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Examining the Factors Affecting the Employment Increase of Enterprises in Turkey

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 71 - 86, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.17093/alphanumeric.475155

Öz

Increases in employment contribute to the development and the growth of countries. The dynamics that affect growth of enterprises have been dealt with in various studies. Accordingly, labor force, technology, size and age of enterprises are leading dynamics. Nevertheless, trouble-free processes in financial opportunities, infrastructure and regulatory agencies have supportive effects. Troubles in these processes are known as obstacles to growth of enterprises. In this study, dynamics and obstacles, as well as other factors that affect employment increase have been analyzed using World Bank Enterprise Survey (2015) for 6006 enterprises that are operating in Turkey.

With reference to knowledge in this survey, the increases in the number of employees between the years of 2012 and 2014 were calculated. These increases were transformed into a categorical variable. The relationship between this categorical variable with the gender of executives, educational level of executives, the industry that enterprise belongs to, the age of the enterprise, the size of enterprise and obstacles were investigated. Multiple correspondence analysis and logistic regression were used in the analysis. According to the findings, the age of the enterprises, the educational level of executives, the industry that the enterprise belongs to, inadequately educated employees, political instability as well as tax administration have an effect on increases in employment.

Kaynakça

  • Akman, A. (2007), Kobiler ve Ekonomideki Yeri. 10 Ekim 2018 tarihinde http://www.memleket.com.tr/news_detail.php?id=12797 adresinden erişildi.
  • Alpuan, O., Demir H., Oktav M., Ü. N. (1993). İşletme Ekonomisi ve Yönetim. (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Barkham, R., Gudgin, G., Hart, M., & Hanvey, E. (1996). The Determinants of Small Firm Growth: an inter-regional study in the UK, 1986-90 Jessica Kingsley. London.
  • Bayram, M. Ü. (2017). İşletmelerin Ekonomideki Önemi ve İşletme Yönetimi. 10 Ekim 2018 tarihinde http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/isletmelerin-ekonomideki-onemi-ve-isletme-yonetimi/Blog/?BlogNo=564493 adresinden erişildi.
  • Beck, T. (2007). Financing constraints of SMEs in developing countries: Evidence, determinants and solutions. Içinde KDI 36th Anniversary International Conference (ss. 26–27).
  • Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., ve Maksimovic, V. (2005). Financial and legal constraints to growth: Does firm size matter? Journal of Finance, 60(1), 137–177.
  • Beysi G., (2018). Kobilerin Türkiye Ekonomisine Katkıları. 08.10.2018 tarihinde https://www.kobice.com/genel/kobilerin-turkiye-ekonomisine-katkilari/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Chavis, L., Klapper, L., ve Love, I. (2010). International differences in entrepreneurial finance. Age, 1, 2.
  • Çilan, Ç. A. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Kategorik Verilerle İlişki Analizi (2. Baskı). Pegem Yayıncılık.
  • Cliff, J. E. (1998). Does one size fit all? Exploring the relationship between attitudes towards growth, gender. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(6), 523–543.
  • Coad, A. (2007). Firm Growth: A Survey. Papers on Economics and Evolution, 3.
  • Cooley, T. F., ve Quadrini, V. (2001). Financial markets and firm dynamics. American economic review, 91(5), 1286–1310.
  • Cooney, T., ve Malinen, P. (2004). Firm growth as a research issue. Dublin Institute of Technology, 4-16.
  • Dunne, T., Roberts, M. J., ve Samuelson, L. (1989). The growth and failure of US manufacturing plants. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104(4), 671–698.
  • Evans, D. S. (1987a). Tests of alternative theories of firm growth. Journal of Political Economy, 95(4), 657–674.
  • Evans, D. S. (1987b). The relationship between firm growth, size, and age: Estimates for 100 manufacturing industries. The journal of industrial economics, 567–581.
  • Fairlie, R. W., ve Robb, A. M. (2009). Gender differences in business performance: evidence from the Characteristics of Business Owners survey. Small Business Economics, 33(4), 375.
  • FinMark Trust (2006). FinScope Small Business Survey Report. 08.10.2018 tarihinde http://www.finmarktrust.org.za adresinden erişildi.
