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Oval Points and Cattle-Hunting Practices in Central Anatolia during the 8th Millennium BC

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 21, 41 - 62, 01.06.2018

Nurcan Kayacan

Öz

The 8th millennium BC in Central Anatolia, so far as is known, is represented by few sites. An evaluation of the present data asserts that the oval-shaped points are a characteristic element of this period, while cattle bones are also abundant. Musular is a special activity site related to pre- and post-hunting activities there were accompanied by certain rituals. The site gives reliable contextualized information about the activities and rituals related to cattle hunting. Ethnographic studies have shown that large game hunting carries a certain importance for contemporary, traditional huntergatherer communities. This article aims to give a general overview of oval-shaped points from 8th millennium BC sites in Central Anatolia in the context of cattle hunting. Their technological, typological, and contextual analyses are evaluated as well as their possible social implications, inspired by the theoretical depth that ethnographic studies can provide.

Kaynakça

  • Astruc et al. 2008 L. Astruc – N. Kayacan – M. Özbaşaran, “Technical activities held at Musular (VIIIth millennium B.C. Central Anatolia): A Preliminary Use-Wear Analysis of Lithic Tools”, AST 23 (2008) 165-172.
  • Ataman 1988 K. Ataman, The Chipped Stone Assemblage from Can Hasan III: A Study in Typology, Technology and Function, 1988 (The Institute of Archaeology, University College, London Unpublished PhD thesis 1988).
  • Baird 2002 D. Baird, “Early Holocene Settlement in Central Anatolia: Problems and Prospects as seen from the Konya Plain”, in: F. Gérard – L. Thissen (eds), Central Anatolian Neolithic e-Workshop (2002) 139-160.
  • Baird 2012 D. Baird – A. Fairbairn – L. Martin – C. Middleton, “The Boncuklu Project, The Origins of Sedentism, Cultivation and Herding in Central Anatolia”, in: M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen – P. Kuniholm (eds.), The Neolithic in Turkey, Vol. 3 (2012) 219-244.
  • Balkan Atlı-Binder 2000 N. Balkan Atlı – D. Binder, “L’Atelier Neolithique de Kömürcü-Kaletepe: Foulles de 1999”, Anatolia Antiqua VIII, 2000, 199-214.
  • Balkan-Atlı et al. 2001 N. Balkan-Atlı – N. Kayacan – M. Özbaşaran – S. Yıldırım, “Variability in the Neolithic arrowheads of Central Anatolia (typological, technological and chronological aspects”, in: I. Caneva – C. Lemorini – D. Zampeti – P. Biagi (eds), Beyond Tools, Redefining the PPN Lithic Assemblages of the Levant (2001) 27-43. Third Workshop on PPN Chipped Lithic Industries, Venice/Italy (November 1998) SENEPSE 9.
  • Balkan-Atlı et al. 2008 N. Balkan-Atlı – S. Kuhn – L. Astruc – G. Çakan – B. Dinçer – N. Kayacan, “Göllü Dağ 2007 Survey”, Anatolia Antiqua XVI, 2008, 293-312.
  • Barclay 2014 H. Barclay, Efendisiz Halklar (2014).
  • Bates 2009 D. G. Bates, 21. Yüzyılda Kültürel Antropoloji, İnsanın Doğadaki Yeri (2009).
  • Binder 2002 D. Binder, “Stones making sense: what Obsidian Could Tell About the Origins of the Central Anatolian Neolithic”, in: F. Gérard – L. Thissen (eds), Central Anatolian Neolithic e-Workshop (November 2001) (2002) 79-90.
  • Bordaz 1969 J. Bordaz, “The Suberde Excavations, South-Western Turkey: An Interim Report”, TürkAD XVII/2, 1969, 43-71.
  • Bordaz 1973 J. Bordaz, “Current Research in the Neolithic of South Central Turkey: Suberde, Erbaba and Their Chronological Implications”, AJA 77, 1973, 282-288.
  • Chagnon 2004 N. A. Chagnon, Yanamamö, Savaşa Doğanlar (2004).
  • Duru – Özbaşaran 2005 G. Duru – M. Özbaşaran, “A non-domestic site in Central Anatolia”, Anatolia Antiqua XIII, 2005, 15-28.
  • Duru 2013 G. Duru, Tarihöncesinde İnsan-Mekan, Topluluk - Yerleşme İlişkisi: MÖ 9. bin yıl sonu - 7. bin yıl başı, Aşıklı ve Akarçay Tepe (İstanbul University Unpublished PhD Thesis 2013).
  • Erdoğu et al. 2003 B. Erdoğu – O. Tanındı – D. Uygun, “Musular”, Türkiye Arkeolojik Yerleşmeleri: 14C Veritabanı (2003).
  • Erdoğu et al. 2007 B. Erdoğu – N. Kayacan – İ. Fazlıoğlu – N. Yücel, “Material Engagement, Resources and New Discoveries in Central Anatolian Neolithic”, Colloquium Anatolicum VI, 2007, 85-96.
