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THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND GREEN ECONOMY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 224 - 253, 27.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1184407

Öz

In this study, the policies implemented by the European Union in the transition to green economy and the environmental and climate targets are explained. While doing this, the process from the handling of sustainable development to the present day has been examined.The study reveals that the European Union has taken into account environmental problems and the effects of climate change since the 1990s and has built its long-term strategies on sustainable development and green economy. The EU, which was adversely affected by the global crisis that emerged in 2008, focused on building a dynamic, low-carbon, resource-efficient, information-focused and socially inclusive society by trying to turn the crisis into an opportunity. In this sense, it included green investments in the rescue plan it put into practice against the crisis and initiated the green transformation. The study firstly describes the concepts of sustainable development, green economy and green growth. The second part of the study discusses how the European Union performs the green transformation and describes the European Green Covenant. The latest part of the study examines developments in climate change and green economy as part of the European 2020 strategy.

Kaynakça

  • Akses, S. (2014). Avrupa 2020 Stratejisi. İstanbul: İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı Yayınları. Yayın No: 269.
  • Aşıcı, A. A. (2017). İktisadi Düşüncede Çevrenin Yeri ve Yeşil Ekonomi: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz. (Editörler: Ahmet Atıl Aşıcı ve Ümit Şahin). Yeşil Ekonomi. İstanbul: Yeni İnsan Yayınevi, 35-56.
  • Avrupa Çevre Ajansı. (2021a). Enerji ve İklim Değişikliği. https://www.eea.europa.eu/tr/isaretler/isaretler-2017-avrupa2019da-enerjinin-gelecegini/makaleler/enerji-ve-iklim-degisikligi (Erişim: 10 Mart 2022).
  • Avrupa Çevre Ajansı. (2021b). https://www.eea.europa.eu/tr (Erişim: 13 Mart 2022).
  • Barbier, E. B. (1987). The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development. Environmental Conservation, 14 (2), 101-110.
  • Carson, R. (2011). Sessiz Bahar. (Çeviren: Çağatay Güler). Ankara: Palme Yayıncılık.
  • Commission of The European Communities. (2001). Communication From The Commission A Sustainable Europe for a BetterWorld: A European Union Strategy for Sustainable Development. Brussels, 15.5.2001 COM(2001)264 final.
  • Commission of The European Communities. (2007). Communication From The Commission To The Council and The European Parliament Progress Report on the Sustainable Development Strategy 2007. Brussels, 22.10.2007 COM(2007) 642 final.
  • Commission of The European Communities. (2008). Communication From The Commission To The European Council A European Economic Recovery Plan. Brussels, 26.11.2008 COM(2008) 800 final.
  • Council Of The European Union. (2006). Renewed EU Sustainable Development Strategy. Brussels, 26 June 2006. No: 10917/06.
  • Czech, B. (2009). Ecological Economics. USA: Center for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy. http://www.eolss.net/Sample-chapters/C10/E5-15A-13.pdf (Erişim: 28 Kasım 2020).
  • Diesendorf, M. (2000). Sustainability and sustainable development, in Dunphy, D, Benveniste, J, Griffiths, A and Sutton, P (eds) Sustainability: The corporate challenge of the 21st century, Sydney: Allen & Unwin, chap. 2, 19-37.
  • EEA. (2012). Trends and projections in Europe 2013 Tracking progress towards Europe's climate and energy targets until 2020. (Papor No 10/2013). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. ISSN 1725-9177.
  • EEA. (2020). Trends and projections in Europe 2020 Tracking progress towards Europe's climate and energy targets. (Rapor No:13/2020). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 978-92-9480-287-3.
  • European Commission. (2004). Kyoto Protocol. MEMO/04/43. Bruxelles. 4 March 2004.
  • European Commission. (2010). Communication From The Commission Europe 2020 A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. COM(2010) 2020. Brussels 3.3.2010.
  • European Commission. (2014). Communication From The Commission to The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of The Regions A policy framework for climate and energy in the period from 2020 to 2030. COM(2014) 15 final. Brussels, 22.1.2014.
  • European Commission. (2018). A Clean Planet for all A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy. COM(2018) 773 final. Brussels, 28.11.2018.
  • European Commission. (2019a). A European Green Deal Striving to be the first climate-neutral continent. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en (Erişim: 20 Ocak 2022).
  • European Commission. (2019b). The European Green Deal. COM(2019) 640 final. Brussels, 11.12.2019.
  • European Commission. (2019c). The InvestEU Programme: Questions and Answers. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_19_2135 (Erişim: 5 Nisan 2022).
  • European Commission. (2020a). Financing the green transition: The European Green Deal Investment Plan and Just Transition Mechanism. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_17 (Erişim: 7 Nisan 2022).
