Houses with Peristyles in the Rural Settlements of Eastern Rough Cilicia

Ümit Aydınoğlu

Doğu Dağlık Kilikia’daki Kırsal Yerleşimlerde Peristyl Avlulu Konutlar

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 20, 287 - 314, 01.06.2017

Öz

The surface research on rural settlements and urbanization we have been conducting in the eastern part of the Rough Cilicia region has yielded much evidence pertaining to houses with peristyles. We observed that these dwellings are often common to the rural settlements of Eastern Rough Cilicia. This study aims to evaluate collectively houses with peristyles identified in the rural settlements of the area and to examine the characteristics they have in common. Hence, the possible existence of a unique housing type designed specifically for the region and the conditions of the rural area will be discussed. The data at hand indicates that houses with peristyles in the area were used as farm villas during the Roman period. However, it appears that these dwellings were in use throughout various periods in the rural parts of the region. Significant differences in terms of function and layout have been identified between the houses with peristyles from the Roman period and their counterparts from Late Antiquity. Therefore, this study also aims to investigate when the housing typology with peristyles entered the region and how it evolved over time. The study will also address how this example of urban architecture was adapted to rural purposes and what sort of transformation it underwent throughout different periods. The obtained data indicates that houses with peristyles were widespread in the rural areas of Eastern Rough Cilicia region during the Roman period. These are large buildings of which similar examples are encountered in farm settlements. Comprised of a row of columns surrounding an open, central courtyard and units around it, this dwelling typology should be seen as the imprint of urban architecture in rural settlements and epitomizes landownership in these areas. The tradition also continues in Late Antiquity; however, the character and features of such dwellings change during this period.

