Effects of Tillage Methods on Penetration Resistance, Bulk Density and Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity in a Clayey Soil Conditions

Abstract

Effects of six tillage practices on saturated hydraulic conductivity (HC), soil bulk density (BD), and penetration resistance (PR) were evaluated for a clayey soil (Typic Haploxererts) under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions in a three year study (2006-2009). The experiment was conducted on a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Treatments were: conventional tillage with residue incorporated (CTS), conventional tillage with residue burned (CTB), reduced tillage with heavy tandem disc harrow (RTD), reduced tillage with rotary tiller (RTR), reduced tillage with heavy tandem disc harrow for the first crop + no-tillage for the second crop (RNT), and no tillage (NT). The study was conducted in wheat-corn, wheat-soybean and wheat crop rotations. The tillage effects on HC, BD and PR were significant at soil depth of 0-30 cm. The hydraulic conductivity was higher in CTS, and followed by CTB, RTR, RTD, RNT and NT practices, respectively. The hydraulic conductivity values under NT in 2007 and 2008 were 20% and 30% lower at 0-30 cm depth compared with CTS, respectively. The conventional tillage treatments in the semi-arid conditions improved the HC with decreasing BD and PR of the clayey soil. The BD and PR values were higher under NT treatments than the tilled plots and increased with depth. The values of soil compaction indicators were significantly greater under no-tillage and reduced tillage as compared to those under conventional tillage in all soil depths studied. 

Keywords

• Soil bulk density
• Hydraulic conductivity
• Penetration resistance
• Tillage practices

Killi Toprak Koşullarında Toprak İşleme Yöntemlerinin Penetrasyon Direnci, Hacim Ağırlığı ve Hidrolik İletkenliğe Etkileri

Abstract

Altı farklı toprak işleme yönteminin üç yıllık sürede (2006–2009) yarı-kurak Akdeniz iklim koşullarında killi bir toprakta (Typic Haploxererts) doymuş hidrolik iletkenlik, hacim ağırlığı ve penetrasyon direncine etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma tesadüf parseller desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Toprak işleme uygulamaları olarak: Anızlı geleneksel toprak işleme (CTS), anızları yakılmış geleneksel toprak işleme (CTB), ağır diskli tırmıklı azaltılmış toprak işleme (RTD), rototillerli azaltılmış toprak işleme (RTR), birinci ürün için ağır diskli tırmıklı azaltılmış işleme + ikinci ürün için sıfır toprak işleme (RNT) ve sıfır toprak işleme (NT) yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada buğday-mısır, buğday-soya ve buğday rotasyonu uygulanmıştır. Toprak işleme uygulamalarının farklı derinliklerde doymuş hidrolik iletkenlik, hacim ağırlığı ve penetrasyon dirençleri ölçülmüştür. Toprak işleme uygulamalarının 0–30 cm toprak derinliğinde hidrolik iletkenlik, hacim ağırlığı ve penetrasyon direncine önemli etkileri belirlenmiştir. Hidrolik iletkenlik en yüksek CTS altında belirlenmiş ve bunu sırasıyla CTB, RTR, RTD, RNT ve NT izlemiştir. 2007 ve 2008 yılında 0–30 cm derinlikteki hidrolik iletkenli değerleri, NT uygulamalarında CTS’e göre sırasıyla %20 ve %30 daha düşük bulunmuştur. Geleneksel toprak işleme uygulamaları yarı-kurak iklim koşullarında hacim ağırlığını ve penetrasyon direncini azaltarak hidrolik iletkenliği arttırmıştır. NT uygulamasında elde edilen hacim ağırlığı ve penetrasyon direnç değerleri işlenen topraklara göre daha yüksek bulunmuş ve bu değerler derinlikle birlikte artmıştır. Toprak sıkışmasının göstergeleri olan değerler işlenmeyen ve azaltılmış işleme uygulamaları altında geleneksel işleme uygulamalarına göre bütün derinliklerde önemli ölçüde yüksek bulunmuştur. 

