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Bitkisel İçerikli Diş Macunları ve Çocuklarda Kullanımı

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 63 - 72, 29.04.2021

Öz

Dünyadaki en yaygın sağlık sorunlarından biri olan diş çürüğü, diş dokusunda yıkıma sebep olan, çiğneme ve estetik görünümü olumsuz yönde etkileyen kronik bir hastalık olarak bilinmektedir. Çürük oluşumunun temelinde yer alan bakteri plağının uzaklaştırılmasında en etkili yol, diş fırçası kullanımı ile yapılan mekanik temizliktir. Diş macunu ve gargara gibi ürünler de, yapılan mekanik temizliğin etkisini arttırmaktadır. Bakteriler, kullanılan bu kimyasal ürünlere karşı direnç geliştirdiğinden ve çocukları duyarlı kılabileceğinden, bu bileşenleri barındırmayan ürün arayışına başlanmış ve günümüzde de bu konu hakkında çalışmalar yapılmaya devam etmektedir.
Uzun yıllar boyunca çeşitli hastalıkların önlenmesi ve tedavisinde kullanılan ve tamamlayıcı bir tedavi olarak tanımlanan fitoterapi yönteminde, bitkilerin de tıbbi amaçlar için kullanılabildiği belirtilmektedir. Geçmişten bu yana, gelişmekte olan ülkelerin kırsal bölgelerinde hastalıkların tedavisi amacıyla kullanılan bitkiler, diş hekimliğinde de araştırma konusu olmuş ve bazı bitkiler üzerine çalışmalar yapıldığı görülmüştür. Bu derlemede, çocuklar için üretilmiş diş macunlarının içeriklerindeki bazı kimyasal bileşenler ve bu bileşenlerin sebep oldukları yan etkilerin yanı sıra, diş hekimliğinde kullanılan bazı bitkiler ve bitkisel içerikli bazı diş macunları sunulacaktır.

Kaynakça

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  • Yueh MF, Taniguchi K, Chen S, Evans RM, Hammock BD, Karin M, Tukey RH. The commonly used antimicrobial additive triclosan is a liver tumor promoter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Unites States of America,. 2014, 111(48): 17200-5.
  • Karpuzoglu, E, Holladay, S.D, Gogal, R.M. Jr. Parabens: Potential impact of low-affinity estrogen receptor binding chemicals on human health. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B Critical Reviews. 2013; 16(5): 321–35.
  • Gazzaneo LRS, De Lucena RFP, De Albuquerque UP. Knowledge and use of medicinal plants by local specialists in an region of Atlantic Forest in the state of Pernambuco (Northeastern Brazil). Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2005; 1(1): 9.
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  • Guven Y, Ustun N, Tuna EB, Aktoren O. Antimicrobial Effect of Newly Formulated Toothpastes and a Mouthrinse on Specific Microorganisms: An In Vitro Study. European Journal of Dentistry. 2019; 13(2): 172-7.
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Herbal Toothpastes and Their Use in Children

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 63 - 72, 29.04.2021

Öz

Tooth decay, one of the most common health problems in the world, is known as a chronic disease that causes destruction of dental tissue and negatively affects chewing and aesthetic appearance. The most effective way to remove the bacterial plaque, which is the basis of caries formation, is mechanical cleaning using a toothbrush. Products such as toothpaste and mouthwash also increase the effect of mechanical cleaning. Since bacteria develop resistance to these chemical products and may make children susceptible, the search for products that do not contain these components has begun and studies continue on this issue today.
In the phytotherapy method, which has been used in the prevention and treatment of various diseases for many years and defined as a complementary treatment, it is stated that herbs can also be used for medicinal purposes. Since the past, plants used for the treatment of diseases in rural areas of developing countries have also been the subject of research in dentistry, and studies have been observed on some plants. In this review, some of the chemical components in toothpaste produced for children and the side effects caused by these components, as well as some herbal and herbal toothpastes will be presented.