  • Erdoğu – Fazlıoğlu 2006 B. Erdoğu – İ. Fazlıoğlu, “The Central Anatolia Salt Project: A Preliminary Report on the 2004 and 2005 Survey”, Anatolia Antiqua XIV, 2006, 189-203.
  • Erdoğu – Kayacan 2004 B. Erdoğu – N. Kayacan, “Drive into the White Lake: 2003 Field Survey in the Tuz Gölü Region of Central Anatolia”, Anatolia Antiqua XII, 2004, 217-226.
  • Ergun 2016 M. Ergun, People and Plant Interaction in Central Anatolian Early Neolithic Communities: Plant Consumption and Agriculture at Aşıklı Höyük (İstanbul University Unpublished PhD Thesis 2016).
  • Esin – Harmankaya 1999 U. Esin – S. Harmankaya, “Aşıklı”, in: M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen (eds.), Neolithic in Turkey, The Cradle of Civilisation, New Discoveries (1999) 115-132.
  • France 2009 S. D. France, “Zooarchaeology in Complex Societies: Political Economy, Status, and Ideology”, Journal of Archaeological Research 17, 2009, 105-168.
  • French et al. 1972 D. H. French – G. C. Hillmann – S. Payne – R. J. Payne, “Excavations at Can Hasan III 1969-1970”, in: E. S. Higgs (ed.), Papers in Economic Prehistory (1972) 181-190.
  • Gonzalez-Ruibal et al. 2011 A. Gonzalez-Ruibal – A. Hernando – G. Politis, “Ontology of the self and material culture: Arrow-making among the Awá hunter-gatherers (Brazil)”, Journal of Anthropologycal Archaeology 30, 2011, 1-16.
  • Kayacan 2003 N. Kayacan, “Chipped Stone Industry of the Neolithic Site of Musular (Cappadocia): Preliminary Results”, Anatolia Antiqua XI, 2003, 1-10.
  • Kayacan – Algül in prep. N. Kayacan – Ç. Algül, “Aşıklı Höyük Obsidian Studies: Production, Use and Diachronical Changes”, in: M. Özbaşaran – G. Duru – M. C. Stiner (eds.), Aşıklı Monography (in prep.).
  • Özbaşaran 2007 M. Özbaşaran, “Kapadokya Yerel Mimarisinde Anakaya İşçiliği. Tarihöncesi ve Günümüz Örnekleri”, in: G. Umurtak – Ş. Dönmez – A. Yurtsever (eds.), Refik Duru’ya Armağan - Studies in Honour of Refik Duru (2007) 51-58.
  • Özbaşaran 2009 M. Özbaşaran, “Musular: The Special Activity Site in Central Anatolia, Turkey”, Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, in: J. Córdoba – M. Molist – C. Pérez – I. Rubio – S. Martínez (eds.), Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Vol. II (2009) 733-741.
  • Özbaşaran 2011 M. Özbaşaran, “The Neolithic on the Plateau”, in: S. Steadmann – G. McMahon (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia 10.000-323 B.C.E. (2011) 99-124.
  • Özbaşaran 2013 M. Özbaşaran, “Orta Anadolu’nun Neolitikleşme Sürecinde Aşıklı”, Colloquim Anatolicum XII, 2013, 1-14.
  • Özbaşaran – Duru 2015 M. Özbaşaran – G. Duru, “The Early Sedentary Community of Cappadocia: Aşıklı Höyük, in: D. Beyer – O. Henry – A. Tibet (eds.), La Cappadoce Méridionale de la préhistoire à la période byzantine, 3èmes Recontres d’archéologie de l’IFÉA, 8-9 (Novembre 2012) Istanbul (2015) 43-51.
  • Özbaşaran et al. 2007 M. Özbaşaran – G. Duru – N. Kayacan – B. Erdoğu – H. Buitenhuis, “Musular 1996- 2004: Genel Değerlendirme”, in: M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen (eds.), Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem (2007) 273-283.
  • Özbaşaran et al. 2012 M. Özbaşaran – G. Duru – N. Kayacan – B. Erdoğu – H. Buitenhuis, “Musular – The 8th Mill cal. BC Sattelite Site of Aşıklı”, in: M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen – P. Kuniholm (eds.), The Neolithic in Turkey, New Excavations & New Research. Central Turkey (2012) 159-180.
  • Stiner et al. 2014 M. C. Stiner – H. Buitenhuis – G. Duru – S. L. Kuhn – S. M. Mentzer – N. D. Munro – N. Pöllath – J. Quade – G. Tsartsidou – M. Özbaşaran, “A Forager-herder trade-off, from broad-spectrum hunting to sheep management at Aşıklı Höyük, Turkey”, PNAS vol. 111, no. 23, 2014, 8404-8409.
  • Thissen 2002 L. Thissen, “Appendix I. The CANeW 14C database, Anatolia 10,000-5000 cal BC”, in: F. Gérard – L. Thissen (eds.), Central Anatolian Neolithic e-Workshop (2002) 299-337.
  • Wiessner 1983 P. Wiessner, “Style and Social Information in Kalahari San Projectile Points”, American Antiquity 48.2, 1983, 253-276.
  • Yıldırım-Balcı 2011 S. Yıldırım-Balcı, “The Typological Analysis of the Aşıklı Arrowheads and Problems”, in: E. Healey – S. Champbell – O. Maeda (eds.), 4th Workshop on PPN Chipped Stone Industries, Niğde/Turkey, coordinated N. Balkan-Atlı, In Proceedings of the Sixth PPN Conference on Chipped and Ground Stone Artefacts in the Near East, Manchester (2011) 411-416.

