The Role of Tourism Related Migrations on Sociocultural Change: The Case of Didyma

Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 393 - 418, 25.12.2020

Arzu Toker , Nazmi Kozak

https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.753791

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Didyma is an area which has been home to immigrants for 100 years and so experienced changes in many aspects. Immigration towards a region, alone, has the power to cause change. The development of tourism in Didyma has increased the power of migration to cause change and has turned migration into a self-acting social process. Starting from 1924, when first immigrants arrived at Didyma, if we call every movement of migration of a group of individuals with common characteristics a “stratum of migration,” it will be possible to distinguish three main strata; namely, the Balkanization, dam-induced and tourism related migrations. Within this framework, the purpose of this study is to investigate the sociocultural change created by social groups distinguished according to their sociocultural characteristics and reasons for migration related tourism. The data for this study were collected through interviews conducted in person and analyzed in accordance with grounded theory approach. As a result of this study, the dimensions of change were divided into five main categories; deterioration of social values, declination of business ethics, changes in senses of identity and belonging, socio-spatial accumulation and emergence of social hegemony.

Keywords

Tourism related migration, strata of migration, sociocultural change, Didyma

Supporting Institution

Anadolu University

Project Number

1605E190

References

• Akkayan, T. (1979). Göç ve değişim [Migration and change]. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 2573.
• Ap, J. (1992). Residents’ perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 665–690.
• Bell, M., & Ward, G. (2000). Comparing temporary mobility with permanent migration. Tourism Geographies, 2(1), 87-107.
• Benhabib, S. (2006). Ötekilerin hakları: Yabancılar, yerliler, vatandaşlar. [Rights of others: Aliens, Residents, and Citizens] (Trans. B. Akkıyal). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• Benson, M., & O’Reilly, K. (2015). From lifestyle migration to lifestyle in migration: Categories, concepts and ways of thinking. Migration Studies, 1-18.
• Berkes, F., & Jolly, D. (2002). Adapting to climate change: social-ecological resilience in a Canadian western Arctic community. Conservation ecology, 5(2), 18-34.
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
• Carter, R. W., & Beeton, R. J. S. (2004). A model of cultural change and tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 9(4), 423-442.
• (CE) Commission of the European Communities, Directorate General XXIII-Tourism Unit. (1993). Taking Account of Environment in Tourism Development, Brussels.
• Cohen, E. (1984). The sociology of tourism: Approaches, issues, and findings. Annual Review of Sociology, 10(1), 373-392.
• Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Creswell, J. W. (2016). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri beş yaklaşıma göre nitel araştırma ve araştırma deseni [Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches] (Trans. Ed. M. Bütün and S. B. Demir). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
• Deniz, A. (2012). Rusya’dan Antalya’ya ulusaşırı göç ve bu göçün mekânsal sonuçları [Transnational migration from Russia to Antalya and socio-spatial consequences of this migration]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Ankara University, Ankara.
• Deniz, A., & Özgür, E. M. (2013). Antalya'daki Rus gelinler: Göçten evliliğe, evlilikten göçe [Russian brides in Antalya: from migration to marriage, from marriage to migration]. Sosyoloji Dergisi, 3(27), 151-175.
• Dönmez, B., & Birdir, K. (2011). Didim’de yaşayan İngilizlerin sosyo-kültürel uyum ve yaşam tarzlarının incelenmesi [Investigation the socio-cultural adaptation and lifestyle of the British living in Didim]. 12. Ulusal Turizm Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı. Akçakoca: Düzce Üniversitesi
