FREE RADICALS AND THE RELATIONSHIP WITH STRESS

Abstract

Free radicals are produced continuously by normal metabolic processes, but the production rate is increased in several inflammatory diseases or other conditions. Normally the body is protected by a broad interval of defense mechanisms against the reactive oxygen metabolites and their toxic products. Imbalance between the reactive oxygen metabolites and their secure disposal can initiate lipid peroxidation and oxidative chain reactions. Transport operation that is one of the important activities of farm management is one of factors affecting the animal welfare, and creating stress in the animals. The deteriorated oxidant-antioxidant balance has been suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of the diseases occurring after transport in cattle. Heat stress is reported to induce oxidative stress by increasing the formation of reactive oxygen species in the cells. A rise in glutathione peroxidase activity was observed as a result of adaptation mechanisms against physical stress after the prolonged exercise in humans. Sheep maintained at high density have had the weaker qualited and lower milk production. The aim of this review was to give information about free radikals and to explain the oxidant and antioxidant status during stress

Keywords

• Free radicals,antioxidant,stress

SERBEST RADİKALLER VE STRES İLE İLİŞKİSİ

Abstract

Serbest radikaller normal metabolik işlemlerle devamlı olarak üretilirler fakat üretim hızları bazı yangısal veya diğer hastalık şartlarında artar. Normal olarak vücut, reaktif oksijen metabolitleri ile onların toksik ürünlerine karşı geniş bir savunma mekanizmaları aralığı tarafından korunur. Reaktif oksijen metabolitleri ve onların güvenli bir şekilde imhası arasındaki dengesizlik, oksidatif zincir reaksiyonlarını ve lipid peroksidasyonunu başlatabilir. Çiftlik yönetiminin önemli aktivitelerinden biri olan taşınma işlemi, hayvan refahını etkileyen ve hayvanlarda stres yaratan etmenlerden biridir. Sığırlarda taşınma sonrasında ortaya çıkan hastalıkların patofizyolojisinde, bozulan oksidan-antioksidan dengenin rol oynadığı ileri sürülmüştür. Sıcaklık stresinin de hücrelerde reaktif oksijen türleri oluşumunu arttırarak oksidatif stresi uyardığı bildirilmektedir. İnsanlarda uzun süreli egzersizden sonra, fiziksel stres faktörlerine karşı uyum mekanizmasının bir sonucu olarak glutatyon peroksidaz aktivitesinde yükselme gözlenmiştir. Yüksek yoğunlukta tutulan koyunlar daha zayıf kalitede ve daha düşük süt verimine sahip olmuşlardır. Derlemenin amacı serbest radikaller hakkında bilgi vererek stres sırasındaki oksidan ve antioksidan durumu ortaya koymaktır.

Keywords

• Serbest radikaller,antioksidan,stres

References

1. 1. Avcı, G., Küçükkurt, İ., Fidan, F., Eryavuz, A., Aslan, R. ve Dündar, Y., Nakil işlemine tabi tutulan koyunlarda vitamin C ve ksilazın uygulamasının kortizol ve lipid peroksidasyon ile bazı biyokimyasal parametrelere etkisi, Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi, 22, 3, 147-152, (2008).
2. 2. Bernabucci, U., Ronchi, B., Lacetera, N. ve Nardone, A., Influence of body condition score on relationships between metabolic status and oxidative stress in periparturient dairy cows, Journal Dairy Science, 88, 6, 2017-2026, (2005).
3. 3. Karabulut, H. ve Gülay, M.Ş., Antioksidanlar, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 1, 1, 65-76, (2016).
4. 4. Çetin, E., Çetin N. ve Küçük, O., Toklularda Karayolu ile taşımanın oksidan antioksidan Sistem Üzerine Etkisi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 6, 2, 103-109, (2011).
5. 5. Miller, J.K., Brzezinska-Slebodzinska, E. ve Madsen, F.C., Oxidative stress, Antioxidants, and Animal Function, Journal Dairy Science, 76, 9, 2812-2823, (1993).
6. 6. Halliwell, B., Oxidants and human disease: some new concepts, The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 1,
7. 5, 358-364, (1987).
8. 7. Watennan, W.R., John, M.E. ve Simpson E.R., Regulation of synthesis and activity of cytochrome P-450 enzymes in physiological pathways. Page 345 in Cytochrome P-450: Structure, Mechanism, and Biochemistry. P. R. Ortiz de Montellano, ed. Plenum Press, New York, NY, (1986).

