A Survey of Finger-vein Recognition using Deep Learning: Concepts, Challenges, and Opportunities

Mustafa Kocakulak; Adem Avcı; Nurettin Acır

doi:10.21541/apjess.1672743

A Survey of Finger-vein Recognition using Deep Learning: Concepts, Challenges, and Opportunities

Abstract

In recent years, convolutional neural networks have been frequently used for finger-vein biometrics. Various methodologies have been proposed to improve the recognition performance on available datasets. Deep learning-based approaches have a promising performance, and they have been an effective solution for feature learning. Nevertheless, some problems in the literature need to be solved, such as the lack of test protocol and comparability. In this study, a review of deep learning-based studies on finger-vein biometrics has been presented in two categories: identification and verification. This review contains 68 publications from reputable databases published between 2016 and 2025. The contents of the articles have been discussed in detail. The pros and cons of the proposed algorithms have been stated critically. The arising confusion due to the usage of the term recognition for identification and verification has been removed. The role of the experimental protocol and metrics in performance results on reviewed papers has been stated. The need for comparing the results against the existing results in the literature on the same finger-vein datasets using totally the same test protocol has been highlighted. Lastly, foreseen opportunities have been listed to draw the researcher's attention.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Deep Learning, Machine Vision

Journal Section

Review

Authors

Mustafa Kocakulak
0000-0001-7036-1723
Türkiye

Adem Avcı ^*
0000-0002-1529-8765
Türkiye

Nurettin Acır
0009-0001-4796-9092
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

September 30, 2025

Publication Date

September 30, 2025

Submission Date

April 9, 2025

Acceptance Date

June 8, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 13 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.21541/apjess.1672743

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA88YR73TM

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Kocakulak, M., Avcı, A., & Acır, N. (2025). A Survey of Finger-vein Recognition using Deep Learning: Concepts, Challenges, and Opportunities. Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Smart Systems, 13(3), 71-93. https://doi.org/10.21541/apjess.1672743

AMA

1.Kocakulak M, Avcı A, Acır N. A Survey of Finger-vein Recognition using Deep Learning: Concepts, Challenges, and Opportunities. APJESS. 2025;13(3):71-93. doi:10.21541/apjess.1672743

Chicago

Kocakulak, Mustafa, Adem Avcı, and Nurettin Acır. 2025. “A Survey of Finger-Vein Recognition Using Deep Learning: Concepts, Challenges, and Opportunities”. Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Smart Systems 13 (3): 71-93. https://doi.org/10.21541/apjess.1672743.

EndNote

Kocakulak M, Avcı A, Acır N (September 1, 2025) A Survey of Finger-vein Recognition using Deep Learning: Concepts, Challenges, and Opportunities. Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Smart Systems 13 3 71–93.

IEEE

[1]M. Kocakulak, A. Avcı, and N. Acır, “A Survey of Finger-vein Recognition using Deep Learning: Concepts, Challenges, and Opportunities”, APJESS, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 71–93, Sept. 2025, doi: 10.21541/apjess.1672743.

ISNAD

Kocakulak, Mustafa - Avcı, Adem - Acır, Nurettin. “A Survey of Finger-Vein Recognition Using Deep Learning: Concepts, Challenges, and Opportunities”. Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Smart Systems 13/3 (September 1, 2025): 71-93. https://doi.org/10.21541/apjess.1672743.

JAMA

1.Kocakulak M, Avcı A, Acır N. A Survey of Finger-vein Recognition using Deep Learning: Concepts, Challenges, and Opportunities. APJESS. 2025;13:71–93.

MLA

Kocakulak, Mustafa, et al. “A Survey of Finger-Vein Recognition Using Deep Learning: Concepts, Challenges, and Opportunities”. Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Smart Systems, vol. 13, no. 3, Sept. 2025, pp. 71-93, doi:10.21541/apjess.1672743.

Vancouver

1.Mustafa Kocakulak, Adem Avcı, Nurettin Acır. A Survey of Finger-vein Recognition using Deep Learning: Concepts, Challenges, and Opportunities. APJESS. 2025 Sep. 1;13(3):71-93. doi:10.21541/apjess.1672743