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Investigating pollinator dynamics and regional variations in Doda, J&K, INDİA: challenges, montioring and conservation perspectives

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 91 - 102, 15.04.2025

Rohit Rohit , Yogesh Sharma , Shaveta Padha , Anjali Dhar

https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2025.1529938

Abstract

This study explores the plant-pollinator network in district Doda, Jammu & Kashmir, India, a Himalayan region with limited research on biodiversity and pollination ecology. Pollinators like bees, butterflies, and beetles are vital for ecosystem health and agricultural productivity, yet Doda lacks comprehensive data on its pollinator species and interactions, unlike the Kashmir Valley and Jammu region. Drawing insights from similar regions such as Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, this research highlights the ecological role of pollinators and emphasizes the need for extensive field exploration in Doda. The study advocates for an interdisciplinary approach combining ecological, agricultural, and local knowledge, recommending detailed surveys, long-term monitoring, and socio-economic studies to understand pollination’s impact on agriculture. It calls for collaborative efforts among researchers, agricultural departments, and conservationists to gather baseline data, promote biodiversity preservation, and enhance agricultural sustainability. These efforts are crucial for supporting local livelihoods and establishing a foundation for future research and conservation initiatives in Doda's unique ecological networks.

Keywords

pollinator networks biodiversity conservation doda j&k plant-ınsect ınteractions agricultural sustainability environmental ımpacts