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 21, 41 - 62, 01.06.2018

Nurcan Kayacan

Öz

Orta Anadolu’da MÖ 8. bin yıl, çok az sayıda yerleşme ile tanımlıdır. Mevcut veriler, dönemin en belirgin buluntusunun oval uçlar olduğunu ve bu uçlara yoğun olarak bulunan sığır kemiklerin eşlik ettiğini göstermektedir. Bu yerleşmeler içerisinde Musular, dönemin yaşam biçimi hakkında güvenilir bilgiler sunmaktadır. Yabani sığır kemiklerinin yoğunluğu, oval uç üretimi, kırmızıya boyanmış kireç tabanlı bir yapı, Musular’ın belirli ritüeller eşliğinde avlanma öncesi ve sonrası ile ilgili özel bir uygulama alanı olduğuna işaret eder. Etnografik çalışmaların ortaya koyduğu üzere, günümüz avcı-toplayıcı toplulukları için büyük hayvan avı, statü/güç edinimi, ritüeller ve şölenler gibi birçok sosyal örüntü ile ilişkilidir. Bu yazıda, Orta Anadolu’da MÖ 8. bin yıl yerleşmelerinde görülen oval uçlar sığır avcılığı bağlamında, teknolojik, tipolojik ve bağlamsal analizler yoluyla, etnografik verilerden de yararlanılarak ele alınmıştır