• Doxey, G. (1975). A causation theory of visitor-resident irritants: Methodology and research inferences. In the Impact of Tourism, Travel Research Association Sixth Conference (pp. 195–198), San Diego: Travel Research Association.
• Durugönül, E. (1996). Sosyal değişme, göç ve sosyal hareketler [Social change, migration and social movements]. II. Ulusal Sosyoloji Kongresi Toplum ve Göç, Mersin: Sosyoloji Derneği Yayınları.
• Dwyer, L., Seetaram, N., Forsyth, P., & King, B. (2014). Is the migration-tourism relationship only about VFR? Annals of Tourism Research, 46, 130-143.
• Ekiz Gökmen, Ç. (2011). Türk turizminin yabancı gelinleri: Marmaris yöresinde turizm sektöründe çalışan göçmen kadınlar. [Foreign brides of Turkish tourism: Immigrant working women in the tourism sector in Marmaris]. Çalışma ve Toplum, 1(28), 201-231.
• Gebelek, G. (2008). The new international migration from a gender perspective: A case study of Post-Soviet “servants of tourism” in Antalya. Unpublished master’s thesis, Koç University, İstanbul.
• Getz, D. (1983). Tourism, community organisation and the social multiplier. In Leisure Tourism and Social Change (pp. 4.1.1–4.1.15). Congress Proceedings of the International Geographical Union Commission of the Geography of Tourism and Leisure, Vol. 2, Edinburgh.
• Giddens, A. (2008). Sosyoloji [Sociology]. İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
• Göker, G. (2015). Göç, kimlik, aidiyet: Kültürlerarası iletişim açısından İsveçli Türkler [Migration, identity, belonging: Swedish Turks in terms of intercultural communication]. Konya: Literatürk Academia.
• Gössling, S., & Schulz, U. (2005). Tourism-related migration in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Tourism Geographies, 7(1), 43-62.
• Graburn, N. H. H. (1984). The evolution of tourist arts. Annals of Tourism Research, 11, 393–419.
• Gürkan, Ü. (1969). Sosyal Değişmeler [Social Changes]. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları.
• Hall, C. M., & Williams, A. (2002). Tourism and migration: New relationships between production and consumption (Vol. 65). Springer Science & Business Media.
• Jafari, J. (1982). Understanding the structure of tourism – an avant propos to studying its costs and benefits. Interrelation Between Benefits and Costs of Tourism Resources. AIEST, 23, 51–72.
• Karakaya, E., & Turan, A.H. (2005). Türkiye’ye yabancı emekli göçü: Didim örneği [Foreign retirement migration to Turkey: Case of Didyma]. KEAS’05: Kentsel Ekonomik Araştırmalar Sempozyumu. Denizli.
• Kariel, H., & Kariel, P. (1982). Socio-cultural impacts of tourism: An example from the Austrian alps. Geografiska Annaler, 64, 1–16.
• Kaya, V., Yalçınkaya, Ö., & Hüseyni, İ. (2013). Ekonomik büyümede inşaat sektörünün rolü: Türkiye örneği (1987-2010) [Role of Construction Sector in Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey (1987-2010)]. Ataturk University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 27(4), 148-167.
• King, R., Warnes, T., & Williams A.M. (2000). Sunset lives: British retirement migration to the Mediterranean. New York, USA: Berg Publishers.
• King, R., Warnes, T., &Williams, A.M. (1998). International retirement migration in Europe. International Journal of Population Geography,4(2), 91-111.
• Knox, J. (1982). Resident-visitor interactions: a review of the literature and general policy alternatives. In F. Rajotte (ed), The Impact of Tourism Development in the Pacific (pp. 76–107). Ontario: Environmental and Resource Studies Program, Trent University.
• Kümbetoğlu, B. (2015). Sosyolojide ve antropolojide niteliksel yöntem ve araştırma [Qualitative method and research in sociology and anthropology]. Ankara: Bağlam Yayınları.
• Layder, D. (2013). Sosyolojik araştırma pratiği teori ve sosyal araştırmanın ilişkilendirilmesi [Sociological Practice: Linking Theory and Social Research] (Trans. Serdar Ünal). Ankara: Heretik Yayıncılık.
• Nudralı, F. Ö. (2007). The experiences of British citizens in Didim a coastal town in Turkey: A case of lifestyle migration. Unpublished master’s thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
• Nudralı, Ö. & O’Reilly, K. (2009). Taking the risk: The British in Didim, Turkey. In M. Benson and K. O’Reilly (Eds), Lifestyle migration: Expectations, aspirations and experiences (pp. 136-152). Farnham: Ashgate.