  • Fischer, E. (1992). Sex differences and small-business performance among Canadian retailers and service providers. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 9(4), 2–13.
  • Fischer, E. M., Reuber, A. R., ve Dyke, L. S. (1993). A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(2), 151–168.
  • Forsaith, D. M., ve Hall, J. (2000). Financial performance and the size of a business. Orator Corporation.
  • Geroski, P. A. (2002). The growth of firms in theory and in practice. Competence, Governance, and Entrepreneurship-Advances in Economic Strategy Research, 168-176.
  • Harrison, R. T., ve Mason, C. M. (2007). Does gender matter? Women business angels and the supply of entrepreneurial finance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 445–472.
  • İskenderoğlu, Ö. (2008). İşletmelerin Büyümesinde Büyüklüğün Etkisi: Türkiye İçin Bir İnceleme. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
  • Johnsen, G. J., ve McMahon, R. G. P. (2005). The pecking order theory and sme s financing: Insight into themediterranean area and a study in themoroccan context. International Small Business Journal, 23(2), 115–142.
  • Jovanovic, B. (1982). Selection and the Evolution of Industry. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 649–670.
  • Kadrizade, R. (1986). İşletmelerde Büyüme ve Türkiye’deki İşletmelerde Büyüme Büyüklük ve Karlılık İlişkileri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Klette, T. J., ve Kortum, S. (2004). Innovating firms and aggregate innovation. Journal of Political Economy, 112(5), 986–1018.
  • Külahçı, E. (1988). Büyümeyi Amaç Edinen İşletmelerde Finansal Yapı Dengesi, Sorunlar ve Örnek Bir Uygulama. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Levy, B. (1993). Obstacles to developing indigenous small and medium enterprises: an empirical assessment. The World Bank Economic Review, 7(1), 65–83.
  • Love, I. (2003). Financial development and financing constraints: International evidence from the structural investment model. The Review of Financial Studies, 16(3), 765–791.
  • Mert, M. (2017). Yatay Kesit Veri Analizi Bilgisayar Uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Onaral, I. (2015). İşletmelerin Ekonomideki Önemi. 09 Ekim 2018 tarihinde http://www.ekodialog.com/isletme_ekonomisi/isletmelerin_onemi.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Pissarides, F. (1999). Is lack of funds the main obstacle to growth? EBRD’s experience with small-and medium-sized businesses in Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(5–6), 519–539.
  • Pissarides, F., Singer, M., ve Svejnar, J. (2003). Objectives and constraints of entrepreneurs: evidence from small and medium size enterprises in Russia and Bulgaria. Journal of Comparative Economics, 31(3), 503–531.
  • Porta, R. La, Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., ve Vishny, R. W. (1998). Law and finance. Journal of Political Economy, 106(6), 1113–1155.
  • Rajan, R., ve Zingales, L. (1998). Financial Development and Growth American Economic Review.
  • Şeker, M., Paulo, A., ve Correa, G. (2010). Obstacles to Growth for Small and Medium Enterprises in Turkey, The World Bank.
  • Singh, S. P., Reynolds, R. G., ve Muhammad, S. (2001). A Gender-Based Performance Analysis of Micro and Small Enterprises in Java, Indonesia. Journal of Small Business Management, 39(2), 174–182.
  • Watson, J. (2002). Comparing the performance of male-and female-controlled businesses: relating outputs to inputs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 91–100.
  • Wurgler, J. (2000). Financial markets and the allocation of capital. Journal of financial economics, 58(1–2), 187–214.
  • Yasuda, T. (2005). Firm growth, size, age and behavior in Japanese manufacturing. Small Business Economics, 24(1), 1–15.

Türkiye’deki İşletmelerin İstihdam Artışını Etkileyen Faktörlerin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 71 - 86, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.17093/alphanumeric.475155

Öz

İşletmelerde istihdam artışı ülke ekonomisinin gelişimine, büyümesine katkıda bulunur. İşletmelerin büyümesini etkileyen dinamikler literatürde çeşitli çalışmalarda ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışmalara göre beşeri sermaye, teknoloji, işletmelerin büyüklüğü ve yaşı önde gelen dinamiklerdendir. Bununla beraber altyapıda, finansal olanaklarda ve düzenleyici kuruluşlarda sorunsuz işleyiş işletmelerin büyümesi üzerinde destekleyici bir etkiye sahiptir. Ancak bu yapıda karşılaşılan aksaklıklar, işletmelerin büyüme konusunda karşılaştıkları engellerdir.