  • European Commission. (2020b). The European Green Deal Investment Plan and Just Transition Mechanism explained. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_24 (Erişim: 15 Mart 2022).
  • European Commission. (2020c).Decision Of The European Parliament And Of The Council on a General Union Environment Action Programme to 2030. COM(2020) 652 final 2020/0300 (COD). Brussels, 14.10.2020.
  • European Commission. (2022). Energy efficiency directive. https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive_en (Erişim: 15 Ocak 2022).
  • European Union. (2007). EU action against climate change. EU emissions trading: an open system promoting global innovation. Belgium: European Communities. ISBN 978-92-79-06862-1.
  • Eurostat. (2021). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/t2020_31/default/table?lang=en (Erişim: 06 Aralık 2021).
  • Eurostat. (2021). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/NRG_IND_EFF__custom_483476/default/table?lang=en (Erişim: 04 Aralık 2021).
  • Georgeson, L., Maslin, M., & Poessinouw, M. (2017). The global green economy: a review of concepts, definitions, measurement methodologies and their interactions. Geography and Environment, 4(1), 1-23.
  • HSBC. (2009). A Climate for Recovery The Color of Stimulus Goes Green. Climate Change Global. HSBC Global Research.
  • ILO. (2010), Green Stimulus Measures. EC-IILS Joing Discussion Paper Series. No. 15.
  • Kanianska, R. (2017). Green Growth and Green Economy. ISBN: 978-80-557-1257-4.
  • Kasztelan, A. (2017). Green Growth, Green Economy and Sustainable Development Terminological and Relational Discourse. Prague Economic Papers, 26(4), 487–499.
  • Klarin, T. (2018). The Concept of Sustainable Development From its Beginning to the Contemporary Issues. Zagreb International Review of Economics & Business, 21(1), 67-94.
  • Kok, W. (2004). Facing the challenge the Lisbon Strategy for growth and employment. Report from the High Level Group. Belgium: European Communities. ISBN 92-894-7054-2.
  • Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J., & Behrens, W. W. (1978). Ekonomik Büyümenin Sınırları. (Çevirenler: Kemal Tosun vd.). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Mengi, A., & Algan, N. (2003). Küreselleşme ve Yerelleşme Çağında Bölgesel Sürdürülebilir Gelişme AB ve Türkiye Örneği (1.Baskı). Ankara: Siyasal Kitapevi.
  • Munasingle, M. (2009). Sustainable Development In Practice Sustainomics Methodology And Applications. (1th Edition). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • OECD. (2011). Towards green growth A summary for policy makers. https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/48012345.pdf (Erişim: 15 Ekim 2021).
  • Ohlendorf, N. M., Duwe, M., Umpfenbach, K. & McFarland, K. (2014). The Next EU Climate and Energy Package – EU Climate Policies after 2020. Berlin: Ecologic Institute.
  • Önsöz, M. (2014). AB, 2030 İklim ve Enerji Paketi Üzerinde Anlaşmaya Vardı, Ekonomik Forum, 64-68. http://haber.tobb.org.tr/ekonomikforum/2014/246/064_068.pdf (Erişim: 10 Şubat 2022).
  • Öztürk, M. & Öztürk, A. (2019). BMİDÇS’den Paris Anlaşması’na: Birleşmiş Milletler’in İklim Değişikliğiyle Mücadele Çabaları. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 12(4), 527-541.
  • Pearce, D. W., Markandya, A., & Barbier, E. B. (1989). Blueprint for a green economy, Earthscan, London.
  • Pisani, J. A. Du. (2006). Sustainable development - historical roots of the concept, Environmental Sciences, 3 (2), 83-96.
  • Pollit, H. (2011). Assessing the Implementation and Impact of Green Elements of Member States’ National Recovery Plans. Final Report. Cambridge: Cambridge Econometrics.
  • Puppim de Oliveira, J. A. (2012). Framing the debate on the green economy and governance from different angles. Jose A. Puppim de Oliveira (Edited by), Green economy and good governance for sustainable development: opportunities, promises and concerns (ss. 3-22 ), Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
  • Purkis, S. (2020). Yeşil Ekonominin Ekoloji Politiği (1.Baskı). Ankara: Ekin Yayınevi.
  • Sachs, J. D. (2019). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Çağı. (Çeviren: Barış Gönülşen). İstanbul: Yeditepe Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
  • Talu, N. (2019). Avrupa Birliği İklim Politikaları. İklim Değişikliği Eğitim Modülleri Serisi 3. İklim Değişikliği Alanında Ortak Çabaların Desteklenmesi Projesi. Ankara.
  • TÜSİAD. (2020). Ekonomik Göstergeler Merceğinden Yeni İklim Rejimi. ISBN 978-605-165-047-0.
  • UNEMG. (2011). Working Towards A Balanced and Inclusive Green Economy: A United Nations System-wide Perspective. Geneva: Prepared by the Environment Management Group.
  • UNEP. (2011) Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication - A Synthesis for Policy Makers, https://www.unep.org/greeneconomy (Erişim: 9 Eylül 2021).
  • UNESCAP. (2012). Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap for Asia and the Pacific: Turning Resource Constraints and The Climate Crisis Into Economic Growth Opportunities. Bangkok: United Nations Publication.
  • Watt, A. (2009). A quantum of solace? An assessment of fiscal stimulus packages by EU Member States in response to the economic crisis. Working Paper 2009.05. Brussels: European Trade Union Institute.
  • WCED (1987). Our Common Future (1.Baskı). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Yalçın, A. Z. (2017). Yeşil Büyüme Çevre Kirliliği ve Eşitsizliklere Karşı Yeni Bir Büyüme Paradigması (1.Baskı). Bursa: Ekin Basım Yayın Dağıtım.

