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A Re-examination of Sitometroumenoi Andres in Light of Pliny’s Ep. X, 116-117 as a Term Peculiar to Lycia

Yıl 2016, Sayı: 19, 111 - 132, 01.06.2016

Öz

Some inscriptions on the cash delivery to a limited number of σιτομετρούμενοι ἆνδρες known from the northern and western Lycian cities of Oinoanda, Tlos and Xanthos are revisited in light of Pliny’s ep. X, 116-117. Firstly, the article concludes that the institution of sitonia as a magistracy, well known from numerous inscriptions from Asia Minor regarding purchasing grains, did not become established in Lycia

Kaynakça

  • Akdoğu Arca 2002 E. N. Akdoğu Arca, “Lykia’lı Bir Euergetes: Opramoas”, bk.: S. Şahin – M. Adak, Likya İncelemeleri I (2002) 79-90.
  • Adak 2013 M. Adak, “Bölüm 2: Tarihi İçerik”, bk.: S. Şahin, Stadiasmus Patarensis. Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae. Gephyra Monografi Serisi, Cilt 2 (2013) 57-98.
  • Arnaoutoglou 2012 I. N. Arnaoutoglou, Cultural Transfer and Law in Hellenistic Lycia: The Case of Symmasis’ Foundation, Transferts Culturels et droits dans le monde grec et hellénistique (2012) 205-224.
  • Balland 1981 A. Balland, Fouilles de Xanthos VII: Inscriptions d’epoque imperiale du Letoon (1981).
  • Brandt 1992 H. Brandt, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft Pamphyliens und Pisidiens im Altertum (1992).
  • Coulton – Milner – Reyes 1988
  • J. J. Coulton – N. P. Milner – A. T. Reyes, “Balboura Survey: Onesimos and Meleager, Part I.”, Anatolian Studies 38, 1988, 121-145.
  • Ste. Croix 1981 G. E. M. de Ste. Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World from the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests (1981).
  • Çevik v.d. 2014 N. Çevik – S. Bulut – Ç. A. Aygün, “Myra’nın Limanı Andriake”, bk.: S. Ladstätter – F. Pirson – T. Schmidts (ed.), Harbors and Harbor Cities in the Eastern Mediterranean, Byzas 19, 2014, 225-243.
  • Duncan-Jones 1982 R. Duncan-Jones, The Economy of the Roman Empire2 (1982).
  • Dürüşken – Özbayoğlu 2001
  • Ç. Dürüşken – E. Özbayoğlu, Genç Plinius’un Anadolu Mektupları-Plinius, Epistulae, 10. Kitap (2001).
  • Erdkamp 2005 P. Erdkamp, The Grain Market in the Roman Empire (2005).
  • Garnsey 1988 P. Garnsey, Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World: Responses to Risk and Crisis (1988).
  • Giannakopoulos 2008 N. Giannakopoulos, Ο Θεσμός της Γερουσίας των ελληνικών πόλεων κατά τους ρωμαϊκούς χρόνους (2008).
  • Gökalp 2002 N. Gökalp, “Oinoanda’dan Bir Soy: Licinnii”, bk.: S. Şahin – M. Adak (ed.), Likya İncelemeleri I (2002) 91-102.
  • Halfmann 1986 H. Halfmann, Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich, Heidelberger althistorische Beitrage und epigraphische Studien, Bd. 2 (1986).
  • Hall – Milner 1994 A. Hall – N. P. Milner, “Education and Athletics at Oenoanda. Documents Illustrating the Festival of Oenoanda”, bk.: D. French (ed.), Studies in the History and Topography of Lycia and Pisidia (In Memoriam A.S. Hall) (1994) 7-47.
  • Hall – Milner – Coulton 1996
  • A. S. Hall – N. P. Milner – J. J. Coulton, “The Mausoleum of Licinnia Flavilla and Flavianus Diogenes of Oinoanda: Epigraphy and Architecture”, Anatolian Studies 46, 1996, 111-144.
  • Jameson 1966 S. Jameson, “Two Lycian Families, the Licinnii of Oenoanda, the Vilii”, Anatolian Studies 16, 1966, 125-137.
  • Jones 1940 A. H. M. Jones, The Greek City from Alexander to Justinian (1940).
  • Kantirea 2016 M. Kantirea, “Nonelite Benefactors in the Roman East: Building Activity by Freedmen, Slaves, Craftsmen and Traders”, bk.: B. Takmer – E. N. Akdoğu Arca – N. Gökalp Özdil (ed.), Vir doctus Anatolicus. Studies in Memory of Sencer Şahin / Sencer Şahin Anısına Yazılar (2016) 471-493.
  • Kokkinia 2000 Ch. Kokkinia, Die Opramoas-Inschrift von Rhodiapolis: Euergetismus und soziale Elite in Lykien (2000).
  • Kokkinia 2008 Ch. Kokkinia (ed.), Boubon: The Inscriptions and Archaeological Remains. A Survey 2004-2006. Meletemata 60 (2008).
  • Lanckoro ski 1890 K. G. Lanckoro ski, Städte Pamphyliens und Pisidiens I-II (1890/1892). Larsen 1946 J. A. O. Larsen, “Tituli Asiae Minoris, II, 522 and the Dating of Greek Inscriptions by Roman Names”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 5, 1946, 55-63.
