Bazı Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkilerin Ağır Metal ve Temel Besin Elementi İçerikleri

Abstract

Türkiye’deki satış noktalarından alınan tıbbi bitkilerin çoğu doğadan toplama yoluyla sağlanmaktadır. Bu nedenle bitkilerin gelişim ve büyümesi kontrol altına alınamamaktadır. Özellikle çevresel kirliliğin tıbbi bitkilerin ağır metal içeriği üzerine yapabileceği olası etkiler ile ilgili toplumsal farkındalık her geçen gün artmaktadır. Bu amaçla İzmir’de nüfusun yoğun olarak bulunduğu ilçelerdeki farklı satış noktalarından tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler toplanmıştır. Bazı bitki besin elementi konsantrasyonu (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B ve Mo) ile toksik ağır metal (Co, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb ve Al) içerikleri ölçülmüştür. Sonuçta tıbbi bitkilerin zengin mineral içeriğine sahip olduğu ancak bazı ağır metallerin kritik düzeylerin üzerinde bulunduğu saptanmıştır.

Keywords

• Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler, Ağır metal, Temel besin elementleri, Makro besin elementleri, Mikro besin elementleri

Essential Plant Nutrients and Heavy Metals Concentrations of Some Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Abstract

In Turkey, the majority of medicinal plants at the selling points are wildly harvested. Therefore, no control exists during their growth and development. The public awareness on effects of environmental pollution in this regard especially with respect to heavy metals in the herbs is increasing. With this objective, medicinal and aromatic plants were collected from herbalists in different, densely populated districts of Izmir Municipality. The concentrations of some essential plant nutrient elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, and Mo) and toxic heavy metals (Co, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb) and Al were measured. Results showed that herbs are rich in the investigated mineral elements; however, some of the heavy metals are found to be at concentrations above the reported critical levels.

Keywords

• Medicinal and aromatic plants; Heavy metal; Essential plant nutrients; Macro nutrients; Micro nutrients

References

1. Nettle Urtica dioica L. Leaf Diuretic, astringent, antiallergenic, prostate treatment, hemorrhoids, baldness Polat & Satıl 2012; Cakilcioglu et al 2011; Akgünlü 2012; Polat et al 2013
2. Mint Mentha piperita L. Leaf Gas expectorant, antispasmodic, bile regulatory, antiseptic, cold, flu Polat & Satıl 2012; Cakilcioglu et al 2011; Saganuwan 2010; Akgünlü 2012
3. Thyme Thymus vulgaris L. Leaf Gas expectorant, antitussive, antiseptic, antispasmodic, cold, flu Polat & Satıl 2012; Cakilcioglu et al 2011; Saganuwan 2010 Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis L. Leaf Antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, antiseptic Saganuwan 2010; Polat & Satıl 2012
4. Basil Ocimum basilicum L. Leaf Antioxidant, cardioprotective, antispasmodic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, antiseptic, analgesic Polat & Satıl 2012; Zeybek & Haksel 2010
5. Dill Anethum graveolens L. Leaf Antispasmodic, analgesic, digestive problems, antioxidants, antimicrobial Elik 2010; Zeybek & Haksel 2010; Faydaoglu & Surucuoglu 2011
6. Malva Malva sylvestris L. Leaf Anti-inflammatory, colitis and mouth infections, chronic bronchitis, abscesses, haemorrhoids, laxatives, abdominal pain Polat & Satıl 2012; Cakilcioglu et al 2011; Akgünlü 2012; Polat et al 2013 Parsley
7. Petroselinum crispum L. Leaf Antimicrobial, hypotensive, diuretic, laxative, spasmodic Polat & Satıl 2012; Saganuwan 2010 Ginger
8. Zingiber officinale L. Root Nausea, antioxidant, antithrombotic, anticarcinogen, antioxidant, antimigraine and antilipidemic Saganuwan 2010; Faydaoglu &

