GERMAN CONTRIBUTION TO JAPANESE MODERNIZATION: TRANSFER OF ADMINISTRATIVE KNOWLEDGE OF THE NEW PRODUCTION STYLE

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 351 - 380, 27.03.2023

İsmail Bahadır Turan

https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1181356

Öz

Between 1603 and 1838, Japan was governed within a rigid feudal structure, which was almost impossible to transform with its internal dynamics. This structure changed in 1868 when the Western great powers forced Japan into unequal agreements. Emperor Meiji, took over the country and initiated the modernization of Japan. This modernization effort coincides with the transition from feudalism to capitalist mode of production by industrialization by the state. The founding text is the Meiji Constitution. Japan has also benefited from foreign experts in its modernization journey. However, the belief that the Prussian experience was a more suitable example for Japan brought forward the German experts. In particular, the Prussian Constitution, which gives the monarch a sovereign position, is suitable for Japanese administrative culture. In addition, the belief of the Japanese political and bureaucratic elites that Prussia did not have an imperial past and purpose led them to turn to the Prussian-German example. Therefore, the German contribution to Japanese modernization is guiding. However, it cannot be claimed that Japan, which has a serious management experience, simply took the German example and used it. Japan used the German experience to create its own administrative structure and started its modernization journey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Japan, Prussia, Meiji, Capitalism, Modernization

JAPON MODERNLEŞMESİNE ALMAN KATKISI: YENİ ÜRETİM BİÇİMİNE ÖZGÜ YÖNETSEL BİLGİNİN AKTARIMI

Öz

Japonya, 1603-1838 arasında iç dinamikleriyle dönüşümü neredeyse olanaksız görülen katı bir feodal yapı içerisinde yönetilmiştir. Bu yapı, 1868’de Batılı büyük güçlerin Japonya’yı eşit olmayan anlaşmalara zorlamasıyla değişmiştir. İmparator Meiji, ülke yönetimini ele geçirmiş ve Japonya’nın modernleşmesini başlatmıştır. Bu modernleşme çabası, devlet eliyle sanayileşerek feodaliteden kapitalist üretim biçimine geçişe denk düşmektedir. Kurucu metin ise Meiji Anayasası’dır. Japonya, modernleşme yolculuğunda yabancı uzmanlardan da yararlanmıştır. Ancak Prusya tecrübesinin Japonya’ya daha uygun bir örnek olduğu inancı Alman uzmanları öne çıkarmıştır. Özellikle monarka egemen konum veren Prusya Anayasası, Japon yönetim kültürüne uygundur. Ayrıca Japon siyasi ve bürokratik elitlerinin Prusya’nın emperyal bir geçmiş ve amaca sahip olmadığına inanmaları, Prusya-Alman örneğine yönelmelerine yol açmıştır. Dolayısıyla Japon modernleşmesine Alman katkısı yön vericidir. Ancak ciddi bir yönetim birikimine sahip Japonya’nın, basitçe Alman örneğini alıp kullandığı iddia edilemez. Japonya, Alman tecrübesini kendine özgü yönetsel yapıyı oluşturmak için kullanmış ve modernleşme yolculuğunu başlatmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Japonya, Prusya, Meiji, Kapitalizm, Modernleşme

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