Kaynakça

  • Astruc et al. 2008 L. Astruc – N. Kayacan – M. Özbaşaran, “Technical activities held at Musular (VIIIth millennium B.C. Central Anatolia): A Preliminary Use-Wear Analysis of Lithic Tools”, AST 23 (2008) 165-172.
  • Ataman 1988 K. Ataman, The Chipped Stone Assemblage from Can Hasan III: A Study in Typology, Technology and Function, 1988 (The Institute of Archaeology, University College, London Unpublished PhD thesis 1988).
  • Baird 2002 D. Baird, “Early Holocene Settlement in Central Anatolia: Problems and Prospects as seen from the Konya Plain”, in: F. Gérard – L. Thissen (eds), Central Anatolian Neolithic e-Workshop (2002) 139-160.
  • Baird 2012 D. Baird – A. Fairbairn – L. Martin – C. Middleton, “The Boncuklu Project, The Origins of Sedentism, Cultivation and Herding in Central Anatolia”, in: M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen – P. Kuniholm (eds.), The Neolithic in Turkey, Vol. 3 (2012) 219-244.
  • Balkan Atlı-Binder 2000 N. Balkan Atlı – D. Binder, “L’Atelier Neolithique de Kömürcü-Kaletepe: Foulles de 1999”, Anatolia Antiqua VIII, 2000, 199-214.
  • Balkan-Atlı et al. 2001 N. Balkan-Atlı – N. Kayacan – M. Özbaşaran – S. Yıldırım, “Variability in the Neolithic arrowheads of Central Anatolia (typological, technological and chronological aspects”, in: I. Caneva – C. Lemorini – D. Zampeti – P. Biagi (eds), Beyond Tools, Redefining the PPN Lithic Assemblages of the Levant (2001) 27-43. Third Workshop on PPN Chipped Lithic Industries, Venice/Italy (November 1998) SENEPSE 9.
  • Balkan-Atlı et al. 2008 N. Balkan-Atlı – S. Kuhn – L. Astruc – G. Çakan – B. Dinçer – N. Kayacan, “Göllü Dağ 2007 Survey”, Anatolia Antiqua XVI, 2008, 293-312.
  • Barclay 2014 H. Barclay, Efendisiz Halklar (2014).
  • Bates 2009 D. G. Bates, 21. Yüzyılda Kültürel Antropoloji, İnsanın Doğadaki Yeri (2009).
  • Binder 2002 D. Binder, “Stones making sense: what Obsidian Could Tell About the Origins of the Central Anatolian Neolithic”, in: F. Gérard – L. Thissen (eds), Central Anatolian Neolithic e-Workshop (November 2001) (2002) 79-90.
  • Bordaz 1969 J. Bordaz, “The Suberde Excavations, South-Western Turkey: An Interim Report”, TürkAD XVII/2, 1969, 43-71.
  • Bordaz 1973 J. Bordaz, “Current Research in the Neolithic of South Central Turkey: Suberde, Erbaba and Their Chronological Implications”, AJA 77, 1973, 282-288.
  • Chagnon 2004 N. A. Chagnon, Yanamamö, Savaşa Doğanlar (2004).
  • Duru – Özbaşaran 2005 G. Duru – M. Özbaşaran, “A non-domestic site in Central Anatolia”, Anatolia Antiqua XIII, 2005, 15-28.
  • Duru 2013 G. Duru, Tarihöncesinde İnsan-Mekan, Topluluk - Yerleşme İlişkisi: MÖ 9. bin yıl sonu - 7. bin yıl başı, Aşıklı ve Akarçay Tepe (İstanbul University Unpublished PhD Thesis 2013).
  • Erdoğu et al. 2003 B. Erdoğu – O. Tanındı – D. Uygun, “Musular”, Türkiye Arkeolojik Yerleşmeleri: 14C Veritabanı (2003).
  • Erdoğu et al. 2007 B. Erdoğu – N. Kayacan – İ. Fazlıoğlu – N. Yücel, “Material Engagement, Resources and New Discoveries in Central Anatolian Neolithic”, Colloquium Anatolicum VI, 2007, 85-96.
  • Erdoğu – Fazlıoğlu 2006 B. Erdoğu – İ. Fazlıoğlu, “The Central Anatolia Salt Project: A Preliminary Report on the 2004 and 2005 Survey”, Anatolia Antiqua XIV, 2006, 189-203.
  • Erdoğu – Kayacan 2004 B. Erdoğu – N. Kayacan, “Drive into the White Lake: 2003 Field Survey in the Tuz Gölü Region of Central Anatolia”, Anatolia Antiqua XII, 2004, 217-226.
  • Ergun 2016 M. Ergun, People and Plant Interaction in Central Anatolian Early Neolithic Communities: Plant Consumption and Agriculture at Aşıklı Höyük (İstanbul University Unpublished PhD Thesis 2016).
  • Esin – Harmankaya 1999 U. Esin – S. Harmankaya, “Aşıklı”, in: M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen (eds.), Neolithic in Turkey, The Cradle of Civilisation, New Discoveries (1999) 115-132.
  • France 2009 S. D. France, “Zooarchaeology in Complex Societies: Political Economy, Status, and Ideology”, Journal of Archaeological Research 17, 2009, 105-168.