Kaynakça

  • Sreenivasan PK, Haraszthy VI, Zambon JJ. Antimicrobial efficacy of 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinses. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2013; 56(1): 14–20.
  • McCullough MJ, Farah CS. The role of alcohol in oral carcinogenesis with particular reference to alcohol-containing mouthwashes. Australian Dental Journal. 2008; 53(4): 302-5.
  • Yueh MF, Taniguchi K, Chen S, Evans RM, Hammock BD, Karin M, Tukey RH. The commonly used antimicrobial additive triclosan is a liver tumor promoter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Unites States of America,. 2014, 111(48): 17200-5.
  • Karpuzoglu, E, Holladay, S.D, Gogal, R.M. Jr. Parabens: Potential impact of low-affinity estrogen receptor binding chemicals on human health. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B Critical Reviews. 2013; 16(5): 321–35.
  • Gazzaneo LRS, De Lucena RFP, De Albuquerque UP. Knowledge and use of medicinal plants by local specialists in an region of Atlantic Forest in the state of Pernambuco (Northeastern Brazil). Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2005; 1(1): 9.
  • Al-Quran S. Ethnobotanical survey of folk toxic plants in southern part of Jordan. Toxicon. 2005; 46(2): 119-29.
  • Walsh T, Worthington HV, Glenny AM, Marinho VC, Jeroncic A. Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019; 4(3): CD007868.
  • Moore C, Addy M, Moran J. Toothpaste detergents: a potential source of oral soft tissue damage? International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 2008; 6(3): 193-8.
  • Guven Y, Ustun N, Tuna EB, Aktoren O. Antimicrobial Effect of Newly Formulated Toothpastes and a Mouthrinse on Specific Microorganisms: An In Vitro Study. European Journal of Dentistry. 2019; 13(2): 172-7.
  • Fisher AA. Contact Dermatitis, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1986, pp 904.
  • Jacob SE, Amini S. Cocamidopropyl betaine. Dermatitis. 2008; 19(3): 157-60.
  • Shi H, Magaye R, Castranova V, Zhao J. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review of current toxicological data. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2013; 15: 10-15.
  • Hsu TY, Lin CC, Lee MD, Chang BPH, Tsai JD. Titanium Dioxide in Toothpaste Causing Yellow Nail Syndrome. PEDIATRICS. 2017; 139(1): e20160546.
  • Çiftçi Z. (2014). 2.45 GHZ elektromanyetik radyasyonun, diş gelişimi ve çürük oluşumuna yatkınlık üzerine etkisi ve laktik asit bakterilerinin koruyuculuğunun incelenmesi. Isparta: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi.
  • Falzon CC, Balabanova A. Phytotherapy: An introduction to herbal medicine. Primary Care. 2017; 44: 217-27.
  • Carnelio S, Khan SA, Rodrigues G. Definite, probable or dubious: antioxidants trilogy in clinical dentistry. British Dental Journa., 2008; 204(1); 29-32.
  • Azaizeh H, Fulder S, Khalil K, Said O. Ethnomedicinal knowledge of local Arab practitioners in the Middle East Region. Fitoterapia, 2000; 74(1-2): 98-108.
  • Srivastava JK, Pandey M, Gupta S. Chamomile, a novel and selective COX‐2 inhibitor with anti‐inflammatory activity. Life Sciences, 2009; 85(19-20): 663-9.
  • Wichtl M. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1994, pp 440-3.
  • Zadeh JB, Kor NM, Kor ZM. Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) As a Valuable Medicinal Plant. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research. 2014; 2(3): 823-9.
  • Christopher Dr. John R. School of Natural Healing, (11th printing) Utah: Christopher Publ, 1999, pp 447-9.
  • Srinivasan K. Biological activities of red pepper (Capsicum annuum) and its pungent principle capsaicin: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2016; 56(9): 1488-500.
  • Olgun A, Güvenç A. Syzygium aromaticum, FED monografları. Tedavide kullanılan bitkiler. Prof Dr. Demirezer, Ö. Nobel tıp kitapevleri, Ankara, 2011, pp 639-651.
  • Rahim, Z.H.A, Khan, H.B.S.G. Comparative studies on the effect of crude aqueous (CA) and solvent (CM) extracts of clove on the cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Oral Science, 48(3), 117-23.
  • Wahlquist ML, Dalais FS. Phytoestrogens: emerging multifaceted plant compounds. The Medical Journal of Australia. 1997; 167(3): 199-20.
  • Kaur J, Kaur S, Mahajan A. Herbal medicines: possible risks and benefits. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therpeutics. 2013; 2: 226–39.
