Comparative anatomy and achene micromorphology assessment of two Cousinia Cass. (Asteraceae) species in view of taxonomy

Abstract

Comparative anatomy and achene micromorphology assessment of two Cousinia Cass. (Asteraceae) species in view of taxonomy Deniz ULUKUŞ 1, Osman TUGAY 2 ORCID: 0000-0002-9627-5492; 0000-0003-3980-7648 1 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey Abstract Cousinia is a member of the monophyletic tribe Cardueae, which is traditionally subdivided into four taxonomic groups; however, the rank and boundaries of these taxa are highly controversial. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the genus taxonomy by determining the comparative anatomical and achene micromorphological features of C. aintabensis Boiss. & Hausskn. and C. birecikensis Hub.-Mor. that are morphologically similar to each other. In anatomical studies, stem, leaf, and midrib features were determined. Paraffin embedding, microtome sectioning, and safranin-fast green staining were used for the samples. The obtained sections were photographed, and the leaf, stem, and midrib characters were measured. The importance of anatomical characters between species was determined by applying Independent sample T-test test to quantitative characters. In addition, box plot and heatmap analyses of the studied species were carried out. Our results showed that the stem epidermis, inner sclerenchyma and phloem layer; For leaves; lower and upper epidermis mesophyll thickness, palisade parenchyma; In midrib; number of vascular bundles, collenchyma, and phloem are important characters that can be used in the differentiation of species. SEM microscope was used for achene micromorphological examinations. C. aintabensis achene surface ornamentation is identified as striate-retipylate. It was observed that C. birecikensis had striate and irregular reticulate-faveolate surface ornamentation. Keywords: Asteraceae, Anatomy, Cousinia, micromorphology, Türkiye

Keywords

• Asteraceae
• Anatomy
• Cousinia
• micromorphology
• Türkiye

Project Number

111T364

References

1. [1] Rechinger, K. H. (1986). Cousinia: morphology, taxonomy, distribution and phytogeographical ımplications. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section B-Biological Sciences, 89, 45–58. doi: 10.1017/S0269727000008897
2. [2] Bremer, K. (1994). Asteraceae, Cladistics and Classification. Portland Oregan:Timber Press,
3. [3] Petit, D.P. (1997). Generic interrelationships of the Cardueae (Compositae): A cladistic analysis of morphological data. Plantl Systematics and Evolution, 207, 173-203.
4. [4] Susanna, A. & Garcia-Jacas, N. (2007). Tribe Cardueae. In Kubitzki, K. (Ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants (Vol. 8, pp. 123–146) Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.
5. [5] Frodin, D.G. (2004). History and concepts of big plant genera, Taxon, 53 (3), 753-766.
6. [6] Djamali, M., Baumel, A., Brewer, S., Jackson, S. T., Kadereit, J.W., Lopez-Vinyallonga, S., Mehregan, I., Shabanian, E. & Simakova, A. (2012). Ecological implications of Cousinia Cass. (Asteraceae) persistence through the last two glacial-interglacial cycles in the continental Middle East for the Irano-Turanian flora. Review Palaeobotany and Palynology, 172, 10-20.
7. [7] Garcia-Jacas, N., Garnatje, T., Susanna, A. & Vilatersana, R. (2002). Tribal and subtribal delimitation and phylogeny of the Cardueae (Asteraceae): A combined nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 22(1), 51-64.
8. [8] Susanna, A., Garcia-Jacas, N., Vilatersana, R., Garnatje, T., Valles, J., & Ghaffari, S. M. (2003). New chromosome counts in the genus Cousinia and the related genus Schmalhausenia (Asteraceae, Cardueae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 143(4), 411-418. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00231.x

