Gelişen Afganistan Medyası ve Vatandaş Gazeteciliğinin Olasılığı

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4, 1 - 13, 01.07.2011

Osman Köroğlu

https://doi.org/10.5824/1309-1581.2011.3.005.x

Öz

Afganistan 1900’lerden itibaren gazetecilik alanında etkinliklere sahne olmuştur. Ancak ülkedeki medya sektörü günümüze kadar savaş, siyasi bunalım ve belirsizlikler esnasında istikrarlı bir büyüme ve gelişme gösterememiştir. Hamid Karzai hükümetiyle birlikte medyada daha önceki dönemlere göre hızlı ve büyük çaplı bir özgürleşme ve ilerleme görülmektedir. Ancak ülkenin kendi medya tarzını, orijinal habercilik uygulamalarını ortaya koyması için en azından şimdilik başka ülke ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarının desteğini alması gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda ülkedeki eğitim kurumlarının gelişen Afganistan medyasının bugünü ve yarınını biçimlendirmede önemli roller üstlenmesi umulabilir. Aynı şekilde, temel teknolojik altyapı ve eğitim sağlanırsa, yeni iletişim ortamları Afganistan’da gazeteciliğin katılımcı gazetecilik ve vatandaş gazeteciliği gibi alternatif türleri ile birlikte hızla gelişmesini sağlayabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afganistan, gazetecilik, medya, sivil toplum, sosyal eylemcilik, vatandaş gazeteciliği, yeni iletişim ortamları

Developing Afghanistan Media and Possibility of Citizen Journalism

Öz

Afghanistan has witnessed the activities in the field of journalism since 1900. However, the country's media sector, during the wars, political crises and uncertainty, did not show a consistent growth and development until today. With the government of Hamid Karzai, rapid and large-scale freedom and progress in the media can be seen. However, Afghanistan must put forward its own style of the media and original reporting practices. For this purpose, she should take support of other countries and civil society organizations at least for now. In this context, one can hope to assume that educational institutions in the country will have important roles in shaping the present and future of developing media in Afghanistan. Similarly, if the basic technological infrastructure and education is provided, new communication technologies can provide the rapid development of alternative types of journalism in Afghanistan like participatory journalism and citizen journalism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afghanistan, journalism, media, civil society, social activism, citizen journalism, new media

