A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ON THE LIPID CONTENT AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF Gammarus komareki (SCHAFERNA 1922), (CRUSTACEA: AMPHIPODA)

Abstract

Beneficial effects of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids are consistent of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on human health have been well understood issue during the last decade. Freshwater gammarids known as a natural source of PUFA and some of fish especially salmonids (e.g. trout) feeding mainly on these crustacea, thus became rich in these fatty acids. The aim of this work is to reveal of lipid content and fatty acid composition of Gammarus komareki that inhabiting in Kırkgözler limnocrene spring Northwestern Anatolia, Çanakkale – Turkey. Total lipid of G. komareki was found 4.97% (±0.11). The results showed that the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids were found higher than monounsaturated fatty acids. Total ω-3, ω-6 and ω-9 were 16.63%, 12.3%, and 29.41% respectively. PUFA (30.74%), oleic+elaidic acids (27.84%), palmitic acid (19.63%) and EPA (9.45%) are predominant in G. komareki. According to our data, G. komareki has almost a higher content of PUFA than the other Gammarids which live in the Europe and Asia. Thus, it might be considered as an alternative source of PUFA and ω-3 fatty acids for local aquaculture nutrition. 

Keywords

• Gammarus komareki,Fatty Acids,Lipid Content,PUFA,Omega-3,Fish Nutrition

References

1. Arts, M.T., Ackman, R.G. & Holub, B.J. (2001). Essential fatty acids in aquatic ecosystems: a crucial link between diet and human health and evolution. Cana-dian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58, 122-137. doi: 10.1139/cjfas-58-1-122
2. Biandolino, F. & Prato, E. (2006). Preliminary investigation of the lipid sand fatty acids composition of Gammarus aequicauda (Crustacea: Amphipoda) and its main food source. Printed in the United King-dom. Journal of The Marine Biological Association of The UK. 86, 345-348. doi: 10.1017/S0025315406013191
3. Clarke, A., Skadsheim, A. & Holmes, L.J. (1985). Lipid biochemistry and repro-ductive biology in two species of Gam-maridae (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Ma-rine Biology, 88, 247-263. doi: 10.1007/BF00392587
4. Copilaş–Ciocianu, D. (2013). Gammarus ko-mareki Schaferna, 1922 (Peracarida, Amphipoda), A new Amphipod species for the Romanian fauna, with remarks on its biogeoraphy. Crustaceana, 86(6), 673-681. doi:10.1163/15685403-00003201
5. Duran, M. (2007). Life Cycle of Gammarus pulex (L.) in the River Yeşilırmak. Tur-kish Journal of Zoology, 31, 389-394.
6. Folch, J., Lees, M., & Sloane-Stanley, G.H. (1957). A simple method for the isola-tion and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226, 497-509.
7. Gergs, R., Steinberger, N., Basen, T., & Mar-tin-Creuzburg, D. (2014). Dietary supply with essential lipids affects growt hand survival of the amphipod Gammarus roeselii. Limnologica - Ecology and Management of Inland Waters, 46, 109-115. doi: 10.1016/j.limno.2014.01.003
8. Goedkoop, W., Sonesten, L., Markensten, H., & Ahlgren, G. (1998). Fatty acid bi-omarkers show dietary differences be-tween dominant chironomid taxa in Lake Erken. Freshwater Biology, 40, 135-143. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00339.x

