The Interactions of International Relations: Racism, Colonialism, Producer-Centred Research

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 231 - 253, 16.07.2021

Deep K. Datta-ray

https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.952743

Öz

The racial hierarchy underscoring colonialism persists, organises core-periphery interactions and so undermines International Relations’ (IR’s) purpose of accounting and explaining to mitigate violence. Despite IR’s awareness of its colonialism, it reconstitutes in the hermeneutic’s deductive and inductive method via aphasia (calculated forgetting) about its heuristic: diplomacy. The result, analytic-violence or the core’s heuristic corrupting interaction with the periphery. Yet, its evasiveness testifies to a meaningfulness beyond IR’s hermeneutic. Irretrievably corrupted by its heuristic, IR’s hermeneutic is ejected for an altogether new hermeneutic: Producer-Centred Research (PCR). Eschewing deduction and induction, and so colonialism, PCR initiates with abduction or a problem arising from theory and practice to resolve it in terms of rationality because of its, and the problem’s, significance. Changing “rationality” to “rationalities” registers the core’s rationality as colonialism while preventing it from contaminating PCR’s collection and assessment of peripheral practices to determine if they cohere into another rationality. Moreover, treating peripheral practitioners authoritatively, as capable of rationalising themselves and thus equal to rationality, further protects PCR from aphasia. Verifying efficacy shows PCR’s decolonisation of the hermeneutic is not entirely replicated externally, amongst IR scholars. The core engages PCR, but it incites violence in the periphery which defends rationality and so is colonialism’s bastion, now.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Diplomacy, Eurocentrism, racism, colonialism, hermeneutics

Kaynakça

• Ahmad, A. “Datta-Ray, Deep K.: The Making of Indian Diplomacy: a Critique of Eurocentrism.” CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries (March 2016): 1081.
• Abraham, Itty. The Making of the Indian Atom Bomb: Science, Secrecy and the Post-Colonial State. London: Zed Books, 1998.
• Abraham, Itty, ed. South Asian Cultures of the Bomb: Atomic Publics and the State in India and Pakistan. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009.
• Acharya, Amitav. “Theorising the International Relations of Asia: Necessity or Indulgence? Some Reflections.” The Pacific Review 30, no. 6 (2017): 816–28.
• Acharya, Amitav, and Barry Buzan. “Why is there no Non-Western International Relations Theory? Ten Years On.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 17 (2017): 341–70.
• Anghie, Antony. “The Bush Administration, Preemption Doctrine and the United Nations.” American Society of International Law Proceedings, 98 (2004): 326–29.
• –––. “The War on Terror and Iraq in Historical Perspective.” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 43, no. 1 (2005): 45–66.
• Anievas, Alexander, Nivi Manchanda and Robbie Shilliam. “Confronting the Global Colour Line: An Introduction.” In Race and Racism in International Relations: Confronting the Global Colour Line, edited by Alexander Anievas, Nivi Manchanda, and Robbie Shilliam, 1–16, New York: Routledge, 2015.
• Aydinli, Ersel, and Gonca Biltekin. “Widening the World of IR: a Typology of Homegrown Theorizing.” All Azimuth 7, no. 1 (2018): 45–68.
• Ayres, Alyssa. Our Time Has Come: How India in Making its Place in the World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.
• Babu, B. Ramesh. “Dealing with the World, Indian Style.” The Hindu, November 1, 2015. https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/dealing-with-the-world-indian-style/article7828083.ece. Bajpai, Kanti. “Indian Conceptions of Order and Justice: Nehruvian, Gandhian, Hindutva and Neo-Liberal.” In Order and Justice in International Relations, edited by Rosemary Foot, John Gaddis, and Andrew Hurrell, , 236–61. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
• Bajpai, Kanti, and Byron Chong. “India’s Foreign Policy Capacity.” Policy Design and Practice 2, no. 2 (2019): 137–62.