  • Crowell PL. Prevention and therapy of cancer by dietary monoterpenes. The Journal of Nutrition. 1999; 129(3): 775-8.
  • McKay DL, Blumberg JB. A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of peppermint tea (Mentha piperita L.). Phytotherapy Research. 2006; 20(8): 619-33.
  • Taheri JB, Azimi S, Rafieian N, Zanjani HA. Herbs in dentistry. International Dental Journal. 2011; 61(6): 287-96.
  • Sureshchandra B, Kumar AJ. Antibacterial efficacy of Aloe vera extract on resistant antimicrobial strains in endodontics. Endodontology. 2011; 23: 58‑62.
  • Fani M, Kohanteb J. Inhibitory activity of Aloe vera gel on some clinically isolated cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria. Journal of Oral Science. 2012; 54(1): 15-21.
  • Ramadon D, Pramesti SS, Anwar E. Formulation, stability test and in vitro penetration study of transethosomal gel containing green tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) leaves extract. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics. 2017; 9(5): 91-6.
  • Prabhakar J, Senthilkumar M, Priya MS, Mahalakshmi K, Sehgal PK. Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of herbal alternatives (Triphala and green tea polyphenols), MTAD and 5% sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formed on tooth substrate: an in vitro study. Journal of Endodontics. 2010; 36(1): 83-6.
  • Pujar M, Makandar SD. Herbal usage in endodontics-A review. International Journal of contemporary dentistry. 2011; 2 (1).
  • Sakamoto Y, Mikuriya H, Tayama K, Takahashi H, Nagasawa A, Yano N, Yuzawa K, Ogata A, Aoki N. Goitrogenic effects of green tea extract catechins by dietary administration in rats. Archives of Toxicology. 2001; 75(10): 591-6.
  • Schmidt M, Schmitz HJ, Baumgart A, Guédon D, Netsch MI, Kreuter MH, Schmidlin CB, Schrenk D. Toxicity of green tea extracts and their constituents in rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2005; 43(2): 307-14.
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  • TATTELMAN, Ellen. “Health effects of garlic”. American family physician. 2005; 72(1): 103-6.
  • Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C (ed). PDR for Herbal Medicines. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics; 1998, pp 1184–1185.
  • Weiss RF. Herbal Medicine. Gothenburg, Sweden: Ab Arcanum and Beaconsfield, UK: Beaconsfield Publishers Ltd.; 1988, pp 208– 209.
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  • Serakta M, Djerrou Z, Mansour-Djaalab H, Kahlouche-Riachi F, Hamimed S, Trifa W, Belkhiri A, Edikra N, Pacha YH. Antileishmanial activity of some plants growing in algeria: Jugulans Regia, Lawsonia Inermis And Salvial Officinalis. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative medicines. 2013; 10(3): 427–30.
  • Batlouni M. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal effects, Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. 2010; 94(4): 556-63.
  • Sandur SK. Pandey MK, Sung B. Ahn KS, Murakami A, Sethi G, Limtrakul P, Badmaev V, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemothoxycurcumin, tetrahydrocurcumin, and turmerones differentially regulate anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative responses through a ROS independent mechanism, Carcinogenesis. 2007; 28(8): 1765-73.
  • Duke J. The Green Pharmacy: The Ultimate Compendium of Natural Remedies from the World's Foremost Authority on Healing and Herbs. Rodale Press. 1997; 80-81; 96; 113; 168-169; 180; 232; 350; 492.
  • Lao CD, Ruffin MT, Normolle D, Heath DD, Murray SI, Bailey JM, Boggs ME, Crowell J, Rock CL, Brenner DE. Dose escalation of a curcuminoid formulation. BMC Complementary Alternative Medicine. 2006; 6: 10.
  • Sudarshan R, Vijayabala GS. Role of Ginger in Medicine and Dentistry- An Interesting Review Article. Southeast Asian Journal of Case Report and Review. 2012; 1(3): 66-72.
  • Atai Z. Inhibitory Effect of Ginger Extract on Candida albicans. American Journal of Applied Sciences. 2009; 6(1): 1067-9.
  • Al-Duboni G, Osman MT, Al-Naggar R. Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Cinnamon and Ginger on Two Oral Pathogens Causing Dental Caries Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2013; 4(3): 957-65.
  • Altman RD, Marcussen KC. Effects of a Ginger Extract on Knee Pain in Patients With Osteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001; 44(11): 2531-8.
