On-Chain BTC Transferinin Milletlerarası Karakterinin 5718 Sayılı MÖHUK Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 177 - 224, 04.03.2025

Gökçe Kelahmet

Öz

BTC, Bitcoin blok zincirinde üretilen ve yeni çağın dijital parası da olarak tanımlanan ilk kripto paradır. BTC’nin altında yatan blok zinciri teknolojisi, BTC’nin ağda üretilmesine ve dijital BTC cüzdanlarında muhafaza edilip dünyanın farklı yerlerinde olan bu cüzdanlar vasıtasıyla ağda işleme konu edilmesine imkân sağlamaktadır. Dağıtık kayıt defterinin, dolayısıyla blok zinciri teknolojisinin herkese açık bir yapıya sahip olması, Bitcoin blok zincirine dünyanın herhangi bir yerinden isteyen herkesin ağa katılmasına imkân vermektedir.
Aynı şekilde bu yapı, madencilik ile ağda BTC üretilmesinde; ağda yapılan BTC işlemlerinin ağda önceden belirlenmiş kurallar çerçevesinde üzerinde mutabakata varılıp onaylanmasında ve işlemin ağa yeni bir blok olarak eklenerek zincirin oluşturulmasında kullanıcılarına yetki vermektedir. Ağın işleyişi, farklı ülkelerde bulunan kullanıcılar tarafından eşler arası bir ağda, herhangi bir merkezi/aracı kurumun ve herhangi bir devletin kontrolünden bağımsız olarak yürütülmektedir.
Milletlerarası özel hukuk perspektifinden bakıldığında, Bitcoin blok zincirinin teknik özellikleri, özellikle herhangi bir kripto para hizmet sağlayıcısı olmaksızın iki kullanıcı arasında on-chain olarak yapılan BTC transferinin belirli bir yargı yetkisi alanı içerisinde tanımlanmasını zorlaştırmakta ve işlemlere sınır ötesi bir nitelik kazandırmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, Bitcoin blok zinciri ağının geleneksel ulusal sınırları tanımayan sınır ötesi doğası on-chain BTC transferlerinin nasıl ve ne koşulda milletlerarası niteliğe haiz olarak değerlendirileceği sorusunu da gündeme getirmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

BTC, Yabancılık Unsuru, Bitcoin blok zinciri, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk, Kripto Paralar

Examination of International Element of BTC Transactions Under Turkish Act no. 5718 on International Private and Procedural Law

Öz

BTC, produced on the Bitcoin blockchain and defined as the digital currency of the new era, is the first cryptocurrency. The blockchain technology, as the technology underlying BTC allows for its generation on the network, its storage in digital BTC wallets, and its transaction via these wallets, which are located in various parts of the world. Due to the nature of distributed ledger technology (DLT) and public blockchain technology, it enables anyone from anywhere in the world to participate in the Bitcoin blockchain network.
The decentralized and distributed network structure grants users the authority to generate BTC through mining, to reach consensus on BTC transactions according to predefined network rules, and to add transactions as new blocks to the chain, thus creating the blockchain. The network's operations are conducted by users located in different countries through a peer-to-peer (P2P) network and are independent of any central authority, intermediary institution, or control by any state.
From a private international law perspective, the technical characteristics of the Bitcoin blockchain, particularly BTC transfers conducted on-chain between two users without any cryptocurrency service provider, make it difficult to define such transactions within a specific jurisdiction and grant them a cross-border nature. Therefore, the cross-border nature of the Bitcoin blockchain network, which does not recognize traditional national borders, has raised the question of how and under what circumstances on-chain BTC transfers should be considered international.

Anahtar Kelimeler

BTC, Foreign Element, Bitcoin Blockchain, Private International Law, Cryptocurrencies

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