AVRUPA BİRLİĞİNDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA VE YEŞİL EKONOMİNİN GELİŞİMİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 224 - 253, 27.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1184407

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Avrupa Birliği’nin yeşil ekonomiye geçiş sürecinde uyguladığı politikalar açıklanmaktadır. Bu amaçla sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın birlik içerisinde ele alınmasından itibaren günümüze kadar olan süreç incelenmiştir. Çalışma ortaya koymaktadır ki, Avrupa Birliği 1990’lı yıllar itibarıyla çevresel sorunlar ve iklim değişikliğinin ortaya çıkardığı etkileri dikkate almış, uzun dönemli stratejilerini sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve yeşil ekonomi ekseninde oluşturmuştur. 2008 yılında ortaya çıkan küresel krizden olumsuz bir şekilde etkilenen Avrupa Birliği, krizi fırsata çevirmeye çalışarak, dinamik, düşük karbonlu, kaynak kullanımında verimli, bilgiye odaklanan ve sosyal açıdan kapsayıcı bir toplum inşa etmeye odaklanmıştır. Bu anlamda krize karşı uygulamaya koyduğu kurtarma planı içerisinde yeşil yatırımlara yer vermiş ve yeşil dönüşümü başlatmıştır. Çalışmada ilk olarak sürdürülebilir kalkınma, yeşil ekonomi ve yeşil büyüme kavramları açıklanmaktadır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde Avrupa Birliği’nin yeşil dönüşümü nasıl gerçekleştirdiği ele alınmakta ve Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise Avrupa 2020 stratejisi kapsamında iklim değişikliği ve yeşil ekonomi açısından yaşanan gelişmeler incelenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akses, S. (2014). Avrupa 2020 Stratejisi. İstanbul: İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı Yayınları. Yayın No: 269.
  • Aşıcı, A. A. (2017). İktisadi Düşüncede Çevrenin Yeri ve Yeşil Ekonomi: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz. (Editörler: Ahmet Atıl Aşıcı ve Ümit Şahin). Yeşil Ekonomi. İstanbul: Yeni İnsan Yayınevi, 35-56.
  • Avrupa Çevre Ajansı. (2021a). Enerji ve İklim Değişikliği. https://www.eea.europa.eu/tr/isaretler/isaretler-2017-avrupa2019da-enerjinin-gelecegini/makaleler/enerji-ve-iklim-degisikligi (Erişim: 10 Mart 2022).
  • Avrupa Çevre Ajansı. (2021b). https://www.eea.europa.eu/tr (Erişim: 13 Mart 2022).
  • Barbier, E. B. (1987). The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development. Environmental Conservation, 14 (2), 101-110.
  • Carson, R. (2011). Sessiz Bahar. (Çeviren: Çağatay Güler). Ankara: Palme Yayıncılık.
  • Commission of The European Communities. (2001). Communication From The Commission A Sustainable Europe for a BetterWorld: A European Union Strategy for Sustainable Development. Brussels, 15.5.2001 COM(2001)264 final.
  • Commission of The European Communities. (2007). Communication From The Commission To The Council and The European Parliament Progress Report on the Sustainable Development Strategy 2007. Brussels, 22.10.2007 COM(2007) 642 final.
  • Commission of The European Communities. (2008). Communication From The Commission To The European Council A European Economic Recovery Plan. Brussels, 26.11.2008 COM(2008) 800 final.
  • Council Of The European Union. (2006). Renewed EU Sustainable Development Strategy. Brussels, 26 June 2006. No: 10917/06.
  • Czech, B. (2009). Ecological Economics. USA: Center for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy. http://www.eolss.net/Sample-chapters/C10/E5-15A-13.pdf (Erişim: 28 Kasım 2020).
  • Diesendorf, M. (2000). Sustainability and sustainable development, in Dunphy, D, Benveniste, J, Griffiths, A and Sutton, P (eds) Sustainability: The corporate challenge of the 21st century, Sydney: Allen & Unwin, chap. 2, 19-37.
  • EEA. (2012). Trends and projections in Europe 2013 Tracking progress towards Europe's climate and energy targets until 2020. (Papor No 10/2013). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. ISSN 1725-9177.