  • Liebenam 1900 W. Liebenam, Staedteverwaltung im römischen Kaiserreiche (1900).
  • Magie 1950 D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, to the End of the Third Century after Christ, Volume I: Text ve Volume II: Notes (1950).
  • Milner 1994 N. P. Milner, “An Inscription From Boubon”, bk.: D. French (ed.), Studies in the History and Topography of Lycia and Pisidia (In Memoriam A. S. Hall) (1994) 93-94.
  • Milner – Mitchell 1995 N. P. Milner – S. Mitchell, “An Exedra for Demosthenes of Oenoanda and His Relatives”, Anatolian Studies 45, 1995, 91-104.
  • Naour 1977 Ch. Naour, “Inscriptions de Lycie”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigrafik 24, 1977, 265-290.
  • Naour 1978 Ch. Naour, “Nouvelles inscriptions de Balboura”, AncSoc 9, 1978, 165-185. van Nijf 1997 O. M. van Nijf, The Civic World of Professional Associations in the Roman East (1997).
  • Oliver 1941 J. H. Oliver, The Sacred Gerusia. Hesperia Suppl. VI (1941).
  • Pleket 1984 H. W. Pleket, “Urban Elites and the Economy in the Greek Cities of the Roman Empire”, Münstersche Beiträge z. antiken Handelsgeschichte 3.1, 1984, 3-35.
  • Pleket 1998 H. W. Pleket, “Political Culture and Political Practice in the Cities of Asia Minor in the Roman Empire”, bk.: W. Schuller (ed.), Politische Theorie und Praxis im Altertum (1998) 204-16.
  • Quaß 1993 F. Quaß, Die Honoratioren-schicht in den Städten des griechischen Ostens: Untersuchungen zur politischen und sozialen Entwicklung in hellenistischer und römischer Zeit (1993).
  • Ras 1995 M. Ras, Oinoanda in Lykia, “The Elite and Economy in the Roman Empire”, Lykia II, 1995, 22-38.
  • Reitzenstein 2011 D. Reitzenstein, Die lykischen Bundespriester. Reprasentation der kaiserzeitlichen Elite Lykiens. Klio, Beih. Neue Folge Bd. 17 (2011).
  • Rickman 1971 G. Rickman, Roman Granaries and Store Buildings (1971).
  • Rigsby 1996 K. Rigsby, Asylia: Territorial Inviolability in the Hellenistic World (1996).
  • Robert 1937 L. Robert, Études Anatoliennes. Recherches sur les inscriptions grecques del’Asie Mineure (1937).
  • Schwarz 2001 H. Schwarz, Soll oder Haben?: Die Finanzwirtschaft kleinasiatischer Städte in der römischen Kaiserzeit am Beispiel von Bithynien, Lykien und Ephesos (29 v. Chr.- 284 n. Chr.) (2001).
  • Sherwin-White 1966 A. N. Sherwin-White, The Letters of Pliny: A Historical and Social Commentary (1966).
  • Strubbe 1987 J. H. M. Strubbe, “The Sitonia in the Cities of Asia Minor under the Principate I”, Epigraphica Anatolica 10, 1987, 45-82.
  • Strubbe 1989 J. H. M. Strubbe, “The Sitonia in the Cities of Asia Minor under the Principate II”, Epigraphica Anatolica 13, 1989, 97-122.
  • Şahin – Adak 2007 S. Şahin – M. Adak, Stadiasmus Patarensis. Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae, Monographien zur Gephyra 1 (2007).
  • Şahin 2013 S. Şahin, Stadiasmus Patarensis. Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae, Gephyra Monografi Serisi, Cilt 2 (2013).
  • Takmer – Oktan 2013 B. Takmer – M. Oktan, “Parerga zum Stadiasmus Patarensis (11): Die lykische Stadt Neisa”, Gephyra 10, 2013, 50-93.
  • Van Bremen 1994 R. van Bremen, “A Family from Sillyon”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigrafik 104, 1994, 43-56.
  • Winter 1996 E. Winter, Staatliche Baupolitik und Baufürsorge in den römischen Provinzen des kaiserzeitlichen Kleinasien. Asia Minor Studien 20 (1996).
  • Wörrle 1975 M. Wörrle, “Die Horrea Hadriani”, bk.: J. Borchhardt (ed.), Myra. Eine lykische Metropole in antiker und byzantinischer Zeit. Istanbuler Forschungen 30 (1975) 66-68.
  • Wörrle 1988 M. Wörrle, Stadt und Fest im kaiserzeitlichen Kleinasien (1988).
  • Zgusta 1984 L. Zgusta, Kleinasiatische Ortsnamen. Beiträge zur Namensforschung. N. F. Beiheft 21 (1984).
  • Zimmermann 1992 M. Zimmermann, Untersuchungen zur historischen Landeskunde Zentrallykiens (1992).
  • Zuiderhoek 2008 A. Zuiderhoek, “Feeding the Citizens: Municipal Grain Funds and Civic Benefactors in the Roman East”, bk.: R. Alston – O. M. van Nijf (ed.), Groningen– Royal Holloway Studies on the Greek City after the Classical Age I. Feeding the Ancient Greek City (2008) 159-80.
  • Zuiderhoek 2009 A. Zuiderhoek, The Politics of Munificence in the Roman Empire, Citizens, Elite and Benefactors in Asia Minor (2009)