• Bajpai, Kanti, and Siddharth Mallavarapu, ed. International Relations in India: Bringing Theory Back Home. New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2004.
• Barkan, Elazar. The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
• Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulation. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2006.
• Beitelmair-Berini, Bernhard. “Theorizing Indian Strategic Culture(s): Taking Stock of a Controversial Debate.” In Hansel, Khan, and Levaillant, Theorizing Indian Foreign Policy, 91-111.
• Bell, Duncan. “Race and International Relations: Introduction.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 26, no. 1 (2013): 1–4.
• Berridge, G.R., Maurice Keens-Soper, and T.G. Otte. Diplomatic Theory from Machiavelli to Kissinger. New York: Palgrave, 2001.
• Bhabha, Homi K. “Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse.” Discipleship: a Special Issue on Psychoanalysis 28 (1984): 125–33. –––. “Sly Civility.” October 34 (1985): 71-80. Bhaskaran, R. “The Philosophical Basis of Indian Foreign Policy.” In Foreign Policy of India: A Book of Readings, edited by K.P. Mishra. New Delhi: Thomson Press, 1977.
• Bloch, Maurice. How we Think they Think: Anthropological Approaches to Cognition, Memory and Literacy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998.
• Boivin, Nicole. “Anthropological, Historical, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives on the Origins of Caste in South Asia.” In The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia, edited by Michael D. Petraglia and Bridget Allchin, 341–61. Dordrecht: Springer, 2007.
• Bull, Hedley. The Anarchical Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1977.
• Bull, Hedley, and Martin Wight. Systems of States. Edited by Hedley Bull. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1977.
• Chacko, Priya. “Srinath Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India: A Strategic History of Nehru Years.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 48, no. 2 (2011): 305–07.
• Constantinou, Costas M. “Visual Diplomacy: Reflections on Diplomatic Spectacle and Cinematic Thinking.” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 13, no. 4 (2018): 387–409.
• Constantinou, Costas M., and Paul Sharp. “Theoretical Perspectives in Diplomacy.” In The Sage Handbook of Diplomacy, edited by Costas M. Constantinou, Pauline Kerr, and Paul Sharp, 13–27. London: Sage, 2016.
• Datta-Ray, Deep K. “The Analysis of the Practice of Indian Diplomacy.” In Political Science: Vol. 4: India Engages the World, edited by Navnita Chadha Behera and Achin Vanaik, 234–69. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013.
• –––. “Diplomacy Beyond History: Analytic-Violence, Producer-Centred Research, India.” India Quarterly 77, no. 1 (2021): 9–24.
• –––. “India’s Diplomacy is Absentia: Offence, Defence, Violence.” In Bridging Two Worlds: Comparing Classical Political Thought and Statecraft in China and India, edited by Daniel A. Bell and Yan Xuetong. Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, forthcoming.
• –––. The Making of Indian Diplomacy: a Critique of Eurocentrism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
• –––. “Violence, Hermeneutics and Postcolonial Diplomacy.” In Routledge Handbook of Postcolonial Politics, edited by Olivia U. Rutazibwa and Robbie Shilliam, 140–56. New York: Routledge, 2018.
• Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew’s Mission India. Singapore: ISEAS, 2009.
• –––. Smash and Grab: Annexation of Sikkim, 2nd ed. New Delhi: Westland, 2013.
• –––. “Twenty Years of Looking East.” Business Standard, July 14, 2012. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sunanda-k-datta-ray-twenty-yearslooking-east/480356/. –––. Waiting for America: India and the US in the New Millennium. New Delhi: Harper Collins, 2002.
• Dikötter, Frank. The Discourse of Race in Modern China. London: Hurst, 1992.
• Durkheim, Emile, Marcel Mauss, and Benjamin Nelson. “Note on the Notion of Civilization.” Social Research 38, no. 4 (1971): 808–13.
• Fierke, Karin M. “Contraria sunt Complementa: Global Entanglement and the Constitution of Difference.” International Studies Review 21, no. 1 (2018): 146–69.
