Water Quality Assessment of Derinçay Stream (Çorum) by Biotic Indices

Year 2024, Volume: 39 Issue: 4, 206 - 215, 10.10.2024

Süleyman İpek , Faruk Maraşlıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20241477237

Abstract

In this study, counting and identification were performed on epiphytic diatom samples taken from 6 sampling stations located on the Derinçay Stream (Çorum). In the study, 42 taxa belonging to Bacillariophyta were identified, and the dominant taxon of the stream was Nitschia palea. According to some biotic indices such as the Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) and Saprobic Index (SI), it was determined that the Derinçay Stream has a hypertrophic trophic structure corresponding to the "bad" ecological status with an average TDI value of 79.8, and according to the SI, the upper stations (St1, St2) were organically slightly polluted corresponding to β-mesosaprobic, while the other stations were determined to be heavily polluted corresponding to α-mesosaprobic. When looking at the similarities of the stations, the stations with the highest similarity values were the 4th and 6th stations, while the similarity of the 1st and 6th stations was low. When Shannon diversity index (H’) averages are examined, the stream is classified as "low diversity" and "heavily polluted". According to the Pielou evenness index (J’), the community balance at the epiphytic flora stations was better in other months, except February 2021. According to Margalef's species richness index (d), species richness decreases upstream from downstream. When the data in the study area are evaluated, it was seen that the stream is under the threat of pollution, and the SI results represented the ecological structure of the stream better than the TDI results.

Keywords

Diatom, Stream, Biotic Index, Water Quality

Ethical Statement

No ethical approval is required for this study.

Supporting Institution

This research was funded by Hitit University

Project Number

FEF19004.20.002

Thanks

The support for this research from the Hitit University Research Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.