9. Surucuoglu 2011; Zeybek & Haksel 2010
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13. Antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, astringent Faydaoglu & Surucuoglu 2011; Zeybek & Haksel 2010 Black cumin Nigella sativa L. Fruit
14. Anti-inflammatory, antitumour, anticarcinogen, antimicrobial / antiviral, antitumour, colitis, peritonitis, arthritis, oedema Saganuwan 2010; Zeybek & Haksel 2010 Coriander
15. Coriandrum sativum L. Fruit antimicrobial / antiviral, antiulcer, regulation of blood pressure, antiinflammatory Saganuwan 2010; Faydaoglu & Surucuoglu 2011 Fennel
16. Foeniculum vulgare L. Fruit Diuretic, anaemia, digestive system diseases Polat & Satıl 2012; Saganuwan 2010 Sumac Rhus coriaria L. Fruit
17. Antibacterial, antifungal, Antidiaretic digestive, hemorrhoids, rheumatism Cakilcioglu et al 2011; Saganuwan 2010; Faydaoglu & Surucuoglu 2011 Sesame Sesamum indicum L. Seed
18. Laxatives, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, tranquilisers, digestive system diseases Saganuwan 2010
19. Table 2- The concentrations of primary nutrients in the investigeted plants/spices Çizelge 2- Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerin makro element içeriği Plants/Spices Nutrient elements (%) N P K Ca Mg Cinnamon 0.57 a ±0.02 b 0.07±0.07 0.60±0.09 11±0.02 0.06±0.003 Thyme 57±0.04 0.30±0.05 0.84±0.09 15±0.03 0.15±0.003 Cumin 54±0.04 0.48±0.02 02±0.01 03±0.01 0.17±0.001 Nettle 61±0.10 0.50±0.05 08±0.04 15±0.01 0.10±0.002 Ginger 65±0.05 0.27±0.01 03±0.01 0.30±0.09 0.16±0.001 Dill 80±0.14 0.52±0.03 58±0.11 67±0.10 0.26±0.001 Sumac 0.71±0.02 0.17±0.01 0.70±0.03 0.37±0.03 0.09±0.005 Malva 50±0.11 0.53±0.03 04±0.05 19±0.01 0.17±0.002 Parsley 31±0.04 0.55±0.03 65±0.10 54±0.13 0.26±0.010 Turmeric 41±0.03 0.37±0.01 05±0.01 0.18±0.01 0.17±0.003 Galanga 0.87±0.05 0.23±0.03 03±0.01 0.23±0.04 0.17±0.005 Mint 90±0.02 0.41±0.04 16±0.07 25±0.04 0.21±0.010 14±0.03 0.93±0.06 0.62±0.02 0.13±0.02 0.24±0.020 61±0.03 0.66±0.05 06±0.01 00±0.05 0.26±0.020 44±0.03 0.46±0.01 05±0.01 18±0.05 0.19±0.004 54±0.04 0.84±0.01 0.82±0.05 0.73±0.02 0.15±0.005 30±0.05 0.76±0.02 0.99±0.02 0.83±0.03 0.17±0.003 0.90±0.06 0.17±0.04 02±0.01 20±0.01 0.15±0.004 a, mean; b, standard deviation Boron content of nettle (67.3 mg kg -1 ) and Mo content of parsley (5.73 mg kg -1 ) were found higher than other plants (Table 3). Many foods and especially plant products are rich in B and therefore, no limit value could be set for dietary intake of B for the human. World Health Organization (WHO) states that a healthy adult can take 1-13 mg of B in daily diet (Demirtas 2010). The most suitable and healthy daily intake of B is 1.5 mg for children, 2 mg for teenager males, 2 mg for females and 3 mg for females before menopause, 2.5 mg for pregnant women and 5 mg for breastfeeding mothers (Demirtas 2010).
20. Molybdenum concentrations of plants changes by seasons as well as the Mo concentration and pH of the soil. Molybdenum concentrations can be 0.5-100 mg kg -1 in dry matter of plants grown in Mo rich soils. WHO (1993) recommends 0.1-0.3 mg of daily Mo intake for adults.
21. The results of heavy metal analyses indicated that Al concentration of rosemary (2087 mg kg -1 ), Co of galanga (1.35 mg kg -1 ), Cr of cumin (1.36 mg kg -1
22. ), Cd of thyme (0.26 mg kg -1 ), Ni of mint (39 mg kg -1 ) and Pb of malva (1.69 mg kg -1 ) are higher than those of the other plants. Daghan et al (2013) stated that the critical Ni concentrations for susceptible plants is >10 mg kg -1 and for slightly tolerant plants is >50 mg kg -1
23. . The Ni findings in the current study are lower than the specified reports of the same author. The concentrations of Pb and Cd reported by WHO (1999) for medicinal and aromatic plants are 10 and 0.3 mg kg -1 , respectively. In our study, Pb and Cd concentrations were found to be much lower than these values (Table 4). Previous studies have established that medicinal and aromatic plants can contain some toxic heavy metals like Cd, As, Pb and Hg (Obiajunwa et al 2002; Olukayode Ajasa et al 2004). Hina et al (2011) analysed heavy metal concentrations of 7 different medicinal plants taken from public markets in Karachi and reported the highest Cd concentration for Onosma bracteatum
24. (91 mg kg -1 ) and fennel (4.89 mg kg -1 ) samples. In another study carried out by Dwivedi & Dey (2002), Pb and Cd concentrations were determined to change between 2.62-32.76 mg kg -1 and 0.0020.056 mg kg -1 , respectively, in the heavy metal analysis conducted on 28 different commonly used medicinal plants.
25. It is known that Al concentration is higher in plants than in animal feed and the Al content of plants differ due to the soil and atmospheric conditions. In different studies, daily Al intake of humans is predicted to be 1.53-160 mg (Sorensen et al 1974). Chromium concentration of wheat flour was reported to be 5-10 μg kg -1 (Anderson et al 1992) and in some spices like black pepper it could present at higher concentrations than those of the other foods (Akgünlü 2012). Daily dietary Cr intake of human is recommended as 60 μg by WHO (Krejpcio 2001). With respect to Co which is an element found in the structure of B12 vitamin, Akgünlü S B (2012). Mineral content and microbiological analysis of some wild edible vegetables consumed in Kilis and Gaziantep Provinces. MSc. Thesis (unpublished), Kilis 7 Aralık University
26. Ajasa M O, Bello M O, Ibrahim A O, Ogunwande I A & Olawore N O (2004). Heavy trace metals and