• O'Reilly, K. (1995). A new trend in European migration: Contemporary British migration to Fuengirola, Costa del Sol. Geographical Viewpoint, 23, 25-36.
• Punch, K. F. (2011). Sosyal araştırmalara giriş: nicel ve nitel yaklaşımlar [Introduction to social research: quantitate and qualitative approaches] (Trans. D. Bayrak, H. B. Arslan and Z. Akyüz). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
• Smith, V. L. (1996). Indigenous tourism: the four Hs. In T. Hinch & R. Butler (eds), Tourism and Indigenous Peoples (pp. 283–307). London: International Thomson Business Press.
• Südaş, İ., & Mutluer, M. (2008). Ekonomik etkileri açısından Türkiye’nin turizm merkezlerine yönelik Avrupalı göçleri [European Immigration towards Turkish Tourism Resorts: Economic Impacts]. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 17(1-2), 51-59.
• Südaş, İ. (2005). Türkiye’ye yönelik göçler ve Türkiye’de yaşayan yabancılar: Alanya örneği [Migrations to Turkey and foreigners living in Turkey]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Ege University, İzmir.
• Südaş, İ. (2012). Avrupa ülkelerinden Türkiye’nin batı kıyılarına yönelik göçler: Marmaris, Kuşadası ve Ayvalık ilçelerinde karşılaştırmalı bir araştırma [Immigration from European countries towards western coast of Turkey: A comparative study in Marmaris, Kuşadası and Ayvalık]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Ege University, İzmir.
• Tanrıvermiş, H., & Apaydın, A. (2013). Türkiye’de yabancıların taşınmaz ediniminin etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of the impact of property acquisition by foreigners in Turkey]. Ankara: TUBİTAK KAMAG Projesi.
• Tekeli, İ. (2015). Göç ve ötesi [Migration and beyond]. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
• Tümtaş, M. S. (2009). Yoksulluktan yoksunluğa göç: Marmaris ve Mersin örnekleri [Migration from poverty to deprivation: The samples of Marmaris and Mersin]. Toplum ve Demokrasi, 3(5), 111-134.
• Tuna, M. & Özbek, Ç. (2012). Yerlileşen yabancılar: Güney Ege Bölgesi’nde yurttaşlık, göç ve kimliğim dönüşümü [Localized foreigners: Citizenship, migration and transformation of identity in the South Aegan Region]. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
• Tuna, M. (2007). Turizm, çevre, toplum (Marmaris örneği) [Tourism, environment and society (Case of Marmaris)]. Ankara: Detay Yayınları.
• Tuna, M. (2012). Turizm gelişmesinin sosyokültürel etkileri [Sociocultural effects of tourism development]. In M. Tuna (Ed.), Turizm Sosyolojisi (pp. 64-82). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Açık Öğretim Yayınları.
• Türkoğlu, K. 2011). Turizm sektöründe istihdam imkânlarının göç üzerindeki etkileri: Fethiye örneği [Effects of possibilities of tourism sector employment on migration: sample of Fethiye]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta.
• Ünal, S. (2012). Sosyal-mekânsal-siyasal kümelenme biçimi olarak İzmir kentinde Balkan (Rumeli) kimliği [Balkan (Rumelia) Identity in İzmir as a Form of Social-Spatial-Political Aggregation]. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, 21(3), 49-77.
• Warnes, A. M., &Patterson, G. (1998). British retirees in Malta: Components of the cross-national relationship. International Journal of Population Geography,4(2), 113-133.
• White, P. (1974). The social impact of tourism on host communities: A study of language change in Switzerland. Oxford: School of Geography, Oxford University.
• Williams, A. M. (2012). Tourism, migration and human capital: Knowledge and skills at the intersection of flows. In W.C. Gartner and C. Hsu (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Tourism Research (pp. 251-264). London: Routledge.
• Williams, A. M., & Hall, C. M. (2002). Tourism, migration, circulation and mobility. The contingencies of time and place. In C. M Hall & A. M. Williams (Eds.), Tourism and Migration. New Relationship between Production and Consumption (pp. 5-27). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Williams, A.M., King, R. Warnes, A.M., & Patterson, G. (2000). Tourism and international retirement migration: New forms of an old relationship in Southern Europe. Tourism Geographies,2(1), 28-49.
• World Tourism Organization (2010). Tourism and migration – exploring the relationship between two global phenomena.