  • Govindachari TR, Suresh G, Gopalakrishnan G, Banumathy B, Masilamani S. “Identification of antifungal compounds from the seed oil of Azadirachta indica,” Phytoparasitica. 1998; 26(2): 109–16.
  • Subapriya R, Nagini S. Medicinal properties of neem leaves: A Review. Current Medicinal Chemistry. Anti-cancer Agents. 2005; 5(2): 149-6.
  • Chopra RN, Badhwar RL, Ghosh S. Poisonous plants of India. ICAR, New Delhi. 1965, pp 245.
  • Devi RS, Reddy SVM, Puneeth HK. Role of herbs and their uses in Dentistry. International journal of scientific study. 2013; 1(3): 112-20.
  • Kanagarla NSSAV, Kuppast IJ, Veerashekar T, Reddy CL. A review on benefits and uses of Vitis vinifera (Grape). Research&Reviews in BioScience. 2013; 7(5): 175-80.
  • Tahir L, Aslam A, Ahmed S. Morus nigra against dental caries causing pathogens: An in vitro study. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2010; 30(1): 163-9.
  • Abbas GM, Bar FMA, Baraka HN, Gohar AA, Lahloub MF. A new antioxidant stilbene and other constituents from the stem bark of Morus nigra L. Natural Product Research. 2014; 28(13): 952-9.
  • Yiğit D, Yiğit N. Antibacterial activty of black mulberry (morus nigra) fruits and leaves. Erzincan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2008; 1(1): 39-48.
  • Lim SH, Choi, C.I. Pharmacological Properties of Morus nigra L. (Black Mulberry) as A Promising Nutraceutical Resource. Nutrients. 2019; 11: 437.
  • Farooqui MI, Srevastava JG. The toothbrush tree (Salvadora persica). Quarterly Journal of Crude Drug Research, 1968; 8(4): 1297–9
  • Norton M, Addy M. Chewing sticks versus toothbrushes in West Africa. A pilot study. Clinical Preventive Dentistry. 1989; 11(3): 11-3.
  • AlSadhan RI, Almas K. Miswak (Chewing stick): A cultural and scientific heritage. Saudi Dental Journal. 1999; 11(2): 80‑8.
  • Yoo S, Murata RM, Duarte, S. Antimicrobial traits of tea- and cranberry-derived polyphenols against Streptococcus mutans. Caries Research. 2011; 45(4): 327-35.
  • Albert X, Huertas I, Pereiro Sanfelix II J, Gosalbes V, Perrota C. Antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in nonpregnant women. The Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. 2004; 2004(3): CD001209.
  • Wang X, Peng XR, Lu J, Hu GL, Qiu MH. New dammarane triterpenoids, Caffruones A-D, from the cherries of Coffea arabica. Natural Products and Bioprospecting. 2018; 8(6): 413–8.
  • Kashket S, Paolino VJ, Lewis DA, van Houte J. In-vitro inhibition of glucosyltransferase from the dental plaque bacterium Streptococcus mutans by common beverages and food extracts. Archives of Oral Biology. 1985; 30(11): 821–6.
  • Nurminen ML, Niittynen L, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Coffee, caffeine and blood pressure: a critical review, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999; 53(11): 831-9.
  • Ellam S, Williamson G. Cocoa and human health. Annual Review of Nutrition. 2013; 33: 105–28.
  • Lakshmi A, Vishnurekha C, Baghkomeh PN. Effect of theobromine in antimicrobial activity: An in vitro study. Dental Research Journal (Isfahan). 2019; 16(2): 76-80.
  • Baggott MJ, Childs E, Hart AB, Bruin E, Palmer AA, Wilkinson JE, Wit H. Psychopharmacology of theobromine in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013; 228(1): 109–18.
  • Koo H, Rosalen PL, Cury JA, Park YK, Bowen WH. Effects of compounds found in propolis on Streptococcus mutans growth and on glucosyltransferase activity. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002; 46: 1302‑9.
  • Bankova V, Galabov AS, Antonova D, Vilhelmova N, Di Perri B. Chemical composition of propolis extract ACF® and activity against herpes simplex virus. Phytomedicine. 2014; 21(11): 1432-8.
  • Matos D, Serrano P, Brandão FM. A case of allergic contact dermatitis caused by propolis-enriched honey. Contact Dermatitis. 2014; 72: 59–63.
  • Cuzzolin L, Zaffani S, Benoni G. Safety implications regarding use of phytomedicines. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2006; 62(1): 37-42.
  • Balunas MJ, Kinghorn AD. Drug discovery from medicinal plants. Life Sciences. 2005; 78(5): 431-41.
  • 76. Zhou L, Ding Y, Chen W, Zhang P, Chen Y, Lv X. Thein vitro study of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid inhibiting cariogenic microorganisms as well as biofilm. Oral Diseases. 2013; 19(5): 494-500.