References

• APHA, (2005). Standart Methods for The Examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington, American Public Health Association Washington, DC, 1134 p. google scholar
• Arsad, S., Putra, K. T., Latifah, N., Kadim, M. K. & Musa, M. (2021). Epiphytic microalgae community as aquatic bioindicator in Brantas River, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 22 (7), 2961-2971. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220749 google scholar
• Atay, D. & Pulatsü, S. (2000). Water Pollution and Control. Ankara University Publisher, No: 1513, Ankara, Türkiye, (in Turkish). google scholar
• Barlas, M., Mumcu, M. F., Dirican, S. & Solak, C. N. (2001). Examination of epilithic diatoms living in Sarıçay (Milas) according to water quality. IV. National Ecology and Environment Congress, October 5-8, 2001, Bodrum, 313-322 p. google scholar
• Bere, T. & Tundisi, J. G. (2011). Diatom-based water quality assessment in streams influence by urban pollution: effects of natural and two selected artificial substrates, Sâo Carlos-SP, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 15 (1), 54-63. https://doi. org/10.14210/bjast.v15n1.p54-63 google scholar
• Cirik, S. & Cirik, Ş. (2005). Limnology (Coursebook). Ege University Fisheries Faculty Publications, No: 21, Izmir, Türkiye, (in Turkish). google scholar
• Clarke, K. R. & Ainsworth, M. (1993). A Method of Linking Multivariate Community Structure to Environmental Variables, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 92, 205-219. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps092205 google scholar
• Coste, M. & Ayphassorho, H. (1991). Étude de la qualité des eaux du Bassin Artois-Picardie à l’aide des communautés de diatomées benthiques (Application des indices diatomiques). Raport Cemagref, Bordeaux - Agence de l’Eau Artois-Picardie, Douai, 277 p. google scholar
• Çıtakoğlu, H. & Özeren, Y. (2021). Modeling of Water Quality Parameters in Sakarya Basin with Artificial Neural Networks. European Journal of Science and Technology, 24, 10-17. Türkiye, (in Turkish). https://doi. org/10.31590/ejosat.898046 google scholar
• Çiçek, N. L. & Ertan, Ö. O. (2015). Köprüçay Nehri (Antalya) su kalitesinin epilitik diyotomlarla belirlenmesi. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 32 (2), 65-78. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2015.32.2.03 google scholar
• Dalu, T., Mwedzi, T., Wasserman, R. J., Madzivanzira, T. C., Nhiwatiwa, T. & Cuthbert, R. N. (2022). Land use effects on water quality, habitat, and macroinvertebrate and diatom communities in African highland streams. Science of the Total Environment, 846, 157346. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157346 google scholar
• Descy, J. P. & Coste, M. (1991). A test of methods for assessing water quality based on diatoms. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie, 24, 2112-2116. https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1989.1 1899905 google scholar
• Eassa, M. A., Jassim, W. F. H., al-Maliki, H., Al-Saad, R. T. & Mehson, N. K. (2015). Assessment of eutrophication and organic pollution status of Shatt AlArab River by using diatom indices. Mesopotamia Environmental Journal, 1 (3). 44-56. google scholar
• EC, (2000). European Committee for Standardization, Directive 2000/60/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field ofwater policy. Off J Eur Commun Ser L., 327, 1-73. google scholar
• Girgin, S. & Kazancı, N. (1994). Evaluation of water quality of Ankara Stream using physico-chemical and biological parameters. . XII. National Congress of Biology (pp.235-240). Edirne, Turkey google scholar
• Gürbüz, H. & Kıvrak, E. (2002). Use of epilithic diatoms to evaluate water quality in the Karasu River of Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 23 (3), 239-246. google scholar
• Gomez, N. & Licursi, M. (2001). The Pampean Diatom Index (IDP) for Assessment of Rivers and Streams in Argentina. Aquatic Ecology, 35, 173-181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011415209445 google scholar
• Hartley, B., Barber, H. G., Carter, J. R. & Sims, P. A. (1996). An atlas of British diatoms. Biopress Ltd., Bristol, UK. 601 p. google scholar
• Hasle, G. R. (1978). Some specific preparations, Phytoplankton manual. Printed by Page Brothers (Norwich) Ltd., Paris, 136-142. google scholar
• Hassan, F. M., Al- Zubaidi, N. A. J., El-Sheekh, M. M., Youssef, O. S., Salman, J. M., Douabul, A. & Panhwar, S. K. (2023). Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Epiphyton with Diversity Indices in a Lotic Ecosystem. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 27 (6), 815-836. google scholar
• Hassan, F. M. & Shaawiat, A. O. (2015). Application of diatomic indices in lotic ecosystem, Iraq. Global Journal of Bio-science and Biotechnology, 4 (4), 381-388. google scholar
• Herawati, H., Nurruhwati, I. & Dhahiyat, Y. (2019). The structure of phytoplankton community to estimated trophic level in Jatigede reservoirs. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 4 (3), 33-37 google scholar
• Kalyoncu, H. & Barlas, M. (1997). Seasonal changes of epilithic diatoms determined intensely in the Isparta Stream depending on water quality. IX. National Fisheries Symposium, September 17-19, 1997, Eğirdir/Isparta. google scholar
• Kalyoncu, H., Barlas, M. & Ertan, Ö. O. (2009). The Study of The Water Quality of The Aksu Stream According to The Biotic Index (Diatoms and Invertebrates) and Physico-chemical Parameters, The Relations of The Organisms with The Water Quality. Journal of TUBAV Science, 2 (1), 46-57, Türkiye, (in Turkish). google scholar
• Kalyoncu, H., Çiçek, N. L., Akköz, C. & Özçelik, R. (2009). Epilithic diatoms from the Darıören Stream (Isparta/Turkey): Biotic indices and multivariate analysis. Fresinius Environmental Bulletin, 18 (7), 1236-1242. google scholar
• Karagözoğlu, N. (2020). Causes and solution proposals for environmental problems: Yozgat example. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education (IGGE), 42, 356-373, Türkiye, (in Turkish). https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.680120 google scholar
• Kelly, M. G. (1998). Use of The Trophic Diatom Index to Eutrophication In Rivers Monitor. Water Research, 32 (1), 236-242. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00157-7 google scholar
• Kelly, M. G. & Whitton, B. A. (1995). The trophic diatom index: a new index for monitoring eutrophication in rivers. Journal of Applied Phycology, 7, 433-444. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00003802 google scholar
• Klee, O. (1991). Angewandte Hydrobiologie- G. Theieme Verlag, 2. Neubearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Stuttgart-New York. google scholar
