Assessment of Growth, Metallic Ion Accumulation, and Translocation of Lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia) Plant in Cadmium Stress

Abstract

Excess cadmium (Cd), which is toxic to plants, severely limits crop production in agricultural areas. For this reason, this study investigated the effect of increased Cd levels on lavandin growth, some physiological parameters, and metallic ion accumulation and translocation. In greenhouse conditions, six different levels of Cd (0, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 µM Cd) were applied to plants grown in perlite medium together with a complete nutrient solution. Increasing Cd levels decreased biomass production in both the shoots and roots and the contents of chlorophyll (Chl) a, b, a+b, and carotenoid (Car). In addition, excessive Cd decreased the concentrations of some metallic cations such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and calcium (Ca) in the shoots and roots. Similarly, increasing Cd decreased the bio-concentration factor (BCF) of the metallic cations (BCF of Cd, Fe, Mn, and Zn in both the shoots and roots and the BCF of copper (Cu) in the roots. Toxic Cd levels decreased the translocation factor (TF) of Zn and Cu and the net accumulation (NA) via roots in Fe and Zn. The effect of Cd on the NA via roots in K, Ca, Mn, and Cu was not found to be significant. However, increasing Cd caused an increase in shoot and root membrane permeability and the TF of Fe and Mn. It was concluded that Cd2+ ion interacts divalent cations such as Ca2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ ions and could affect the concentrations of these ions in the shoots and roots, and excess Cd has a negative effect on the growth and the photosynthetic capacity of lavandin.

Keywords

• Bio-concentration
• Chlorophyll
• Membrane permeability
• Metal translocation
• Nutrient imbalance
• Lavandula hybrida

References

1. Alloway B J & Steinnes E (1999). Anthropogenic additions of cadmium to soils. In M J McLaughlin & B R Singh (Eds), Cadmium in Soils and Plants, Kluwer Academic Publishers (Springer), Dordrecht, pp. 97-123
2. Angelova V R, Grekov D F, Kisyov V K & Ivanov K I (2015). Potential of lavender (Lavandula vera L.) for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. International Journal of Biological, Food, Veterinary, and Agricultural Engineering 9(5): 465-472
3. Andresen E & Küpper H (2013) Cadmium Toxicity in Plants. In: Sigel A, Sigel H & Sigel R (Eds) Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality. Metal Ions in Life Sciences, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht, pp: 395-413 doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_13
4. Barceló J U A N & Poschenrieder C (1990). Plant water relations as affected by heavy metal stress: a review. Journal of Plant Nutrition 13(1): 1-37 doi: 10.1080/01904169009364057
5. Benavides M P, Gallego S M & Tomaro M L (2005). Cadmium toxicity in plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 17(1): 21-34
6. Campbell P G C (1995). Interactions between trace metals and aquatic organisms: a critique of the free-ion activity model. In: Tessier A & Turner D R (Eds) Metal speciation and bioavailability in aquatic systems. Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 45–102
7. Chen R, Cheng N, Ding G, Ren F, Lv J & Shi R (2021). Predictive model for cadmium uptake by maize and rice grains on the basis of bioconcentration factor and the diffusive gradients in thin-films technique. Environmental Pollution 289: 117841 doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021117841
8. Di Toppi L S & Gabbrielli R (1999). Response to cadmium in higher plants. Environmental and experimental botany 41(2): 105-130 doi: 10.1016/S0098-8472(98)00058-6