  • Kırzıoğlu Z, Gök B, Kıvanç M. Yeşil Çayın Oral Biyofilmin Kaldırılmasına ve Ağız Sağlığına Etkisi. Atatürk Universitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016; 26(4): 73-81.
  • Şengezer E, Güngör T. Esansiyel yağların hayvanlar üzerindeki etkileri. Lalahan Hayvan Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2008; 48: 101-10.
  • Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils--a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2008; 46(2): 446-75.
  • Wynn RL. Aloe vera gel, update for dentistry. General Dentistry. 2005; 53(1): 6–9.
  • Hamilton-Miller JM. Anti-cariogenic properties of tea (Camellia sinensis). Journal of Medical Microbiologyl. 2001; 50(4): 299–302.
  • Hwang JY, Choi SC, Park JH, Kang SW. The use of green tea extract as a storage medium for the avulsed tooth. Journal of Endodontics. 2011; 37(7): 962-7.
  • Kocabeyoğlu Ö, Aktan HT, Sonuvar S. Sarımsağın su, alkol ve eter ekstrelerinin antimikrobik etkisinin karşılaştırmalı olarak araştırılması. ANKEM. 1992; 3: 425-9.
  • Narayanan N, Thangavelu L. Salvia officinalis in dentistry. Dental Hypotheses. 2015; 6(1): 27–30.
  • Marco AB, Rinaldo AS, Jose GM, Cintia OC, Claudio AR, Dinalva BQ, et al. Efficacy of a neem mouthrinse (Azadirachtaindica) in the treatment of patients with chronic gingivitis. Journal of Medical Plant Research. 2008; 2(11): 341-6.
  • Lakshmi T, Krishnan V, Rajendran R, Madhusudhanan N. Azadirachta indica, A herbal panacea in dentistry – An update. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2015; 9(17): 41-4.
  • Özan F, Tepe B, Polat ZA, Er K. Evaluation of in vitro effect of Morus rubra (red mulberry) on survival of periodontal ligament cells. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics. 2008; 105(2): 66-9.
  • D‟Auria FD, Tecca M, Scazzocchio F, Renzini V, Strippoli V. Effect of propolis on virulence factors of Candida albicans. Journal of Chemotherapy. 2003; 15(5): 454–60.
  • Özan Ü, Özan F, Er K. Oral Mikroorganizmalara karşı propolisin antimikrobiyal etkinliği. Acta Odontologica Turcica. 2015; 32(1): 36-41.
  • Alnouri DMA, Kouchaji CN, Nattouf AH, Hasan MMAA. Effect of aloe vera mouthwash on dental plaque and gingivitis indices in children: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Pediatric Dental Journal. 2020; 30(1): 1-8.
  • Mayooran B, Robin S, John RT. Dental caries is a preventable infectious disease. Australian Dental Journal. 2000; 45: 235-45.
  • Tanzer JM, Livingston J, Thompson AM. The microbiology of primary dental caries in humans. Journal of Dental Education. 2001; 65: 1028-37.
  • Rasheed A, Haider M. Antibacterial activity of Camellia sinensis extracts against dental caries. Archives of Pharmacal Research. 1998; 21(3): 348–52.
  • Vanka A, Tandon S, Rao SR, Udupa N, Ramkumar P. The effect of indigenous Neem Azadirachta indica [correction of (Adirachta indica)] mouth wash on Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli growth. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2001; 12(3): 133–44.
  • Silva ZS, Jr Huang YY, De Freitas LF, França CM, Botta SB, Ana PA, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Fernandes KPS, Deana A, Leal CRL, Prates RA, Hamblin MR, Bussadori SK. Papain gel containing methylene blue for simultaneous caries removal and antimicrobial photoinactivation against Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Scientific Reports. 2016; 19(6): 33270.
  • Mohankumar KP, Priya NK, Madhushankari GS. Anti cariogenic efficacy of herbal and conventional tooth pastes- a comparative in-vitro study. Journal of International Oral Health. 2013; 5(2): 8-13.
  • Anushree B, Fawaz MA, Narahari R, Shahela T, Syed A. Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Triclosan- Containing, Herbal and Homeopathy Toothpastes- An Invitro Study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2015; 9(10): DC05-8.
  • Woolf AD. Herbal remedies and children: do they work? Are they harmful? Pediatrics. 2003; 112(1 Pt 2): 240-6.
Toplam 98 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Hande Tekin 0000-0001-7458-3972

Zuhal Kırzıoğlu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Ağustos 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Tekin, H., & Kırzıoğlu, Z. (2021). Bitkisel İçerikli Diş Macunları ve Çocuklarda Kullanımı. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), 63-72.

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