Kaynakça

Aberle 2012 K. A. Aberle, Studies in the Urban Domestic Housing of Mid-Republican Sicily (ca. 211-70 BC): Aspects of Cross-Cultural Contact (British Columbia Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi 2012).
Aşkın 2010 E. Aşkın, “Antik Çağda Korykos’taki Zeytinyağı ve Şarap Üretimine Yönelik Yapılanmalar ve Bunların Yerleşim Düzenlemesi İçerisindeki Yeri”, bk.: Ü. Aydınoğlu – A. K. Şenol (ed.), Olive Oil and Wine Production in Anatolia during the Antiquity Proceeding of the Int. Semp. Mersin-Turkey, 06-08 November 2008 (2010) 33-52.
Aydın 1999 A. Aydın, “Die Kirche II in Emirzeli”, Olba II.2, 1999, 499-511.
Aydınoğlu 2003 Ü. Aydınoğlu, “The Settlements Patterns of the Olbian Territory in Rough Cilicia in the Hellenistic Period”, Olba VIII, 2003, 251-263.
Aydınoğlu 2010 Ü. Aydınoğlu, “The Farms in Rough Cilicia in the Roman and Early Byzantine Periods”, Adalya XIII, 2010, 243-282.
Aydınoğlu – Çakmak 2011 Ü. Aydınoğlu – Ü. Çakmak, “A Rural Settlement in the Rough Cilicia-Isauria Region: Karakabaklı”, Adalya XIV, 2011, 71-105.
Aydınoğlu 2013b Ü. Aydınoğlu, “Paslı: Dağlık Kilikia’da Bir Kırsal Yerleşimin Değişim Süreci”, Olba XXI, 2013, 71-100.
Aydınoğlu 2013 Ü. Aydınoğlu, “Dağlık Kilikia’da Kentleşme ve Kırsal Yerleşimler Araştırması 2012”, Anmed 11, 2013, 204-207.
Aydınoğlu 2014 Ü. Aydınoğlu, “Dağlık Kilikia’da Kentleşme ve Kırsal Yerleşimler Araştırması 2013”, Anmed 12, 2014, 163-167.
Aydınoğlu 2017 Ü. Aydınoğlu, “Doğu Dağlık Kilikia’da Kırsal Yerleşimlerde Kentsel Mimari”, bk.: Ü. Aydınoğlu – A. Mörel (ed.), Antik Dönem’de Akdeniz’de Kırsal ve Kent, Sempozyum Bildirileri, 4-7 Nisan 2017, Mersin (baskıda)
Barker vd. 1996 G. Barker – D. Gilbertson – B. Jones – D. Mattingly, Farming the Desert. The Unesco Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey (1996).
Berns 2003 C. Berns, Untersuchungen zu den Grabbauten der frühen Kaiserzeit in Kleinasien, AsiaMS Band 51 (2003).
Cormack 2004 S. Cormack, Space of the Death in Roman Asia Minor (2004).
Çakmak 2010 Ü. Çakmak, Dağlık Kilikia Bölgesi’nde Karakabaklı Antik Yerleşimi: Arkeolojik Buluntular, Bölgesel Yerleşim Düzenlemesi ve Tarımsal Organizasyon Açısından İncelenmesi (Mersin Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi 2010).
Dagron – Callot 1988 G. Dagron – O. Callot, “Les Batisseurs Isauriens chez eux: Notes sur Trois Sites des Environs de Silifke”, bk.: I. Sevcenko – I. Hutter (ed.), AETOS: Studies in honour of Cyril Mango (1988) 55-70.
Dodge 1987 H. Dodge, “Brick construction in Roman Greece and Asia Minor”, bk.: Macready – F. H. Thompson (ed.), Roman Architecture in the Greek World (1987) 106-116.
Durugönül 1998 S. Durugönül, Türme und Siedlungen im Rauhen Kilikien, Eine Untersuchungen zu den archäologischen Hinterlassenschaften im Olbischen Territorium, AsiaMS Band 28 (1998).
Durugönül 2008 S. Durugönül, “Silifke Müzesinden Bir ‘Clipeata Imago’”, Olba XVI 2008, 193-205. Durukan 2009 M. Durukan, “Chronology of the Tempel Tombs in Rough Cilicia”, bk.: M. Bachmann (ed.), Bautechnik im antiken und vorantiken Kleinasien, Byzas 9, 2009, 343-370.
Efe 2013 F. Efe, Dağlık Kilikia/Isauria Bölgesi’nde Antik Dönem Konut Mimarisi (Mersin Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi 2013).
Eichner 2011 I. Eichner, Frühbyzantinische Wohnhauser in Kilikien, Baugeschichtliche Untersuchung zu den Wohnformen in der Region um Seleukeia am Kalykadnos (2011).
Ellis 2000 S. P. Ellis, Roman Housing (2000).
Er Scarborough 1991 Y. Er Scarborough, The Funerary Monuments of Cilicia Tracheia (Cornell Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi 1991).
Eyice 1981 S. Eyice, “Einige Byzantinische Kleinstadte im Rauhen Kilikien”, Sonderdruck aus 150 Jahre Deutsches Archäologisches Institut 1829-1979 (1981) 204-209.
Eyice 1999 S. Eyice, “Türkiye’de Bizans Dönemi Yerleşimi Hakkında Notlar”, bk.: Y. Sey (ed.) Tarihten Günümüze Anadolu’da Konut ve Yerleşme/Housing and Settlement in Anatolia – A Historical Perspective (1999) 206-220.
Fentress 1998 E. Fentress, “The House of the Sicilian Greeks”, bk.: A. Frazer (ed.), The Roman Villa. Villa Urbana, Philadelphia (1998) 29-41.
Galor 2003 K. Galor, “Domestic Architecture in Roman and Byzantine Galilee and Golan”, Near Eastern Archaeology (House and Home in the Southern Levant) 66. 1/2, 2003, 44-57.
Gürler 1987 B. Gürler, Anadolu’da Roma Dönemi Evleri (Ege Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi 1987).
Heberdey – Wilhelm 1896 H. Heberdey – A. Wilhelm, Reisen in Kilikien. DenkschrWien, ÖAW phil.hist. Kl. 44 (1896).