• –––. “Introduction: Independence, Global Entanglement and the Co-Production of Sovereignty.” Global Constitutionalism 6, no. 2 (2017): 167–83.
• Frey, Karsten. India’s Nuclear Bomb and National Security. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2006.
• Ganguly, Sumit. Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions since 1947. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
• –––. “India’s Foreign and Security Policies.” In Pekkanen, Ravenhill, and Foot, The Oxford Handbook, 411–26.
• –––. “India’s Pathway to Pokhran II: The Prospects and Sources of New Delhi’s Nuclear Weapons Program.” International Security 23, no. 4 (1999): 148–77.
• Giri, Ananta Kumar. “The Making of Indian Diplomacy: a Critique of Eurocentrism (review).” Philosophy East and West 68, no. 3 (2018): 1020–023.
• Goldberg, David Theo. The Racial State. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2002.
• Halas, Matus. “In Error We Trust: an Apology of Abductive Inference.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 28, no. 4 (2015): 701–20.
• Hall, Ian. “The Making of Indian Diplomacy: a Critique of Eurocentrism.” Asian Studies Review 42, no. 2 (2018): 378–79.
• Halliburton, Murphy. “Gandhi or Gramsci? The Use of Authoritative Sources in Anthropology.” Anthropological Quarterly 77, no. 4 (2004): 793–817.
• Hansel, Mischa, Raphaëlle Khan, and Mélissa Levaillant. Theorizing Indian Foreign Policy. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2017.
• Harder, Anton. “The Making of Indian Diplomacy: a Critique of Eurocentrism.” The Round Table 109, no. 5 (2020): 648–52.
• Henderson, Errol A. “Hidden in Plain Sight: Racism in International Relations Theory.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 26, no. 1 (2013): 71–92.
• Hesse, Barnor. “Racialized Modernity: An Analytics of White Mythologies.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 30, no. 4 (2007): 643-63.
• Holslag, Jonathan. India and China: Prospects for Peace. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
• Hua, Shipping, ed. Routledge Handbook of Politics. New York: Routledge, 2018.
• Jaffrelot, Christophe, and Laurence Louёr. “Introduction: The Gulf-South Asia Religious Connections: Indo-Islamic Civilization vs. pan-Islamism?” In Pan-Islamic Connections: Transational Networks Between South Asia and the Gulf, ed. Christophe Jaffrelot and Lawrence Louёr, 1–20. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
• Jain, Purnendra. “Energy Security in Asia.” In Pekkanen, Ravenhill, and Foot, The Oxford Handbook, 547-68.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. “Kinship in Indian Politics: Dynasties, Nepotism and Imagined Families.” In Kinship in International Relations, edited by Kristin Haugevik and Iver B. Neumann, 138–53. Abingdon, Oxon.: Routledge, 2019.
• Karnad, Bharat. Staggering Forward: Narendra Modi and India’s Global Ambition. New Delhi: Penguin, 2018.
• Kennedy, Andrew B. “India’s Nuclear Odyssey: Implicit Umbrellas, Diplomatic Disappointments, and the Bomb.” International Security 36 (2011): 120-53.
• Kerr, Philip Henry. “Political Relations Between Advanced and Backward Peoples.” In An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, edited by A. J. Grant, Arthur Greenwood, John David Ivor Hughes, Philip Henry Kerr Lothian, and Francis Fortescue Urquhart, 141–82. London: Macmillan, 1916.
• Kohli, Atul, and Prerna Singh, ed. Routledge Handbook of Indian Politics. New Delhi: Routledge, 2013.
• Kumar, Pankaj. “Book Review: The Making of Indian Diplomacy: a Critique of Eurocentrism.” Political Studies Review 15, no. 1 (2016): 103–04.
• Kumar, Vikas. “Recovering/Uncovering the ‘Indian’ in Indian Diplomacy: An ‘Ancient’ Tadka for a Contemporary Curry?” Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 5, no. 2 (2018): 197–215.