9. [9] Lopez-Vinyallonga, S., Mehregan, I., Garcia-Jacas, N., Tscherneva, O., Susanna, A. & Kadereit, J. W. (2009). Phylogeny and evolution of the Arctium-Cousinia complex (Compositae, Cardueae-Carduinae). Taxon, 58(1), 153-171.
10. [10] Tugay, O. (2012). Cousinia. In Güner, A, Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M.T. (Ed.), Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). İstanbul: Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını.
11. [11] Tugay, O., Ulukuş, D., Ertuğrul, K., Uysal, T., Demirelma, H. & Dural, H. (2019). A new species of Cousinia (sect. Cousinia, Asteraceae) from the Ağrı Mountain (eastern Turkey): evidence from morphology, karyology and anatomy. Phytotaxa, 427(4), 259-269.
12. [12] Mehregan, I. & Assadi, M. (2016). A synopsis of Cousinia sect. Pseudactinia (Cardueae, Asteraceae) including a new species from NE Iran. Phytotaxa, 257(3), 271.
13. [13] Attar, F., Ghahreman, A., Mahdigholi, K., & Sheidai, M. (2004). Anatomy-Taxonomy studies of the species of section Serratuloideae (Cousinia, Compositae) in Iran. Iranian Journal of Botany, 10(2), 119-141.
14. [14] Ulukuş D, Tugay O (2019a). Endemik Cousinia halysensis Hub.-Mor. (Papatyagiller/Asteraceae) türünün anatomik, palinolojik ve mikromorfolojik yönden ı̇ncelenmesi. Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi, 6 (1), 59-65.
15. [15] Ulukuş D., Tugay O (2019b). Micromorphological, palynological and anatomical properties of endemic Cousinia iconica Hub.-Mor. (sect. Cousinia /Asteraceae). Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi, 6(2), 58-63.
16. [16] Ulukuş D, Tugay O (2020). Morphology, anatomy and palynology of two endemic Cousinia Cass. species (Sect. Cousinia, Asteraceae) and their taxonomic implications. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 52(1): 297-304.
17. [17] Atasagun, B., Ulukuş, D., & Tugay, O. Endemik Cousinia aucheri DC. (İnce Kızan) Üzerine Anatomik, Palinolojik ve Mikromorfolojik Araştırmalar. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi, 47(2), 181-191.
18. [18] Huber-Morath, A. (1975). Cousinia. In P. H. Davis (Ed.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Vol. 5, pp. 329–353). Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press.
19. [19] Atazadeh, N., Sheidai, M., Attar, F., Ghahremaninejad, F. & Koohdar, F. (2020). A palynological study of genus Cousinia Cass. (Family Asteraceae), sections Cynaroideae Bunge and Platyacanthae Rech. f. Grana, 59, 428-443.
20. [20] Atazadeh, N., Sheidai, M., Attar, F. & Koohdar, F. (2022). Molecular phylogeny and morphometric analyses in the genus Cousinia Cass.(Family Asteraceae), sections Cynaroideae Bunge and Platyacanthae Rech. f. Caryologia, 74(4): 39-50.
21. [21] Attar, F. & Ghahreman, A. (2000). Two new species and a new record of the genus Cousinia Casso Sect. Cynaroideae (Asteraceae) from West of Iran. Iranian Journal of Botany, 8 (2), 259-269.
22. [22] Johansen, D. A. (1940). Plant microtechnique. New York: McGraw-Hill.
23. [23] R Core Team. (2021). R 4.1.2. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
24. [24] Stearn, W. T (1983). Botanical latin. David & Charles, London, 566 pp.
25. [25] Ulukuş, D., Atasagun, B., & Tugay, O. (2021). Endemik Cousinia decolorans Freyn & Sint.(Asteraceae) Türünün Anatomik, Palinolojik ve Mikromorfolojik Özellikleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi, 47(2), 192-202.
26. [26] Ulukuş, D. (2019). Anatomical, palynological and achene micromorphological characteristics of Cousinia boissieri Buhse (Sect. Leiocaules, Asteraceae) growing in Turkey. Biodicon, 12 (2), 119-125.