  • EEA. (2020). Trends and projections in Europe 2020 Tracking progress towards Europe's climate and energy targets. (Rapor No:13/2020). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 978-92-9480-287-3.
  • European Commission. (2004). Kyoto Protocol. MEMO/04/43. Bruxelles. 4 March 2004.
  • European Commission. (2010). Communication From The Commission Europe 2020 A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. COM(2010) 2020. Brussels 3.3.2010.
  • European Commission. (2014). Communication From The Commission to The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of The Regions A policy framework for climate and energy in the period from 2020 to 2030. COM(2014) 15 final. Brussels, 22.1.2014.
  • European Commission. (2018). A Clean Planet for all A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy. COM(2018) 773 final. Brussels, 28.11.2018.
  • European Commission. (2019a). A European Green Deal Striving to be the first climate-neutral continent. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en (Erişim: 20 Ocak 2022).
  • European Commission. (2019b). The European Green Deal. COM(2019) 640 final. Brussels, 11.12.2019.
  • European Commission. (2019c). The InvestEU Programme: Questions and Answers. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_19_2135 (Erişim: 5 Nisan 2022).
  • European Commission. (2020a). Financing the green transition: The European Green Deal Investment Plan and Just Transition Mechanism. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_17 (Erişim: 7 Nisan 2022).
  • European Commission. (2020b). The European Green Deal Investment Plan and Just Transition Mechanism explained. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_24 (Erişim: 15 Mart 2022).
  • European Commission. (2020c).Decision Of The European Parliament And Of The Council on a General Union Environment Action Programme to 2030. COM(2020) 652 final 2020/0300 (COD). Brussels, 14.10.2020.
  • European Commission. (2022). Energy efficiency directive. https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive_en (Erişim: 15 Ocak 2022).
  • European Union. (2007). EU action against climate change. EU emissions trading: an open system promoting global innovation. Belgium: European Communities. ISBN 978-92-79-06862-1.
  • Eurostat. (2021). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/t2020_31/default/table?lang=en (Erişim: 06 Aralık 2021).
  • Eurostat. (2021). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/NRG_IND_EFF__custom_483476/default/table?lang=en (Erişim: 04 Aralık 2021).
  • Georgeson, L., Maslin, M., & Poessinouw, M. (2017). The global green economy: a review of concepts, definitions, measurement methodologies and their interactions. Geography and Environment, 4(1), 1-23.
  • HSBC. (2009). A Climate for Recovery The Color of Stimulus Goes Green. Climate Change Global. HSBC Global Research.
  • ILO. (2010), Green Stimulus Measures. EC-IILS Joing Discussion Paper Series. No. 15.
  • Kanianska, R. (2017). Green Growth and Green Economy. ISBN: 978-80-557-1257-4.
  • Kasztelan, A. (2017). Green Growth, Green Economy and Sustainable Development Terminological and Relational Discourse. Prague Economic Papers, 26(4), 487–499.
  • Klarin, T. (2018). The Concept of Sustainable Development From its Beginning to the Contemporary Issues. Zagreb International Review of Economics & Business, 21(1), 67-94.
  • Kok, W. (2004). Facing the challenge the Lisbon Strategy for growth and employment. Report from the High Level Group. Belgium: European Communities. ISBN 92-894-7054-2.
  • Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J., & Behrens, W. W. (1978). Ekonomik Büyümenin Sınırları. (Çevirenler: Kemal Tosun vd.). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Mengi, A., & Algan, N. (2003). Küreselleşme ve Yerelleşme Çağında Bölgesel Sürdürülebilir Gelişme AB ve Türkiye Örneği (1.Baskı). Ankara: Siyasal Kitapevi.