• Kumaraswamy, P.R. “National Security: A Critique.” In Security Beyond Survival: Essays for K. Subrahmanyam, edited by P. R. Kumaraswamy. New Delhi: Sage, 2004.
• Kumari, Priya. “India as a Normative Power: The Mixed Migration Crisis of the Indian Ocean.” International Studies 51, no. 1 (2014): 180–94.
• Lake, David A. “Escape from the State of Nature: Authority and Hierarchy in World Politics.” International Security 32, no. 1 (2007): 47–79.
• Latif, Asad. “Unique Insights into the Making of Indian Diplomacy.” The Straits Times, May 16, 2015.
• Lequesne, Christian. “Les États et leur outil diplomatique.” In Manuel de diplomatie, edited by Thierry Balzacq, Frédéric Charillon and Frédéric Ramel,143–61. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 2018.
• Levaillant, Mélissa. “The Contribution of Neo-Institutionalism to the Analysis of India’s Diplomacy in the Making.” In Hansel, Khan, and Levaillant, Theorizing Indian Foreign Policy, 160–80.
• Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
• Menon, Shivshankar. Choices: Inside the Making of India’s Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press, 2016.
• Michael, Arndt. “Realist-Constructivism and the India-Pakistan Conflict: A New Theoretical Approach for an Old Rivalry.” Asian Politics & Policy 10, no. 1 (2018): 100–14.
• Mohan, C. Raja. Crossing the Rubicon: The Shaping of India’s New Foreign Policy. New Delhi: Penguin, 2003.
• Montagu, Ashley. Statement on Race 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.
• Morgenthau, Hans. Politics among Nations. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948.
• Mukherjee, Sanjeeb. “The State of the Science of Politics in Contemporary India.” Economic and Political Weekly 51, no. 51 (2016): 27–35.
• Mutua, Makau Wa. “Savages, Victims and Saviors: The Metaphor of Human Rights.” Harvard International Law Journal 42 (2001): 201–45.
• Nandy, Ashis. “History’s Forgotten Doubles.” History and Theory 34, no. 2 (1995): 44–66.
• Olson, William, and A. J. R. Groom. International Relations Then and Now. London: Harper Collins, 1991.
• Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. London: Secker and Warburg, 1949.
• Pal, Satyabrata. “In Search of Roots in the Epic.” The Book Review (2015): 9-10.
• Pant, Harsh V. “The US-India Nuclear Pact: Policy, Process, and Great Power Politics.” Asian Security 5 (2009): 273–95.
• Paul, T. V. “Integrating International Relations Studies in India to Global Scholarship.” International Studies 46, no. 1-2 (2009): 129–45.
• Peirce, Charles. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce. Vol. 5, Pragmatism and Pragmaticism. Edited by C. Hartshorne and P. Weiss. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press, 1934.
• Pekkanen, Saadia, John Ravenhill, and Rosemary Foot, ed. The Oxford Handbook of the International Relations of Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Perkovich, George. India’s Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
• Pinto, Ambrose. “UN Conference against Racism: is Caste Race?” Economic and Political Weekly 36, no. 30 (2001): 2817–820.
• Prabhu, Jaideep A. “There’s an Indic Way Of Thinking About Foreign Policy But We Are Doing It The Wrong Way.” Swarajya, January 14, 2017. https://swarajyamag.com/books/theres-an-indic-way-of-thinking-about-foreign-policy-but-we-are-doing-it-the-wrong-way.
• Qureshi, Ammar Ali. “The Roots of Indian Foreign Policy.” The News on Sunday, Pakistan, January 27, 2019. http://tns.thenews.com.pk/roots-indian-foreign-policy/#.XUwgQegzbIU.
• Reinsch, Paul. “The Negro Race and European Civilization.” American Journal of Sociology 11, no. 2 (1905): 145–67.