Lykia’ya Özgü Bir Kavram Olarak Sitometroumenoi Andres’i Plinius’un X, 116/117. Mektupları Işığında Yeniden Değerlendirme

Yıl 2016, Sayı: 19, 111 - 132, 01.06.2016

Öz

Lykia’da bulunmuş bazı yazıtlar euergetes’ler tarafından σιτομετρούμενοι ἆνδρες’e yapılan para dağıtımından bahseder. Sitometroumenoi, σιτομετρέω fiilinden türemiş medium çatıda bir participium’dur. σιτομετρέω ise buğday dağıtıyorum/tartıyorum anlamına gelmekte olup kentlerde buğday dağıtımını/ya da buğday alma amacına yönelik para dağıtımını σιτομέτριον gerçekleştiren bir memuriyeti σιτομέτρης ya da buğday dağıtımı yapma eylemini σιτομετρία ifade eder. Buğday tedarik etme her dönemde kentlerin en önemli meselesi olmuş ve bunun neticesinde kentler farklı memurlar ya da kurumlar geliştirmişlerdir. Bunlardan biri olan ve Küçük Asya’da yaygın olarak karşımıza çıkan σιτωνία, resmi buğday alımını gerçekleştiren bir magistratlıktır. Sitonia ve ilgili terimlere işaret eden 71 yazıt J. Strubbe tarafından 1987 yılında bir katalog halinde bir araya getirilmiş2, 1989 yılında da birkaç yazıt ekleme ve düzeltmesiyle söz konusu yazıtlar ışığında konunun değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Çalışmasında sitometria’ya da küçük bir yer ayıran Strubbe sitonia ile Lykia kentlerinde rastlanılan sitometria’nın yurttaşlara buğday dağıtma amacı güden benzer kurumlar olabileceğini önermiştir. Bu arada Strubbe’nin kataloğunda Lykia’dan sitonia’ya işaret eden yalnızca bir yazıt Arsada kentinden gelmektedir ve olasılıkla memuriyetten çok, Symbras’ın kent için buğday satın aldığına işaret etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akdoğu Arca 2002 E. N. Akdoğu Arca, “Lykia’lı Bir Euergetes: Opramoas”, bk.: S. Şahin – M. Adak, Likya İncelemeleri I (2002) 79-90.
  • Adak 2013 M. Adak, “Bölüm 2: Tarihi İçerik”, bk.: S. Şahin, Stadiasmus Patarensis. Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae. Gephyra Monografi Serisi, Cilt 2 (2013) 57-98.
  • Arnaoutoglou 2012 I. N. Arnaoutoglou, Cultural Transfer and Law in Hellenistic Lycia: The Case of Symmasis’ Foundation, Transferts Culturels et droits dans le monde grec et hellénistique (2012) 205-224.
  • Balland 1981 A. Balland, Fouilles de Xanthos VII: Inscriptions d’epoque imperiale du Letoon (1981).
  • Brandt 1992 H. Brandt, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft Pamphyliens und Pisidiens im Altertum (1992).
  • Coulton – Milner – Reyes 1988
  • J. J. Coulton – N. P. Milner – A. T. Reyes, “Balboura Survey: Onesimos and Meleager, Part I.”, Anatolian Studies 38, 1988, 121-145.
  • Ste. Croix 1981 G. E. M. de Ste. Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World from the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests (1981).
  • Çevik v.d. 2014 N. Çevik – S. Bulut – Ç. A. Aygün, “Myra’nın Limanı Andriake”, bk.: S. Ladstätter – F. Pirson – T. Schmidts (ed.), Harbors and Harbor Cities in the Eastern Mediterranean, Byzas 19, 2014, 225-243.
  • Duncan-Jones 1982 R. Duncan-Jones, The Economy of the Roman Empire2 (1982).
  • Dürüşken – Özbayoğlu 2001
  • Ç. Dürüşken – E. Özbayoğlu, Genç Plinius’un Anadolu Mektupları-Plinius, Epistulae, 10. Kitap (2001).
  • Erdkamp 2005 P. Erdkamp, The Grain Market in the Roman Empire (2005).
  • Garnsey 1988 P. Garnsey, Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World: Responses to Risk and Crisis (1988).