9. 8. Slater, T.F., Cheeseman, K.H., Davies, M.J., Proudfoot, K. ve Xin, W., Free radical mechanisms in relation to tissue injury, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 46, 1, 1-12, (1987).
10. 9. Madsen, F.C., Rompala, R.E. ve Miller, J.K., Effect of disease on the metabolism of essential trace elements: a role for dietary coordination complexes, Feed Manage, 41, 20, (1990).
11. 10. Powell, D.W., Immunophysiology of intestinal electrolyte transport. Page 591 in Handbook of Physiology 6. The Gastrointestinal System, IV. Intestinal Absorption and Secretion. Am Physiol Soc, Bethesda, MD, (1991)
12. 11. Wilson, R.L., Vitamin. selenium. zinc and copper interactions in free radical protection against ill-placed iron, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 46(1), 27-34, (1987).
13. 12. Guemouri, L., Artur, Y., Herbert, B., Jeandel, C., Cuny, G. ve Siest, G., Biological variability of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in blood, Clinical Chemistry, 37, 1932-1937, (1991).
14. 13. Baldi, A., Vitamin E in dairy cows, Livestock Production Science, 98, 117-122, (2005).
15. 14. Morán, L., Andrés, S., Bodas, R., Benavides, J., Prieto, N., Pérez, V. ve Giráldez, F.J., Antioxidants included in the diet of fattening lambs: Effects on immune response, stress, welfare and distal gut microbiota, Animal Feed Science Technology, 173, 3-4, 177-185, (2012).
16. 15. Kramer, J.W. ve Hoffmann, W.E., Clinical enzymology. In: Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML (Eds.), Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. Academic Press, California, pp. 303-325, (1997).
17. 16. Chirase, N.K., Greene, L.W., Purdy, C.W. ve Loan, R.W., Auvermann BW, Parker DB, Walborg EF, Stevenson DE, Xu Y, Klaunig JE, Effect of transport stress on respiratory disease, serum antioxidant status, and serum concentrations of lipid peroxidation biomarkers in beef cattle, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 65, 6, 860-864, (2004).
18. 17. Wernicki, A., Urban-Chmiel, R., Kankofer, M., Mikucki, P., Puchalski, A. ve Tokarzewski S, Evaluation of plasma cortisol and TBARS levels in calves after short-term transportation, Revue De Medecine Veterinaire, 157, 1, 30-34, (2006).
19. 18. Hartung, J., Effects of transport on health of farm animals, Veterinary Research Communications, 27, 1, 525-527, (2003).
20. 19. Bodas, R., Prieto, N., López-Campos, O., Giráldez, F. ve Andrés, S., Naringin and vitamin E influence the oxidative stability and lipid profile of plasma in lambs fed fish oil, Research Veterinary Science, 91, 1, 98-102, (2011).
21. 20. Nazifi, S., Saeb, M., Baghshani, H. ve Saeb, S., 2009: Influence of road transportation during hot summer conditions on oxidative status biomarkers in Iraniandromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius), African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 3, 7, 282-287, (2009).
22. 21. Tauler, P., Aguilo, A., Gimeno, I., Fuentespina, E., Tur, J.A. ve Pons, A., Response of blood cell antioxidantenzyme defence to antioxidant diet supplementation and to intense exercise, European Journal of Nutrition, 45,4, 187-195, (2006).
23. 22. Düzova, H., Emre, M.H., Karakoç, Y., Karabulut, A.B., Yılmaz, Z., Gürsul, C. ve Yoloğlu, S., Orta ve yüksek düzeyde treadmill egzersizinin sıçanların kas ve eritrosit oksidan/antioksidan sistemine etkisi, İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 13, 1, 1-5, (2006).
24. 23. Rokitzki, L., Logemann, E., Sagredos, A.N., Murphy, M., Wetzel-Roth, W. ve Keul, J., Lipid peroxidation and antioxidative vitamins under extreme endurance stres, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 151, 2, 149-158, (1994).
25. 24. Mills, P.C ve, Higgins, A.J., Oxidant injury, nitric oxide and pulmonary vascular function: Implications for the exercising horse, Veterinary Journal, 153, 2, 125-148, (1997).
26. 25. Caroprese, M., Annicchiarico, G., Schena, L., Muscio, A., Migliore, R. ve Sevi, A. Influence of space allowance and housing conditions on the welfare, immune response and production performance of dairy ewes, Journal Dairy Research, 76, 1, 66-73, (2009).