  • Munasingle, M. (2009). Sustainable Development In Practice Sustainomics Methodology And Applications. (1th Edition). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • OECD. (2011). Towards green growth A summary for policy makers. https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/48012345.pdf (Erişim: 15 Ekim 2021).
  • Ohlendorf, N. M., Duwe, M., Umpfenbach, K. & McFarland, K. (2014). The Next EU Climate and Energy Package – EU Climate Policies after 2020. Berlin: Ecologic Institute.
  • Önsöz, M. (2014). AB, 2030 İklim ve Enerji Paketi Üzerinde Anlaşmaya Vardı, Ekonomik Forum, 64-68. http://haber.tobb.org.tr/ekonomikforum/2014/246/064_068.pdf (Erişim: 10 Şubat 2022).
  • Öztürk, M. & Öztürk, A. (2019). BMİDÇS’den Paris Anlaşması’na: Birleşmiş Milletler’in İklim Değişikliğiyle Mücadele Çabaları. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 12(4), 527-541.
  • Pearce, D. W., Markandya, A., & Barbier, E. B. (1989). Blueprint for a green economy, Earthscan, London.
  • Pisani, J. A. Du. (2006). Sustainable development - historical roots of the concept, Environmental Sciences, 3 (2), 83-96.
  • Pollit, H. (2011). Assessing the Implementation and Impact of Green Elements of Member States’ National Recovery Plans. Final Report. Cambridge: Cambridge Econometrics.
  • Puppim de Oliveira, J. A. (2012). Framing the debate on the green economy and governance from different angles. Jose A. Puppim de Oliveira (Edited by), Green economy and good governance for sustainable development: opportunities, promises and concerns (ss. 3-22 ), Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
  • Purkis, S. (2020). Yeşil Ekonominin Ekoloji Politiği (1.Baskı). Ankara: Ekin Yayınevi.
  • Sachs, J. D. (2019). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Çağı. (Çeviren: Barış Gönülşen). İstanbul: Yeditepe Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
  • Talu, N. (2019). Avrupa Birliği İklim Politikaları. İklim Değişikliği Eğitim Modülleri Serisi 3. İklim Değişikliği Alanında Ortak Çabaların Desteklenmesi Projesi. Ankara.
  • TÜSİAD. (2020). Ekonomik Göstergeler Merceğinden Yeni İklim Rejimi. ISBN 978-605-165-047-0.
  • UNEMG. (2011). Working Towards A Balanced and Inclusive Green Economy: A United Nations System-wide Perspective. Geneva: Prepared by the Environment Management Group.
  • UNEP. (2011) Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication - A Synthesis for Policy Makers, https://www.unep.org/greeneconomy (Erişim: 9 Eylül 2021).
  • UNESCAP. (2012). Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap for Asia and the Pacific: Turning Resource Constraints and The Climate Crisis Into Economic Growth Opportunities. Bangkok: United Nations Publication.
  • Watt, A. (2009). A quantum of solace? An assessment of fiscal stimulus packages by EU Member States in response to the economic crisis. Working Paper 2009.05. Brussels: European Trade Union Institute.
  • WCED (1987). Our Common Future (1.Baskı). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Yalçın, A. Z. (2017). Yeşil Büyüme Çevre Kirliliği ve Eşitsizliklere Karşı Yeni Bir Büyüme Paradigması (1.Baskı). Bursa: Ekin Basım Yayın Dağıtım.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesileri
Yazarlar

Rumeysa Gevher 0000-0001-5741-3111

Hakan Acet 0000-0003-4314-8657

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Gevher, R., & Acet, H. (2023). AVRUPA BİRLİĞİNDE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA VE YEŞİL EKONOMİNİN GELİŞİMİ. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 224-253. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1184407

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