Bu çalışmada, istihdam artışını etkileyen dinamikler ve yanı sıra engeller, Dünya Bankası’nın düzenlediği 2015 yılı İşletme Anketlerinden faydalanılarak, Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren 6006 işletme üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Bu ankette yer alan 2012 ve 2014 yılı çalışan sayıları bilgisinden hareketle istihdam artışları hesaplanmış ve bu artışlar kategorik veriye dönüştürülmüştür. Elde edilen bu kategorik değişken ile yöneticilerin cinsiyeti, eğitim düzeyi, işletmenin yer aldığı sektör, işletmenin yaşı, büyüklüğü, işletmelerin karşılaştıkları engeller arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Çalışmada çoklu uyum analizi ve lojistik regresyon analizlerinden faydalanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, işletmenin yaşı, yöneticinin eğitim düzeyi, sektör, yetersiz eğitimli işgücü, politik istikrarsızlık ve vergi yönetimi işletmelerin istihdam artışı üzerinde etkili olan değişkenlerdir.

Kaynakça

  • Akman, A. (2007), Kobiler ve Ekonomideki Yeri. 10 Ekim 2018 tarihinde http://www.memleket.com.tr/news_detail.php?id=12797 adresinden erişildi.
  • Alpuan, O., Demir H., Oktav M., Ü. N. (1993). İşletme Ekonomisi ve Yönetim. (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Barkham, R., Gudgin, G., Hart, M., & Hanvey, E. (1996). The Determinants of Small Firm Growth: an inter-regional study in the UK, 1986-90 Jessica Kingsley. London.
  • Bayram, M. Ü. (2017). İşletmelerin Ekonomideki Önemi ve İşletme Yönetimi. 10 Ekim 2018 tarihinde http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/isletmelerin-ekonomideki-onemi-ve-isletme-yonetimi/Blog/?BlogNo=564493 adresinden erişildi.
  • Beck, T. (2007). Financing constraints of SMEs in developing countries: Evidence, determinants and solutions. Içinde KDI 36th Anniversary International Conference (ss. 26–27).
  • Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., ve Maksimovic, V. (2005). Financial and legal constraints to growth: Does firm size matter? Journal of Finance, 60(1), 137–177.
  • Beysi G., (2018). Kobilerin Türkiye Ekonomisine Katkıları. 08.10.2018 tarihinde https://www.kobice.com/genel/kobilerin-turkiye-ekonomisine-katkilari/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Chavis, L., Klapper, L., ve Love, I. (2010). International differences in entrepreneurial finance. Age, 1, 2.
  • Çilan, Ç. A. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Kategorik Verilerle İlişki Analizi (2. Baskı). Pegem Yayıncılık.
  • Cliff, J. E. (1998). Does one size fit all? Exploring the relationship between attitudes towards growth, gender. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(6), 523–543.
  • Coad, A. (2007). Firm Growth: A Survey. Papers on Economics and Evolution, 3.
  • Cooley, T. F., ve Quadrini, V. (2001). Financial markets and firm dynamics. American economic review, 91(5), 1286–1310.
  • Cooney, T., ve Malinen, P. (2004). Firm growth as a research issue. Dublin Institute of Technology, 4-16.
  • Dunne, T., Roberts, M. J., ve Samuelson, L. (1989). The growth and failure of US manufacturing plants. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104(4), 671–698.
  • Evans, D. S. (1987a). Tests of alternative theories of firm growth. Journal of Political Economy, 95(4), 657–674.
  • Evans, D. S. (1987b). The relationship between firm growth, size, and age: Estimates for 100 manufacturing industries. The journal of industrial economics, 567–581.
  • Fairlie, R. W., ve Robb, A. M. (2009). Gender differences in business performance: evidence from the Characteristics of Business Owners survey. Small Business Economics, 33(4), 375.
  • FinMark Trust (2006). FinScope Small Business Survey Report. 08.10.2018 tarihinde http://www.finmarktrust.org.za adresinden erişildi.
  • Fischer, E. (1992). Sex differences and small-business performance among Canadian retailers and service providers. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 9(4), 2–13.
  • Fischer, E. M., Reuber, A. R., ve Dyke, L. S. (1993). A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(2), 151–168.