9. Ehsan M, Lara Viveros F M, Hernández V E, Barakat M A, Ortega A R, Maza A V & Monter J V (2015). Zinc and cadmium accumulation by Lupinus uncinatus Schldl. grown in nutrient solution. International Environment Science and Technology 12(1): 307–316 doi: 10.1007/s13762-013-0456-0
10. Ekmekçi Y, Tanyolac D & Ayhan B (2008). Effects of cadmium on antioxidant enzyme and photosynthetic activities in leaves of two maize cultivars. Journal of plant physiology 165(6): 600-611 doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.01.017
11. Fodor E, Szabó-Nagy A & Erdei L (1995). The effects of cadmium on the fluidity and H+-ATPase activity of plasma membrane from sunflower and wheat roots. Journal of Plant Physiology 147(1): 87-92 doi: 10.1016/S0176-1617(11)81418-5
12. Gill M (2014). Heavy metal stress in plants: a review. International Journal of Advanced Research 2(6): 1043-1055
13. Ghosh M & Singh S P (2005). A comparative study of cadmium phytoextraction by accumulator and weed species. Environmental Pollution 133(2): 365-371 doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004. 05.015
14. Goswami S & Das S (2015). A study on cadmium phytoremediation potential of Indian mustard, Brassica juncea. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 17(6): 583-588 doi: 10.1080/15226514.2014.935289
15. Haider F U, Liqun C, Coulter J A, Cheema S A, Wu J, Zhang R, Wenjun M & Farooq M (2021). Cadmium toxicity in plants: Impacts and remediation strategies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 211: 111887 doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111887
16. Hassan M J, Zhang G, Wu F, Wei K & Chen Z (2005). Zinc alleviates growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by cadmium in rice. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 168(2): 255-261 doi: 10.1002/jpln.200420403
17. Hediji H, Kharbech O, Massoud M B, Boukari N, Debez A, Chaibi W, Chaoui A & Djebali W (2021). Salicylic acid mitigates cadmium toxicity in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings by modulating cellular redox status. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 186: 104432 doi: 10.1016/ j.envexpbot.2021.104432
18. Irshad M A, ur Rehman M Z, Anwar-ul-Haq M, Rizwan M, Nawaz R, Shakoor M B, Wijaya L, Alyemeni M N, Ahmad P & Ali S (2021). Effect of green and chemically synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles on cadmium accumulation in wheat grains and potential dietary health risk: A field investigation. Journal of Hazardous Materials 415: 125585 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125585
19. Jali P, Pradhan C & Das A B (2016). Effects of cadmium toxicity in plants: a review article. Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences 4(12): 1074-1081 doi: 10.21276/sajb.2016.4.12.3
20. Karik Ü, Çiçek F & Çınar O (2017). Determination of Morphological, Yield and Quality Characteristics of Lavandula Species and Cultivars in Menemen Ecological Conditions. Anadolu Journal of the Aegean Agricultural Research Institute 27(1): 17-38
21. Kösesakal T, Yüzbasioğlu E, Kaplan E, Baris C, Yüzbasioğlu S, Belivermis M, Cevahir-Öz G & Ünal M (2011). Uptake, accumulation and some biochemical responses in Raphanus sativus L. to zinc stress. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(32): 5993-6000 doi: 10.5897/AJB11.012
22. Lichtenthaler H K (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology 148: 350-382
23. Moradi L & Ehsanzadeh P (2015). Effects of Cd on photosynthesis and growth of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes. Photosynthetica 53(4): 506–518 doi: 10.1007/s11099-015-0150-1
24. Mengel K & Kirkby E A (2012). Principles of plant nutrition. Springer Science and Business Media, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Springer, Dordrecht doi: 10.1007/978-94-010-1009-2
25. Miller R O (1988). High-Temperature Oxidation: Dry Ashing. In: Y P Kaira (Eds) Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis CRC Boca Raton pp. 53-56 doi: 10.4236/ce.2014.523222
26. Nada E, Ferjani BA, Ali R, Bechir B R, Imed M & Makki B (2007). Cadmium-induced growth inhibition and alteration of biochemical parameters in almond seedlings grown in solution culture. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 29(1): 57-62 doi: 10.1007/s11738-006-0009-y
27. Nazar R, Iqbal N, Masood M, Khan M I R, Syeed S & Khan N A (2012). Cadmium toxicity in plants and role of mineral nutrients in its alleviation. American Journal of Plant Sciences 3: 1476–1489 doi: 10.4236/ajps.2012.310178
28. Pál M, Horváth E, Janda T, Páldi E & Szalai G (2006). Physiological changes and defense mechanisms induced by cadmium stress in maize. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 169(2): 239-246 doi: 10.1002/jpln.200520573
29. Papoyan A & Kochian L V (2004). Identification of Thlaspi caerulescens genes that may be involved in heavy metal hyperaccumulation and tolerance. Characterization of a novel heavy metal transporting ATPase. Plant Physiology 136(3): 3814-3823 doi: 10.1104/pp.104.044503
30. Parrotta L, Guerriero G, Sergeant K, Cai G & Hausman J F (2015). Target or barrier? The cell wall of early-and later-diverging plants vs cadmium toxicity: differences in the response mechanisms. Frontiers in Plant Science 6: 133 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00133
31. Pinto A P, Mota A D, De Varennes A & Pinto F C (2004). Influence of organic matter on the uptake of cadmium, zinc, copper and iron by sorghum plants. Science of the Total Environment 326(1-3): 239-247 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.004
32. Raziuddin F, Akmal M, Shah S S, Mohammad F & Zhou W (2011). Effects of cadmium and salinity on growth and photosynthetic parameters of brassica species. Pakistan Journal of Botany 43(1): 333-340
33. Sandalio L M, Dalurzo H C, Gomez M, Romero‐Puertas M C & Del Rio LA (2001). Cadmium‐induced changes in the growth and oxidative metabolism of pea plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 52(364): 2115-2126 doi: 10.1093/jexbot/52.364.2115
34. Singh S, Parihar P, Singh R, Singh V P & Prasad S M (2016). Heavy metal tolerance in plants: role of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and ionomics. Frontiers in Plant Science 6: 1143 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01143
35. Usman K, Al-Ghouti M A & Abu-Dieyeh M H (2019). The assessment of cadmium, chromium, copper, and nickel tolerance and bioaccumulation by shrub plant Tetraena qataranse. Scientific Reports, 9(1): 1-11 doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42029-9
36. Wang M, Zou J, Duan X, Jiang W & Liu D (2007). Cadmium accumulation and its effects on metal uptake in maize (Zea mays L.). Bioresource Technology 98(1): 82-88 doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.11.028
37. Yan B, Dai Q, Liu X, Huang S & Wang Z (1996). Flooding-induced membrane damage, lipid oxidation, and activated oxygen generation in corn leaves. Plant and Soil 179: 261-268. doi: 10.1007/BF00009336
38. Zheljazkov V D & Nielsen N E (1996). Studies on the effect of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe) upon the growth, productivity and quality of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) production. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 8(3): 259-274 doi: 10.1080/10412905.1996.9700612