Keywords

• Toprak hacim ağırlığı
• Hidrolik iletkenlik
• Penetrasyon direnci
• Toprak işleme uygulamaları

References

1. Abu-Hamdeh N H (2002). Effect of soil manipulation and other field parameters on soil physical properties 12th ISCO Conference, Beijing
2. Abu-Hamdeh N H (2003). Soil compaction and root distribution for okra as affected by tillage and vehicle parameters. Soil and Tillage Research 74(1): 25-35
3. Alvarez C R, Taboada M A, Gutierrez Boem F H, Bono A, Fernandez P L & Prystupa P (2009). Topsoil properties as affected by tillage systems in the Rolling Pampa Region of Argentina. Soil Science Society of America Journal 73(4): 1242-1250
4. ASAE (1994). Soil cone penetrometers. S313.2 in Standards Engineering Practices Data, ASAE Standards, St. Joseph, MI
5. Azooz R H & Arshad M A (1996). Soil infiltration and hydraulic conductivity under long-term no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 76(2): 143-152
6. Benjamin J G (1993). Tillage effects on near-surface soil hydraulic properties. Soil and Tillage Research 26(4): 277-288
7. Bhattacharyya R, Prakash V, Kundu S & Gupta H S (2006). Effect of tillage and crop rotations on pore size distribution and soil hydraulic conductivity in sandy clay loam soil of the Indian Himalayas. Soil and Tillage Research 86(2): 129-140
8. Blake G R & Hartge K H (1986). Bulk density. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA-SSA, Madison, WI, pp: 363-375