  • Forsaith, D. M., ve Hall, J. (2000). Financial performance and the size of a business. Orator Corporation.
  • Geroski, P. A. (2002). The growth of firms in theory and in practice. Competence, Governance, and Entrepreneurship-Advances in Economic Strategy Research, 168-176.
  • Harrison, R. T., ve Mason, C. M. (2007). Does gender matter? Women business angels and the supply of entrepreneurial finance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 445–472.
  • İskenderoğlu, Ö. (2008). İşletmelerin Büyümesinde Büyüklüğün Etkisi: Türkiye İçin Bir İnceleme. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
  • Johnsen, G. J., ve McMahon, R. G. P. (2005). The pecking order theory and sme s financing: Insight into themediterranean area and a study in themoroccan context. International Small Business Journal, 23(2), 115–142.
  • Jovanovic, B. (1982). Selection and the Evolution of Industry. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 649–670.
  • Kadrizade, R. (1986). İşletmelerde Büyüme ve Türkiye’deki İşletmelerde Büyüme Büyüklük ve Karlılık İlişkileri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Klette, T. J., ve Kortum, S. (2004). Innovating firms and aggregate innovation. Journal of Political Economy, 112(5), 986–1018.
  • Külahçı, E. (1988). Büyümeyi Amaç Edinen İşletmelerde Finansal Yapı Dengesi, Sorunlar ve Örnek Bir Uygulama. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Levy, B. (1993). Obstacles to developing indigenous small and medium enterprises: an empirical assessment. The World Bank Economic Review, 7(1), 65–83.
  • Love, I. (2003). Financial development and financing constraints: International evidence from the structural investment model. The Review of Financial Studies, 16(3), 765–791.
  • Mert, M. (2017). Yatay Kesit Veri Analizi Bilgisayar Uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Onaral, I. (2015). İşletmelerin Ekonomideki Önemi. 09 Ekim 2018 tarihinde http://www.ekodialog.com/isletme_ekonomisi/isletmelerin_onemi.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Pissarides, F. (1999). Is lack of funds the main obstacle to growth? EBRD’s experience with small-and medium-sized businesses in Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(5–6), 519–539.
  • Pissarides, F., Singer, M., ve Svejnar, J. (2003). Objectives and constraints of entrepreneurs: evidence from small and medium size enterprises in Russia and Bulgaria. Journal of Comparative Economics, 31(3), 503–531.
  • Porta, R. La, Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., ve Vishny, R. W. (1998). Law and finance. Journal of Political Economy, 106(6), 1113–1155.
  • Rajan, R., ve Zingales, L. (1998). Financial Development and Growth American Economic Review.
  • Şeker, M., Paulo, A., ve Correa, G. (2010). Obstacles to Growth for Small and Medium Enterprises in Turkey, The World Bank.
  • Singh, S. P., Reynolds, R. G., ve Muhammad, S. (2001). A Gender-Based Performance Analysis of Micro and Small Enterprises in Java, Indonesia. Journal of Small Business Management, 39(2), 174–182.
  • Watson, J. (2002). Comparing the performance of male-and female-controlled businesses: relating outputs to inputs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 91–100.
  • Wurgler, J. (2000). Financial markets and the allocation of capital. Journal of financial economics, 58(1–2), 187–214.
  • Yasuda, T. (2005). Firm growth, size, age and behavior in Japanese manufacturing. Small Business Economics, 24(1), 1–15.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Özlem Yorulmaz 0000-0003-1029-5749

Selay Giray Yakut 0000-0003-4002-7956

N. Melis Esenyel İçen 0000-0003-1150-2535

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Ekim 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yorulmaz, Ö., Giray Yakut, S., & Esenyel İçen, N. M. (2019). Türkiye’deki İşletmelerin İstihdam Artışını Etkileyen Faktörlerin İncelenmesi. Alphanumeric Journal, 7(1), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.17093/alphanumeric.475155

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