  • French et al. 1972 D. H. French – G. C. Hillmann – S. Payne – R. J. Payne, “Excavations at Can Hasan III 1969-1970”, in: E. S. Higgs (ed.), Papers in Economic Prehistory (1972) 181-190.
  • Gonzalez-Ruibal et al. 2011 A. Gonzalez-Ruibal – A. Hernando – G. Politis, “Ontology of the self and material culture: Arrow-making among the Awá hunter-gatherers (Brazil)”, Journal of Anthropologycal Archaeology 30, 2011, 1-16.
  • Kayacan 2003 N. Kayacan, “Chipped Stone Industry of the Neolithic Site of Musular (Cappadocia): Preliminary Results”, Anatolia Antiqua XI, 2003, 1-10.
  • Kayacan – Algül in prep. N. Kayacan – Ç. Algül, “Aşıklı Höyük Obsidian Studies: Production, Use and Diachronical Changes”, in: M. Özbaşaran – G. Duru – M. C. Stiner (eds.), Aşıklı Monography (in prep.).
  • Özbaşaran 2007 M. Özbaşaran, “Kapadokya Yerel Mimarisinde Anakaya İşçiliği. Tarihöncesi ve Günümüz Örnekleri”, in: G. Umurtak – Ş. Dönmez – A. Yurtsever (eds.), Refik Duru’ya Armağan - Studies in Honour of Refik Duru (2007) 51-58.
  • Özbaşaran 2009 M. Özbaşaran, “Musular: The Special Activity Site in Central Anatolia, Turkey”, Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, in: J. Córdoba – M. Molist – C. Pérez – I. Rubio – S. Martínez (eds.), Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Vol. II (2009) 733-741.
  • Özbaşaran 2011 M. Özbaşaran, “The Neolithic on the Plateau”, in: S. Steadmann – G. McMahon (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia 10.000-323 B.C.E. (2011) 99-124.
  • Özbaşaran 2013 M. Özbaşaran, “Orta Anadolu’nun Neolitikleşme Sürecinde Aşıklı”, Colloquim Anatolicum XII, 2013, 1-14.
  • Özbaşaran – Duru 2015 M. Özbaşaran – G. Duru, “The Early Sedentary Community of Cappadocia: Aşıklı Höyük, in: D. Beyer – O. Henry – A. Tibet (eds.), La Cappadoce Méridionale de la préhistoire à la période byzantine, 3èmes Recontres d’archéologie de l’IFÉA, 8-9 (Novembre 2012) Istanbul (2015) 43-51.
  • Özbaşaran et al. 2007 M. Özbaşaran – G. Duru – N. Kayacan – B. Erdoğu – H. Buitenhuis, “Musular 1996- 2004: Genel Değerlendirme”, in: M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen (eds.), Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem (2007) 273-283.
  • Özbaşaran et al. 2012 M. Özbaşaran – G. Duru – N. Kayacan – B. Erdoğu – H. Buitenhuis, “Musular – The 8th Mill cal. BC Sattelite Site of Aşıklı”, in: M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen – P. Kuniholm (eds.), The Neolithic in Turkey, New Excavations & New Research. Central Turkey (2012) 159-180.
  • Stiner et al. 2014 M. C. Stiner – H. Buitenhuis – G. Duru – S. L. Kuhn – S. M. Mentzer – N. D. Munro – N. Pöllath – J. Quade – G. Tsartsidou – M. Özbaşaran, “A Forager-herder trade-off, from broad-spectrum hunting to sheep management at Aşıklı Höyük, Turkey”, PNAS vol. 111, no. 23, 2014, 8404-8409.
  • Thissen 2002 L. Thissen, “Appendix I. The CANeW 14C database, Anatolia 10,000-5000 cal BC”, in: F. Gérard – L. Thissen (eds.), Central Anatolian Neolithic e-Workshop (2002) 299-337.
  • Wiessner 1983 P. Wiessner, “Style and Social Information in Kalahari San Projectile Points”, American Antiquity 48.2, 1983, 253-276.
  • Yıldırım-Balcı 2011 S. Yıldırım-Balcı, “The Typological Analysis of the Aşıklı Arrowheads and Problems”, in: E. Healey – S. Champbell – O. Maeda (eds.), 4th Workshop on PPN Chipped Stone Industries, Niğde/Turkey, coordinated N. Balkan-Atlı, In Proceedings of the Sixth PPN Conference on Chipped and Ground Stone Artefacts in the Near East, Manchester (2011) 411-416.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Nurcan Kayacan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 21

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Kayacan, Nurcan. “Oval Points and Cattle-Hunting Practices in Central Anatolia During the 8th Millennium BC”. Adalya, sy. 21 (Haziran 2018): 41-62.

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