• –––. World Politics at the End of the Nineteenth Century. New York: Macmillan, 1900.
• Roth, Wolff-Michael. “Astonishment: a Post-Constructivist Investigation into Mathematics as Passion.” Educ Stud Math 95 (2017): 97–111.
• Saint-Mézard, Isabelle. “Book Review: The Making of Indian Diplomacy: a Critique of Eurocentrism.” Politique étrangère 80, no. 4 (2015): 210–11.
• Sampson, Aaron. “Tropical Anarchy: Waltz, Wendt, and the Way We Imagine International Politics.” Alternatives 27 (2002): 429–57.
• Saran, Shyam. How India Sees the World: Kautilya to the 21st century. New Delhi: Juggernaut Books, 2017.
• Sen, Samita. “A ‘Cosmological’ Approach to Diplomacy.” Economic and Political Weekly 55, no. 49 (2020): 24–6.
• Shilliam, Robbie. “The Atlantic as a Vector of Uneven and Combined Development.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 22, no. 1 (2009): 69–88.
• Shringarpure, Bhakti. Cold War Assemblages: Decolonization to Digital. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2019.
• Siddiqui, Muznah. “Assessing the Claim That the Development of International Theory Is Over.” E-International Relations, March 15, 2019. https://www.e-ir.info/2019/03/15/assessing-the-claim-that-the-development-of-international-theory-is-over/.
• Singh, Sinderpal. “Political Science. Volume 4, India Engages the World. ICSSR Research Surveys and Explorations.” Pacific Affairs 88, no. 1 (2015): 142–44.
• Smith, Roger. “Reflections on the Historical Imagination.” History of the Human Sciences 13, no. 4 (2000): 103–08.
• Solomos, John. Race and Racism in Britain, 3rd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
• Srinivasan, Krishnan. “Different Worlds: Looking Beyond the Zero-Sum Game.” The Telegraph, September 15, 2015. https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/different-worlds/cid/1443847.
• –––. “Special Bond.” The Telegraph, January 31, 2014. https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140131/jsp/opinion/story_17876883.jsp#.WJCH40navIU.
• Stewart, Jeffrey. “Introduction.” In Alain Locke: Race Contacts and Interracial Relations, edited by Jeffrey Stewart, xix-lix. Washington: Howard University Press, 1992.
• Stoler, Ann Laura. “Colonial Aphasia: Race and Disabled Histories in France.” Public Culture 23, no. 1 (2011): 121–56.
• Thakur, Vineet. “Panditji Knows Best.” In Postscripts on Independence: Foreign Policy Ideas, Identity, and Institutions in India and South Africa, edited by Vineet Thakur, Siddharth Mallavarapu, Himadeep Muppidi, and Raymond Duvall. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.
• Tharoor, Shashi. “Diplomatically Hindu.” Open (23 May 2016): 59–61.
• Thompson, Debra. “Through, Against and Beyond the Racial State: the Transnational Stratum of Race.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 26, no. 1 (2013): 133–51.
• Veblen, Thornstein. The Higher Learning in America: A Memorandum on the Conduct of Universities by Business Men. New York: B.W. Heubsch, 1918.
• Vitalis, Robert. “The Graceful and Generous Liberal Gesture: Making Racism Invisible in American International Relations.” Millennium 29, no. 2 (2000): 331–56.
• Vohra, Dewan C. India’s Aid Diplomacy in the Third World. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1981.
• Winant, Howard. “Race and Race Theory.” Annual Review of Sociology 26, no. 1 (2000): 169–85.
• –––. The World is a Ghetto: Race and Democracy since World War Two. New York: Basic Books, 2001.
• Wojczewski, Thorsten. India’s Foreign Policy Discourse and its Conceptions of World Order: The Quest for Power and Identity. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2018.
• Yuan, Jingdong. “Nuclear Politics in Asia.” In Pekkanen, Ravenhill, and Foot, The Oxford Handbook, 505–23.