pollitt, “The Impact of Greek Art on Rome”, TAPA 108, 1978, 155-174.
  • Procter 1998 B. Procter, William Randolph Hearst: The Early Years, 1863-1910 (1998).
  • Procter 2007 B. Procter, William Randolph Hearst: Final Edition, 1911-1951 (2007).
  • Rosenbaum 2013 L. Rosenbaum, “Getty’s Latest Repatriation (Plus AAMD Members’ Loose Interpretation of Cultural-Property Guidelines”, Arts Journal Blogs, 13 January 2013, available at http://www.artsjournal.com/culturegrrl/2013/01/gettys_latest_ repatriation_plu.html.
  • Scott 2003 J. Scott, The Pleasures of Antiquity: British Collectors of Greece and Rome (2003).
  • Strouse 2000 J. Strouse, “J. Pierpont Morgan: Financier and Collector”, MMAB 57.3, 2000, 1-64. Syson 2001 L. Syson, Objects of Virtue: Art in Renaissance Italy (2001).
  • Thornton 1998 D. Thornton, The Scholar in His Study: Ownership and Experience in Renaissance Italy (1998).
  • Vvon Bothmer 1990 D. von Bothmer, Glories of the Past: Ancient Art from the Shelby White and Leon Levy Collection (1990).
  • Zirpolo 2008 L. Zirpolo, “Severed Torsos and Metaphorical Transformations: Christina of Sweden’s Sale delle Muse and Clytie in the Palazzo Riario-Corsini”, Aurora 9, 2008, 29-53
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Erin L Thompson Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Sayı: 19

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Thompson, Erin L. “J. Paul Getty’s Motivations for Collecting Antiquities”. Adalya, sy. 19 (Haziran 2016): 345-66.

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