  • Giannakopoulos 2008 N. Giannakopoulos, Ο Θεσμός της Γερουσίας των ελληνικών πόλεων κατά τους ρωμαϊκούς χρόνους (2008).
  • Gökalp 2002 N. Gökalp, “Oinoanda’dan Bir Soy: Licinnii”, bk.: S. Şahin – M. Adak (ed.), Likya İncelemeleri I (2002) 91-102.
  • Halfmann 1986 H. Halfmann, Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich, Heidelberger althistorische Beitrage und epigraphische Studien, Bd. 2 (1986).
  • Hall – Milner 1994 A. Hall – N. P. Milner, “Education and Athletics at Oenoanda. Documents Illustrating the Festival of Oenoanda”, bk.: D. French (ed.), Studies in the History and Topography of Lycia and Pisidia (In Memoriam A.S. Hall) (1994) 7-47.
  • Hall – Milner – Coulton 1996
  • A. S. Hall – N. P. Milner – J. J. Coulton, “The Mausoleum of Licinnia Flavilla and Flavianus Diogenes of Oinoanda: Epigraphy and Architecture”, Anatolian Studies 46, 1996, 111-144.
  • Jameson 1966 S. Jameson, “Two Lycian Families, the Licinnii of Oenoanda, the Vilii”, Anatolian Studies 16, 1966, 125-137.
  • Jones 1940 A. H. M. Jones, The Greek City from Alexander to Justinian (1940).
  • Kantirea 2016 M. Kantirea, “Nonelite Benefactors in the Roman East: Building Activity by Freedmen, Slaves, Craftsmen and Traders”, bk.: B. Takmer – E. N. Akdoğu Arca – N. Gökalp Özdil (ed.), Vir doctus Anatolicus. Studies in Memory of Sencer Şahin / Sencer Şahin Anısına Yazılar (2016) 471-493.
  • Kokkinia 2000 Ch. Kokkinia, Die Opramoas-Inschrift von Rhodiapolis: Euergetismus und soziale Elite in Lykien (2000).
  • Kokkinia 2008 Ch. Kokkinia (ed.), Boubon: The Inscriptions and Archaeological Remains. A Survey 2004-2006. Meletemata 60 (2008).
  • Lanckoro ski 1890 K. G. Lanckoro ski, Städte Pamphyliens und Pisidiens I-II (1890/1892). Larsen 1946 J. A. O. Larsen, “Tituli Asiae Minoris, II, 522 and the Dating of Greek Inscriptions by Roman Names”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 5, 1946, 55-63.
  • Liebenam 1900 W. Liebenam, Staedteverwaltung im römischen Kaiserreiche (1900).
  • Magie 1950 D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, to the End of the Third Century after Christ, Volume I: Text ve Volume II: Notes (1950).
  • Milner 1994 N. P. Milner, “An Inscription From Boubon”, bk.: D. French (ed.), Studies in the History and Topography of Lycia and Pisidia (In Memoriam A. S. Hall) (1994) 93-94.
  • Milner – Mitchell 1995 N. P. Milner – S. Mitchell, “An Exedra for Demosthenes of Oenoanda and His Relatives”, Anatolian Studies 45, 1995, 91-104.
  • Naour 1977 Ch. Naour, “Inscriptions de Lycie”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigrafik 24, 1977, 265-290.
  • Naour 1978 Ch. Naour, “Nouvelles inscriptions de Balboura”, AncSoc 9, 1978, 165-185. van Nijf 1997 O. M. van Nijf, The Civic World of Professional Associations in the Roman East (1997).
  • Oliver 1941 J. H. Oliver, The Sacred Gerusia. Hesperia Suppl. VI (1941).
  • Pleket 1984 H. W. Pleket, “Urban Elites and the Economy in the Greek Cities of the Roman Empire”, Münstersche Beiträge z. antiken Handelsgeschichte 3.1, 1984, 3-35.
  • Pleket 1998 H. W. Pleket, “Political Culture and Political Practice in the Cities of Asia Minor in the Roman Empire”, bk.: W. Schuller (ed.), Politische Theorie und Praxis im Altertum (1998) 204-16.