9. Grabowski, M., Konopacka, A., Jazdzewski, K., & Janowska, E. (2006). Invasions of alien gammarid species and retreat of natives in the Vistula Lagoon (Baltic Sea, Poland). Helgoland Marine Rese-arch, 60, 90-97. doi: 10.1007/s10152-006-0025-8
10. Graeve, M., Dauby, P., & Scailteur, Y. (2001). Combined lipid, fatty acid and digestive extract content analysis: a penetrating approach to estimate feeding models of Antarctic amphipods. Polar Biology, 24, 853–862. doi: 10.1007/s003000100295
11. Greze, I.I. (1977). Life cycle of Gammarus aequicauda (Martynov, 1931) in the Black Sea. Crustaceana (supplement), 4, 88-90.
12. Karaman, G.S., & Pinkster, S. (1977). Fresh-water Gammarus species from Europe, North Africa and adjacent regions of Asia (Crustacea-Amphipoda), Part I. Gammarus pulex group and related spe-cies. Bijdr Dierkd, 47(1), 1-94.
13. Karaman, G.S. (1973). Contribution to the knowledge of the Amphipoda. Some new or very interesting Gammarus spe-cies from southern Europa and Asia Mi-nor, Polyoprivreda I. – Sumarstvo, XIX (3): 1- 42.
14. Kolanowski, W., Stolyhwo, A., & Grabowski, M. (2007). Fatty acid composition of se-lected fresh water gammarids (Amphip-oda, Crustacea): a poten-tially innova-tive source of omega-3 LC PUFA. Jour-nal of the American Oil Chemists' Socie-ty, 84, 827-833. doi:10.1007/s11746-007-1116-7.
15. Maazouzi, C., Masson, G., Soledad Izquierdo, M., & Pihan, J-C. (2007). Fatty acid composition of the amphipod Dikero-gammarus villosus: Feeding strategies and trophic links. Comparative Bio-chemistry and Physiology, Part A 147, 868-875.
16. MacNeil, C., Elwood, R.W., & Dick, J.T.A. (2000). Factors influencing the impor-tance of Gammarus spp. (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in riverine salmonid diets. Archiv Für Hydrobiologie, 149, 87-107.
17. Made-in-china.com, (2015). Dried Gammarus manufacturing in China. http://www.made-in-china.com/showroom/taanran/product-detailaMoJzpbHItYu/China-Dried-Gammarus-34235-.html (accessed June17, 2015).
18. Makhutova, O.N., Kalachova, G.S., & Glady-shev, M.I. (2003). A comparison of the fatty acid composition of Gammarus la-custris and its food sources from a freshwater reservoir, Bugach and the sa-line Lake Shira in Siberia, Russia. Aquatic Ecology, 37, 159-167. doi: 10.1023/A:1023975101075
19. Odabaşı, S., Arslan, N., Odabaşı, D.A. & Ak-bulut, M. (2012). A Preliminary study on Macrozoobenthos Potamofauna (Mollusca, Chironomidae, Oigochaeta ve Amphipoda) of the Pınarbaşı Kırk-gözler Spring (Ezine-Çanakkale). FABA Abstract Book, 21-24 November 2012 Eskişehir, Turkey.
20. Öz, M. (2009). Comparison of Body Compo-sitions and Fatty Acid Profiles of Farmed Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) and Wild Rainbow Trout (Oncorhyn-chus mykiss) Catched from Körkün Brook in Pozanti. Msc. Thesis. Çukuro-va University, Adana, 50pp.
21. Özbek, M. (2007). Gammarus izmirensis sp. nov., a new species of freshwater amphipod from Turkey (Amphipoda, Gammaridae). Crustaceana, 80(11), 1317–1325. doi: 10.1163/156854007782605592
22. Özbek, M., & Topkara, E.T. (2007). Supplementary data on morphology, distribution, and ecology of Gammarus dorsosetosus Mateus & Mateus, 1990 (Amphipoda, Gammaridae). Crustaceana, 80, 641-653. doi: 10.1163/156854007781360676
23. Özbek, M. & Ustaoğlu M.R. (2006). Check-list of Malacostraca (Crustacea) Species of Turkish Inland Waters. E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 23(1-2), 229-234.
24. Schöll, F. (2003). Makrozoobentos Odry 1998–2001. Miedzynarodowa Komisja Ochrony Odry przed Zanieczyszczeniem, Wroclaw 49 pp.
25. Sushchik, N.N., Gladyshev, M.I., Moskvichova, A.V., Makhutova, O.N., & Kalachova, G.S. (2003). Comparison of fatty acid composition in major lipid classes of the dominant benthic invertebrates of the Yenisei River. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 134, 111–122. doi: 10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00191-4
26. Ustaoğlu, M.R., Balık, S., & Özbek, M. (2004). Contributions to the Knowledge of Malacostraca (Crustacea) Fauna of the Taurus Mountains District (Southern Anatolia). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 28, 91-94.
27. Vainola, R., Witt, J.D.S., Grabowski, M., Bradbury, J.H., Jazdzewski, K., & Sket, B. (2008). Global diversity of amphipods (Amphipoda; Crustacea) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 241-255. doi: 10.1007/s10750-007-9020-6