Kaynakça

• Afghanistan Ministry of Communications, (2011), “Statistics”, mcit.gov.af/en/page/12, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Afghan Telecom, (2010). “Welcome to the official site of Afghan Telecom”, afghantelecom.af/?page=home&lang=en, Accessed: 23.03.12
• AlJazeera, (2009) “War on Gaza - Experimental Beta”, labs.aljazeera.net/warongaza/, Accessed: 23.03.12
• ATRA, (2010) “A glance at the Telecom Developments in Afghanistan”, atra.gov.af/en/aglance_telecom_dev.html, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Auletta, K. (2010). “The Networker Afghanistan’s first media mogul”, newyorker.com/reporting/2010/07/05/100705fa_fact_auletta, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Baree, M. (2008), “Citizen Voices”, forbes.com/global/2008/1208/114.html, Forbes Magazine, Accessed: 23.03.12
• BBC, (2012).”Afghanistan Profile”, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12013942, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Bowman, S., Willis, C. (2003), “We Media: How Audiences are Shaping the Future of News and Information.”, hypergene.net/wemedia/weblog.php, The Media Center at the American Press Institute, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Center for Applied Linguistics, (2002) “The Afghans – Their History and Culture”, cal.org/co/afghan/ahist.html, Accessed: 23.03.12
• CIA World Factbook, (2009). “Country Comparison :: Internet users”, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/rankorder/2153rank.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af&reg ionCode=sas&rank=98#af, Accessed: 23.03.12
• CIA World Factbook, (2011). “Afghanistan”, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld-factbook/geos/af.html, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Cross, T. (24.08.09). “Afghan reporters defy government decree and Taliban”, rfi.fr/actuen/articles/116/article_4868.asp, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Dartnell, M. Y. (2006). Insurgency Online: Web Activism and Global Conflict. University of Toronto Press
• Dashty, F. (2011). “Kabul weekly nearing its end”, http://web.archive.org/web/20110531152338/http://www.kw.af/english/index.php, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Ekine, S. (2009), “Ushahidi Platform Used to Document Congo, Gaza Crises”, pbs.org/mediashift/2009/01/ushahidi-platform-used-to-document-congo-gazacrises009.html, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Europa Publications Staff, (2002) The Far East and Australasia 2003. Routledge Freedom House, (2011). “Afghanistan Press Report”, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2011/afghanistan, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Gezari, V.M. (2011). “Crossfire in Kandahar”, Columbia Journalism Review, cjr.org/cover_story/crossfire_in_kandahar.php, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Gezari, V.M. (24.09.10). “Don’t Jail Them, Train Them”, pulitzercenter.org/blog/untoldstories/afghan-journalist-detentions, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Gezari, V.M. and Flynn, K. (2010). “Lost in Translation: Telling Afghan Stories to the West”, pulitzercenter.org/projects/asia/lost-translation-telling-afghan-stories-west, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Gezari, V.M. and Flynn, K. (2010b). “Unlikely Stories, or the Making of an Afghan News Agency”, pulitzercenter.org/blog/untold-stories/afghanistan-journalism-pajhwokafghan-news-taliban, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Gezari, V.M. (2011b). “Afghan reporter tells her story”, tampabay.com/news/perspective/breaking-news-and-making-news/1146780, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Glaser, M. (2006). “Your Guide to Citizen Journalism”, pbs.org/mediashift/2006/09/yourguide-to-citizen-journalism270.html, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Great Britain Foreign and Commonwealth Office, (2004). “Human rights annual report 2004”, books.google.com.tr/books?id=JHnLuiW4ylkC
• Griffin, L. (2002), “The Pre-Islamic Period”. Afghanistan Country Study, Illinois Institute of Technology, gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/PreIslamic.html, Accessed:23.03.12
• Gurban, A. (2009). “Afganistan iletişim çağına ayak uydurmaya çalışıyor”, www.iha.com.tr/afganistan-iletisim-cagina-ayak-uydurmaya-calisiyor-74121.haber, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Jawad, A. (2010) “A short look at the Faculty of Journalism, Kabul University”, facultyofjournalism.af/English/page2.html, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Kamalipour, Y. R. and Snow, R. (2004), War, Media, and Propaganda: A Global Perspective, Rowman&Littlefield
• Land, M.B. (2009), “Networked Activism”, Harward Human Rights Journal, Vol.22, s. 205-243.
• Library of Congress Federal Research Division (2006). “Afghanistan country profile”, lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Mackey, R.; Corasaniti, N. (2010), “Tuesday and Wednesday’s Updates on Haiti’s Earthquake”, New York Times thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/12/gleaninginformation-from-haiti-online/, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Olson, P. (2010), “The World's Most Dangerous Countries”, Forbes, forbes.com/2010/01/14/most-dangerous-countries-lifestyle-travel-haiti-afghanistaniraq.html, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Pajhwok Afgan News, (09.04.07). “Journalists boycott Taliban's news coverage”, pajhwok.com/en/2007/04/09/journalists-boycott-talibans-news-coverage, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Pichon, F. (2011), “Arab spring invigorates newspapers and journalism in the region”, editorsweblog.org/2011/06/10/arab-spring-invigorates-newspapers-and-journalismin-the-region, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Pigott, P. (2007) Canada in Afghanistan: The War So Far. Dundurn Press Ltd.
• Poole, E. and Richardson, J.E (eds.) (2006). Muslims and the News Media. I.B.Tauris
• Potichnyj, P. J (1988). The Soviet Union: Party and Society. Cambridge University Press.
• Press Reference, (2002) “Afghanistan Media”, pressreference.com/A-Be/Afghanistan.html, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Reporters Without Borders (2011). “Press Freedom Index 2011/2012”, http://en.rsf.org/pressfreedom-index-2011-2012,1043.html, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Reporters Without Borders, (18.10.10). “Intelligence agency tried to force journalist Mujadadi to be informer before arresting him”, en.rsf.org/afghanistan-hojatullah-mujadadi-ndskapisa-18-10-2010,38568.html, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Saikal, A., Farhadi, R. and Nourzahanov K. (2006) Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival. I.B.Tauris
• Siddiqi, S. (12.09.05). “Afghanistan's post-Taleban media”, news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4222082.stm, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Witschge, T. (2009). “Street journalists versus 'ailing journalists'?”, opendemocracy.net/article/street-journalists-as-an-answer-to-ailing-journalism, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Tooth, G. (2006). “The Media Report, Journalism in Afghanistan (Transcript)”, abc.net.au/radionational/programs/mediareport-1999/journalism-inafghanistan/3329078, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Townsend, A. (2011) “Watch: Occupy Wall Street, Broadcasting Live”, newsfeed.time.com/2011/11/15/watch-occupy-wall-street-broadcasting-live, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Ushahidi (2012), “Products”, ushahidi.com/products, Accessed: 23.03.12
• Wanjiku, R. (2009). “Technology elevates Africa's global status”, computerworld.co.ke/articles/2009/08/12/technology-elevates-africas-global-status, Accessed: 23.03.12
• World of Information, (2004). Middle East review 2003/04: The Economic and Business Report, Londra:Kogan Page