  • Quaß 1993 F. Quaß, Die Honoratioren-schicht in den Städten des griechischen Ostens: Untersuchungen zur politischen und sozialen Entwicklung in hellenistischer und römischer Zeit (1993).
  • Ras 1995 M. Ras, Oinoanda in Lykia, “The Elite and Economy in the Roman Empire”, Lykia II, 1995, 22-38.
  • Reitzenstein 2011 D. Reitzenstein, Die lykischen Bundespriester. Reprasentation der kaiserzeitlichen Elite Lykiens. Klio, Beih. Neue Folge Bd. 17 (2011).
  • Rickman 1971 G. Rickman, Roman Granaries and Store Buildings (1971).
  • Rigsby 1996 K. Rigsby, Asylia: Territorial Inviolability in the Hellenistic World (1996).
  • Robert 1937 L. Robert, Études Anatoliennes. Recherches sur les inscriptions grecques del’Asie Mineure (1937).
  • Schwarz 2001 H. Schwarz, Soll oder Haben?: Die Finanzwirtschaft kleinasiatischer Städte in der römischen Kaiserzeit am Beispiel von Bithynien, Lykien und Ephesos (29 v. Chr.- 284 n. Chr.) (2001).
  • Sherwin-White 1966 A. N. Sherwin-White, The Letters of Pliny: A Historical and Social Commentary (1966).
  • Strubbe 1987 J. H. M. Strubbe, “The Sitonia in the Cities of Asia Minor under the Principate I”, Epigraphica Anatolica 10, 1987, 45-82.
  • Strubbe 1989 J. H. M. Strubbe, “The Sitonia in the Cities of Asia Minor under the Principate II”, Epigraphica Anatolica 13, 1989, 97-122.
  • Şahin – Adak 2007 S. Şahin – M. Adak, Stadiasmus Patarensis. Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae, Monographien zur Gephyra 1 (2007).
  • Şahin 2013 S. Şahin, Stadiasmus Patarensis. Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae, Gephyra Monografi Serisi, Cilt 2 (2013).
  • Takmer – Oktan 2013 B. Takmer – M. Oktan, “Parerga zum Stadiasmus Patarensis (11): Die lykische Stadt Neisa”, Gephyra 10, 2013, 50-93.
  • Van Bremen 1994 R. van Bremen, “A Family from Sillyon”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigrafik 104, 1994, 43-56.
  • Winter 1996 E. Winter, Staatliche Baupolitik und Baufürsorge in den römischen Provinzen des kaiserzeitlichen Kleinasien. Asia Minor Studien 20 (1996).
  • Wörrle 1975 M. Wörrle, “Die Horrea Hadriani”, bk.: J. Borchhardt (ed.), Myra. Eine lykische Metropole in antiker und byzantinischer Zeit. Istanbuler Forschungen 30 (1975) 66-68.
  • Wörrle 1988 M. Wörrle, Stadt und Fest im kaiserzeitlichen Kleinasien (1988).
  • Zgusta 1984 L. Zgusta, Kleinasiatische Ortsnamen. Beiträge zur Namensforschung. N. F. Beiheft 21 (1984).
  • Zimmermann 1992 M. Zimmermann, Untersuchungen zur historischen Landeskunde Zentrallykiens (1992).
  • Zuiderhoek 2008 A. Zuiderhoek, “Feeding the Citizens: Municipal Grain Funds and Civic Benefactors in the Roman East”, bk.: R. Alston – O. M. van Nijf (ed.), Groningen– Royal Holloway Studies on the Greek City after the Classical Age I. Feeding the Ancient Greek City (2008) 159-80.
  • Zuiderhoek 2009 A. Zuiderhoek, The Politics of Munificence in the Roman Empire, Citizens, Elite and Benefactors in Asia Minor (2009)
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Ebru N. Akdoğu Arca Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Sayı: 19

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Arca, Ebru N. Akdoğu. “Lykia’ya Özgü Bir Kavram Olarak Sitometroumenoi Andres’i Plinius’un X, 116/117. Mektupları Işığında Yeniden Değerlendirme”. Adalya, sy. 19 (Haziran 2016): 111-32.

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