Hellenkemper – Hild 1986 H. Hellenkemper – F. Hild, Neue Forchungen in Isaurien und Kilikien (1986). Hild – Hellenkemper 1990
F. Hild – H. Hellenkemper, Kilikien und Isaurien, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 5 (1990).
Hill 1996 S. Hill, The Early Byzantine Churches of Cilicia and Isauria (1996).
Hirschfeld 1995 Y. Hirschfeld, The Palestinian Dwelling in the Roman-Byzantine Period (1995).
Hirschfeld 1997 Y. Hirschfeld, “Jewish Rural Settlement in Judaea in the Early Roman Period”, bk.: S. E. Alcock (ed.), The Early Roman Empire in the East (1997) 72-88.
Hirschfeld 1997b Y. Hirscfield, “Farms and villages in Byzantine”, DOP 51 (1997) 33-71.
Hirschfeld 2006 Y. Hirschfeld, “Settlement of the Negev in the Byzantine Period in Light of the Survey at Horvat Sa’adon”, Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 24, 2006, 7-47.
Hitchner 1990 B. Hitchner, “The Kasserine Archaeological Survey 1987”, Antiquites Africaines 26, 1990, 231-260.
Kaplan 2014 D. Kaplan, Doğu Dağlık Kilikia Bölgesi Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi Detaylandırılmamış Korinth Başlıkları (2014). Karydi 1988 E. W. Karydi, The Greek House; The rise of noble houses in Late Classical Times (1988).
Keil – Wilhelm 1931 J. Keil – A. Wilhelm, Denkmäler aus dem Rauhen Kilikien. MAMA III (1931).
Machatschek 1967 A. Machatschek, Die Nekropolen und Grabmäler im Gebiet von Elaiussa Sebaste und Korykos im Rauhen Kilikien (1967).
Matijašić 1982 R. Matijašić, “Roman Rural Architecture in the Territory of Colonia Iulia Pola”, AJA 86.1, 1982, 53-64.
Mattingly – Hitchner 1995
D. J. Mattingly – R. B. Hitchner, “Roman Africa: An Archaeological Review”, JRS 85, 1995, 165-213.
Mitchell 1991 S. Mitchell, “Ariassos 1990”, AnatSt 41, 1991, 159-172.
Mitchell 1995 S. Mitchell, Cremna in Pisidia. An Ancient City in Peace and War (1995).
Mitchell 1999 S. Mitchell, “Geç Roma Anadolu’sunda Klasik Dönem kent ve yerleşmelerinin gelişimi”, bk.: Y. Sey (ed.) Tarihten Günümüze Anadolu’da Konut ve Yerleşme / Housing and Settlement in Anatolia- A Historical Perspective (1999) 193-205.
Mörel 2014 A. Mörel, “Dağlık Kilikia Bölgesinde (Olba Territoriumu) Özköy Antik Yerleşimi: Tarımsal Organizasyon ve Yerleşim Düzenlemesi”, bk.: D. B. Erciyas – E. Sökmen (ed.), Arkeoloji’de Bölgesel Çalışmalar Sempozyum Bildirileri 4, İstanbul (2014) 147-171.
Mörel 2016 A. Mörel, Dağlık Kilikia Bölgesi’nde Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemlerinde Kültürlerarası Etkileşimin Arkeolojik Kanıtları (Mersin Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi 2016).
Özgenel 2007 L. Özgenel, “Late antique domestic architecture in Lycia: an outline of the archaeological and architectural evidence”, bk.: K. Dörtlük – B. Varkıvanç – T. Kahya.
v.d. (ed.), III. Uluslararası Likya Sempozyumu, The IIIrd International Symposium on Lycia (2007) 557-572.
Rostovtzeff 1957 M. Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Roman World 2 (1957). Sayar 2004 M. H. Sayar, “Kilikya’da Epigrafi ve Tarihi-Coğrafya Araştırmaları 2002”, AST 21.1, 2004, 155-168.
Söğüt 2005 B. Söğüt, “Tombs with monumental columns in the Olba Region”, Olba XI, 2005, 103-154.
Tate 1997 G. Tate, “The Syrian Countryside during the Roman Era”, bk.: S. Alcock (ed.) The Early Roman Empire in the East (1997) 55-69.
Tate – Naccache 1990 G. Tate – A. Naccache, “La Village Antique de Deir Sunbul”, Melanges de L’Universite Saint-Joseph LI, 1990, 371-490.
Tiryaki 1999 A. Tiryaki, Dağlık Kilikia’da Karakabaklı Bizans Yerleşiminin Ev Mimarisi (İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi 1999).
Varinlioğlu 2008 G. Varinlioğlu, Rural Landscape and Built Environment at the End of Antiquity: Limestone Villages of Southeastern Isauria (Pennsylvania Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi 2008). Zeyrek 2005 T. H. Zeyrek, Anadolu Konut Mimarisinde Portikolu Avluların Gelişimi ve Değişimi, Mimari Açıdan Bir Değerlendirme (2005).
Waelkens 1987 M. Waelkens, “The Adoption of Roman building techniques in Roman Asia Minor”, bk.: S. Macready – F. H. Thomson (ed.), Roman Architecture in the Greek World (1987) 94-105.
Vandeput – Köse 2001 L. Vandeput – V. Köse, “The 1999 Pisidia Survey at Melli”, AnatSt 51, 2001, 133-145.
Vandeput – Köse 2002 L. Vandeput – V. Köse, “Pisidia Survey Project: Melli 2000”, AnatSt 52, 2002, 145-152.
Zeyrek 2002 T. H. Zeyrek, Perge Doğu Konut Alanı 1989-98 Kazılarında Ortaya Çıkarılan Evler (İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi 2002).