9. Blevins R L, Thomas G W, Smith M S, Frye W W & Cornelius P L (1983). Changes in soil properties after 10 years non-tilled and conventionally tilled corn. Soil and Tillage Research 3(2): 135-146
10. Celik I, Ortas I, Barut Z B, Gok M, Sarıyev A, Demirbas A, Akpinar C & Tulun Y (2009). Effects of different soil tillage systems on soil quality parameters and crop yields. Final report of the TUBITAK project (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Grant No: 106O023) pp:163 (in Turkish)
11. Celik I, Gunal H, Budak M & Akpinar C (2010). Effects of long-term organic and mineral fertilizers on bulk density and penetration resistance in semiarid Mediterranean soil conditions. Geoderma 160(2): 236-243
12. Chan K Y & Heenan D P (1993). Surface hydraulic properties of a red earth under continuous cropping with different management practices. Australian Journal of Soil Research 31(1): 13-24
13. Chan K Y & Mead J A (1989). Water movement and macroporosity of an Australian alfisol under different tillage and pasture conditions. Soil and Tillage Research 14(4): 301-310
14. Dalal R C (1992). Long-term trends in total nitrogen of a Vertisol subjected in zero tillage, nitrogen application and stubble retention. Australian Journal of Soil Research 30(2): 223-231
15. Dam R F, Mehdi B B, Burgess M S E, Madramootoo C A, Mehuys G R & Callum I R (2005). Soil bulk density and crop yield under eleven consecutive years of corn with different tillage and residue practices in a sandy loam soil in central Canada. Soil and Tillage Research 84: 41-53
16. Dao T H. 1996. Tillage system and crop residue effects on surface compaction of a Paleustill. Agronomy Journal 88: 141-148
17. Datiri B C & Lowery B (1991). Effects of conservation tillage on hydraulic properties of a Griswold silt loam soil. Soil and Tillage Research 21(3-4): 257- 271
18. Dawidowsky J B & Koolen A J (1987). Changes in soil water suction, conductivity and dry strength during deformation of wet undisturbed samples. Soil and Tillage Research 9(2): 169-180
19. Green R T, Ahuja L R & Benjamin J G (2003). Advances and challenges in predicting agricultural management effects on soil hydraulic properties. Geoderma 116(1-2): 3–27
20. Hakansson I & Lipiec J (2000). A review of the usefulness of relative bulk density values in studies of structure and compaction. Soil and Tillage Research 53(2): 71-85
21. Heard J R, Kladivko E J & Mannering J V (1988). Soil macroporosity, hydraulic conductivity and air permeability of silty soils under long-term conservation tillage in Indiana. Soil and Tillage Research 11(1): 1-18
22. Horne D J, Ross C W & Hughes K A (1992). 10 years of a maize oats rotation under three tillage systems on a silt loam in New Zealand. 1. A comparison of some soil properties. Soil and Tillage Research 22(1–2): 131-143
23. Johnson C E & Bailey A C (2002). Soil compaction. In advances in soil dynamics, Volume 2, pp.155-178. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE
24. Kanwar R S (1989). Effect of tillage system on the variability of soil water tensions and water content. Trans. ASAE 32(2): 605-610
25. Karlen D L, Wollenhaupt N C, Erbach D C, Berry E C, Swan J B, Eash N S & Jordahl JL (1994). Crop residue effects on soil quality following 10 years of no-till corn. Soil and Tillage Research 31(2-3): 149-167
26. Klute A & Dirksen C (1986). Hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity: In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA-SSA, Madison, WI, pp: 687-734
27. Klute A (1982). Tillage effects on the hydraulic properties of soil: a review. In: Unger, P.W., Van Doren, Jr., D.M. (Eds.), Predicting Tillage Effects on Soil Physical Properties and Processes, ASA Spec. Publ. No. 44. ASA, Madison, WI, pp. 29-44 Kutilek M & Nielsen D R (1994). Soil Hydrology. Catena Verlag, Cremlingen-Destedt, 370 pp. (ISBN 3-923381-26-3)
28. Liebig M A, Tanaka D L & Wienhold B J (2004). Tillage and cropping effects on soil quality indicators in the northern Great Plains. Soil and Tillage Research 78(2): 131-141
29. Mamman E & Ohu J O (1998). The effect of tractor traffic on air permeability and millet production in a sandy loam soil in Nigeria. Ife Journal of Technology 8(1): 1-7
30. McGarry D, Bridge B J & Radford B J (2000). Contrasting soil physical properties after zero and traditional tillage of an alluvial soil in the semi-arid subtropics. Soil and Tillage Research 53(2): 105- 115
31. Meek B D, Rechel E A, Cater L M, DeTar W R & Urie A L (1992). Infiltration rate of a sandy loam soil: effets of traffic, tillage, and plant roots. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56: 908-913 Miller J J, Kokko E G & Kozub G C (1998).
32. Comparison of porosity in a chernozemic clay loam soil under long-term conventional tillage and notill. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78(4): 619- 629
33. Moret D & Arrue J L (2007). Dynamics of soil hydraulic properties during fallow as affected by tillage. Soil and Tillage Research 96(1-2): 103-113
34. Obi M E & Nnabude P C (1988). The effect of different management practices on the physical properties of a sandy loam soil in southern Nigeria. Soil and Tillage Research 12(1): 81-90
35. Osunbitan J A, Oyedele D J & Adekalu K O (2005). Tillage effects on bulk density, hydraulic conductivity and strength of a loamy sand soil in southwestern Nigeria. Soil and Tillage Research 82(1): 57-64
36. Radford B J & Nielsen R G H (1985). Comparison of pres wheels, seed soaking and water injection as aids to sorghum and sunflower establishment in Queensland. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25(3): 656-664
37. Rahman M H, Okubo A, Sugiyama S & Mayland H F (2008). Physical, chemical and microbiological properties of an Andisol as related to land use and tillage practice. Soil and Tillage Research 101: 10- 19
38. Raper R L & Kirby J M (2005). Soil Compaction: How to do it, Undo it, or Avoid doing it. ASABE Distinguished Lecture Series No. 30, pp:1-14
39. Roscoe R & Buurman P (2003). Tillage effects on soil organic matter in density fractions of a Cerrado Oxisol. Soil and Tillage Research 70(2): 107-119
40. Schwartz R C, Evett S R & Unger P W (2003). Soil hydraulic proper-ties of cropland compared with reestablished and native grassland. Geoderma 116(1-2): 47-60
41. Sharratt B, Zhang M & Sparrow S (2006). Twenty years of tillage research in subarctic Alaska I. Impact on soil strength, aggregation, roughness, and residue cover. Soil and Tillage Research 91(1-2): 75-81
42. Sillon J F, Richard G & Cousin I (2003). Tillage and traffic effects on soil hydraulic properties and evaporation. Geoderma 116(1-2): 29-46
43. Soil Survey Staff (1999). Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys, 2nd edition. Agriculture Handbook, vol:435 pp:326
44. Tebrügge F & Düring R A (1999). Reducing tillage intensity-a review of results from a long-term study in Germany. Soil and Tillage Research 53: 15-28
45. Wu L, Swan J B, Paulson W H & Randall G W (1992). Tillage effects on measured soil hydraulic properties. Soil and Tillage Research 25: 17-33
46. Xu D & Mermoud A (2001). Topsoil properties as affected by tillage practices in North China. Soil and Tillage Research 60(1): 11-19
47. Zhang S, Grip H & Lövdahl L (2006). Effect of soil compaction on hydraulic properties of two loess soils in China. Soil and Tillage Research 90(1-2): 117-125