• Kocataş, A. (1994). Ecology and Environmental Biology. Ege University Faculty of Science Textbook Series, No: 142, Ege University Printing House, Bornova-Izmir, Türkiye, (in Turkish). google scholar
• Krammer, K. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (1991a). Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Bacillariophyceae, Band 2/3, 3. Teil: Centrales, Fragillariaceae, Eunoticeae. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, (in German). google scholar
• Krammer, K. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (1991b). Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Bacillariophyceae, Band 2/4, 4. Teil: Achnanthaceae, Kritische Ergänzungen zu Navicula (Lineolatae) und Gomphonema Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, (in German). google scholar
• Krammer, K. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (1999a). Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Bacillariophyceae, Band 2/1, 1. Teil: Naviculaceae. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, (in German). google scholar
• Krammer, K. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (1999b). Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Bacillariophyceae, Band 2/2, 2. Teil: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, (in German). google scholar
• Liu, B., Chen, S., Liu, H. & Guan, Y. (2020). Changes in the ratio of benthic to planktonic diatoms to eutrophication status of Muskegon Lake through time: Implications for a valuable indicator on water quality. Ecological Indicators, 114, 106284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ecolind.2020.106284 google scholar
• Maraşlıoğlu, F., Bektaş, S. & Özen, A. (2020). Comparative performance of physicochemical and diatom-based metrics in assessing the water quality of Mert Stream, Turkey. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 21 (8), 18-31.https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/127392 google scholar
• Masouras, A., Karaouzas, I., Dimitriou, E., Tsirtsis, G. & Smeti, E. (2021). Benthic diatoms in river biomonitoring-Present and Future Perspectives within the Water Framework Directive. Water, 13(4), 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13040478 google scholar
• Pantle, E. & Buck, H. (1955). Die Biologische Uberwachung der Gewässer und Die Darstellung der Ergebnisse (Biological monitoring of water bodies and the presentation of results). Gas und Wasserfach, 96 (18), 604-618. google scholar
• Reynolds, C. S. (1993). Ecology of Freshwater Phytoplankton. Cambridge, Crc Press, 384 p. google scholar
• Richards, J., Tibby, J., Barr, C. & Goonan, P. (2020). Effect of substrate type on diatom-based water quality assessments in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. Hydrobiologia, 847(14), 3077-3090. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04316-9 google scholar
• Round, F. E., Crawford, R. M. & Mann, D. G. (1990). The Diatoms, Biology & Morphology of The Genera, Cambridge University, Cambridge, 733 p. google scholar
• Sevindik, T. O., Çetin, T., Güzel, U., Tunca, H. & Tekbaba, A. G. (2023). Using diatom indices to estimate the ecological status of minimally disturbed rivers of the Sakarya River Basin (Türkiye). Ecohydrology, 16(7), e2568. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2568 google scholar
• Soeprobowati, T. R., Addadiyah, N. L., Hariyati, R. & Jumari, J. (2021). Physico-chemical and biological water quality of Warna and Pengilon Lakes, Dieng, Central Java. Journal of Water and Land Development. 51 (X-XII), 38-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24425/jwld.2021.139013 google scholar
• Solak C. N. (2011). The Application of Diatom Indices in the Upper Porsuk Creek Kütahya - Turkey. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 11, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.4194/trjfas.2011.0105 google scholar
• Steinberg, C. & Schiefele, S. (1988). Biological indication of trophy and pollution of running waters. Z.Wasser Abwasser-Forsch, 21: 227-234. google scholar
• Sun, S., Gao, L., He, S., Huang, J. & Zhou, W. (2019). Nitrogen removal in response to plants harvesting in two kinds of enhanced hydroponic root mats treating secondary effluent. Science of the total environment, 670, 200-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.182 google scholar
• Swift E. (1967). Cleaning diatom frustules with ultraviolet radiation and peroxide. Phycologia, 6, 161-163. google scholar
• SWQR, (2021). Surface Water Quality Regulation (SWQR), the Republic of Turkey Official Gazette Nr. 31513, Ankara, Türkiye, (in Turkish). google scholar
• Taş, B., Tepe, Y., Ustaoğlu, F. & Alptekin, S. (2019). Benthic algal diversity and water quality evaluation by biological approach of Turnasuyu Creek, NE Turkey. Desalination and water treatment, 155, 402-415. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.24225 google scholar
• Temizel, B. (2022). A Floristic Study on Algae of the Harşit River, Giresun. (Doctoral Dissertation) Giresun: Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Giresun University, (in Turkish). google scholar
• Valiente-Banuet, A., Aizen, M. A., Alcántara, J. M., Arroyo, J., Cocucci, A., Galetti, M., García, M. B., García, D., Gómez, J. M., Jordano, P., Medel, R., Navarro, L., Obeso, J. R., Oviedo, R., Ramírez, N., Rey, P. J., Traveset, A., Verdú, M. & Zamora, R. (2015). Beyond species loss: the extinction of ecological interactions in a changing world. Functional Ecology, 29 (3), 299-307. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12356 google scholar
• Van Dam, H., Mertens, A. & Sinkeldam, J. (1994). A Coded Checklist and Ecological Indicator Values of Freshwater Diatoms from Netherlands. Neth. J. Aquat. Ecol., 28, 117-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF02334251 google scholar
• Wessel, P., Luis, J. F., Uieda, L., Scharroo, R., Wobbe, F., Smith, W. H. F. & Tian, D. (2019). The Generic Mapping Tools version 6. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 20: 5556-5564. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008515 google scholar
• Wilhm, J.L. (1975). Biological Indicator of Poluttion. In: B.A. Whitton (Ed). River Ecology. (pp. 375-402). Blackwell Scietific Publications, Oxford. ISBN: 0520-03016-8 google scholar
• Ye, Y. Y., Luo, Y., Wang, Y., Lin, M., Xiang, P. & Ashraf, M. A. (2017). Relation between diversity of phytoplankton and environmental factors in waters around Nanri Island. Applied Ecology & Environmental Research, 15 (3), 241-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1503_241252 google scholar