Ethical Statement

NA

Supporting Institution

NA

Project Number

NA

References

  • [1] Porto, R. G., De Almeida, R. F., Cruz-Neto, O., Tabarelli, M., Viana, B. F., Peres, C. A., & Lopes, A. V. (2020). Pollination ecosystem services: A comprehensive review of economic values, research funding and policy actions. Food Security, 12(6), 1425-1442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01043-w
  • [2] Rehman, A., Farooq, M., Lee, D. J., & Siddique, K. H. (2022). Sustainable agricultural practices for food security and ecosystem services. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(56), 84076-84095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23635-z
  • [3] Zariman, N. A., Omar, N. A., & Huda, A. N. (2022). Plant attractants and rewards for pollinators: their significant to successful crop pollination. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 5(2), 270-293. https://doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.1069254
  • [4] Adedoja, O. A., Kehinde, T., & Samways, M. J. (2018). Insect-flower interaction networks vary among endemic pollinator taxa over an elevation gradient. PLoS One, 13(11), e0207453. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207453
  • [5] Fufa, D., & Getu, E. (2023). The Hidden World of Insect-Plant Interactions: a review. SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science, 46(3), 356-384. https://doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v46i3.12
  • [6] Decourtye, A., Alaux, C., Le Conte, Y., & Henry, M. (2019). Toward the protection of bees and pollination under global change: present and future perspectives in a challenging applied science. Current opinion in insect science, 35, 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2019.07.008
  • [7] Ahmad, S., Mir, N., Bhat, S., & Singh, J. (2018). High altitude pasturelands of Kashmir Himalaya: Current status, issues and future strategies in a changing climatic scenario. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 27(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/CJAST/2018/40695
  • [8] Nain, M. S., & Chandel, S. S. (2013). Knowledge vis a vis Adoption of Agrithorti System in Doda District of Jammu & Kashmir State. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 49(1&2), 105-109.
  • [9] Riyaz, M. (2022). Butterfly fauna (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in and around Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary, Shopian Kashmir, J&K UT, India. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 15(3), 273-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2022.1207812
  • [10] Rather, Z. A., Ollerton, J., Parey, S. H., Ara, S., Watts, S., Paray, M. A., & Khuroo, A. A. (2023). Plant-pollinator meta-network of the Kashmir Himalaya: Structure, modularity, integration of alien species and extinction simulation. Flora, 298, 152197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2022.152197
  • [11] Dar, S. A., Wani, A. R., & Sofi, M. A. (2018a). Diversity and abundance of insect pollinators of sweet cherry Prunus avium in Kashmir valley. Indian Journal of Entomology, 80(3), 725-736. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2018.00231.6
  • [12] Riyaz, M., Mathew, P., Paulraja, G., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2018). Entomophily of Apple ecosystem in Kashmir valley, India: A review. International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences 5(5), 146-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v5i5.146154
  • [13] Ganie, M. A., Pal, A. K., & Ahmad, N. (2013). Native insect pollinators in apple orchards under different management practices in the Kashmir Valley. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 1(1), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v1i1.29-36.12
  • [14] Akhter, F., Khanday, A. L., & Ahmad, S. T. (2016). Pollination potential: A comparative study of various hymenopteran insects pollinating some economically important crops in Kashmir. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences, 3(9), 50-59. https://doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2016.03.09.007
  • [15] Saini, M. S., Raina, R. H., & Khan, Z. H. (2012). Species Diversity of Bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from Different Mountain Regions of Kashmir Himalayas. Journal of Scientific Research, 4(1), 263-272. https://doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i1.8815
  • [16] Shankar, U., Abrol, D. P., & Singh, A. K. (2017). Plants for bees Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Journal of Palynology, 53, 133-137.
  • [17] Ganai, S. A., Ahmad, H., Sharma, D., Sharma, S., Khaliq, N., & Norboo, T. (2017). Diversity of arthropod fauna associated with marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) in Jammu. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 5(5), 1940-1943.
  • [18] Jamwal, K. S., Jamwal, K. S., & Thakur, M. S. (2019). Diversity, distribution and relative abundance of different insect pollinators on citrus crops. Journal of Entomological Research, 43(4), 513-518. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-4576.2019.00090.2
  • [19] Kumari, P., & Sidhu, A. K. (2020). Diversity of apoidea (Hymenoptera) from Grassland ecosystem of Jammu (UT of Jammu and Kashmir). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 8(4), 424-427.
  • [20] Mondal, A., Abrol, D. P., & Sharma, P. (2022). Diversity of bumblebees under different agro climatic condition of Jammu, India. Environment and Ecology, 40, (4C), 2573-2585.
  • [21] Abrol, D. P., & Chatterjee, D. A. D. (2022). Plant-Pollinator Interaction and Diversity of Megachilid Bees in Different Landscapes of Jammu, India. Journal of Palynology Vol, 58, 15-21.
  • [22] Shankar, U., & Mukhtar, Y. (2022). Diversity and foraging behaviour of pollinators on Sesamum indicum L. Indian Journal of Ecology, 49(5), 1984-1988.
  • [23] Sharma, R. M., & Mitra, B. (2011). A preliminary study on insect pollinators of temperate fruit crops in Himachal Pradesh. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 103-110. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v111/i3/2011/158857
  • [24] Ahmad, F., & Goparaju, L. (2018). Climate change and its impact on forest fire in the state of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand states of India: Remote sensing and GIS analysis. Contemporary Trends in Geoscience, 7(2), 229-246. https://doi.org/10.2478/ctg-2018-0016
  • [25] Chauhan, D. S., Negi, G. C. S., & Joshi, R. (2024). Effect of Honey Bee (Apia cerana) Dominated Insect Pollination on Yield and Quality of Mustard, Buckwheat and Plum in a Central Himalayan Agro-Ecosystem. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 50(4), 543-556. https://doi.org/10.55863/ijees.2024.0069
  • [26] Arya, M. K., & Badoni, A. (2023). Insect Pollinator Assemblage on Temperate Fruits Crops in Kumaun Himalaya. Indian Journal of Entomology, 315-321. https://doi.org/10.55446/IJE.2022.594
  • [27] Luthra, A., Scholar, F. N. S., & Allington, G. (2023). Pollinator Landscapes in the Himalayas. Focus On Geography, 66, 1-1. https://doi.org/10.21690/foge/2023.66.4p
  • [28] Bhusal, D. R. (2020). Insect pollinators, threats for Survival and ecosystem service: an outlook from hindu-kush Himalaya region. Hindu Kush-Himalaya watersheds Downhill: landscape ecology and conservation perspectives, 565-576.
  • [29] Paschapur, A. U., Bhat, S., Subbanna, A. R., Choudhary, G., Hedau, N. K., Mishra, K. K., & Kant, L. (2022). Role of Entomophily and Artificial Pollination in Enhancing Quality and Yield of Seed Onion (L.) in Indian Himalayas. Journal of Apicultural Science, 66(2), 133-147. https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2022-0008
  • [30] Negi, G. C. S. (2022). Trees, forests and people: The Central Himalayan case of forest ecosystem services. Trees, Forests and People, 8, 100222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100222
  • [31] Otto, C. R., O’Dell, S., Bryant, R. B., Euliss Jr, N. H., Bush, R. M., & Smart, M. D. (2017). Using publicly available data to quantify plant–pollinator interactions and evaluate conservation seeding mixes in the northern Great Plains. Environmental entomology, 46(3), 565-578. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvx070
  • [32] Archer, C. R., Pirk, C. W. W., Carvalheiro, L. G., & Nicolson, S. W. (2014). Economic and ecological implications of geographic bias in pollinator ecology in the light of pollinator declines. Oikos, 123(4), 401-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00949.x
  • [33] Pelayo, R. C., Llambí, L. D., Gámez, L. E., Barrios, Y. C., Ramirez, L. A., Torres, J. E., & Cuesta, F. (2021). Plant phenology dynamics and pollination networks in summits of the High Tropical Andes: A baseline for monitoring climate change impacts. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 679045. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.679045
  • [34] Garibaldi, L. A., Carvalheiro, L. G., Leonhardt, S. D., Aizen, M. A., Blaauw, B. R., Isaacs, R., ... & Winfree, R. (2014). From research to action: enhancing crop yield through wild pollinators. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(8), 439-447. https://doi.org/10.1890/130330
  • [35] Stout, J. C., & Dicks, L. V. (2022). From science to society: implementing effective strategies to improve wild pollinator health. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 377(1853), 20210165. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0165

Doda, J&K, HİNDİSTAN'da tozlayıcı dinamiklerinin ve bölgesel farklılıkların araştırılması: zorluklar, izleme ve koruma perspektifleri

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 91 - 102, 15.04.2025

Rohit Rohit , Yogesh Sharma , Shaveta Padha , Anjali Dhar

https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2025.1529938

Abstract

Bu çalışma, biyolojik çeşitlilik ve tozlaşma ekolojisi üzerine sınırlı araştırmalara sahip bir Himalaya bölgesi olan Hindistan'ın Jammu ve Keşmir, Doda bölgesindeki bitki tozlayıcı ağını araştırıyor. Arılar, kelebekler ve böcekler gibi tozlaştırıcılar, ekosistem sağlığı ve tarımsal üretkenlik açısından hayati önem taşıyor; ancak Keşmir Vadisi ve Jammu bölgesinin aksine Doda, tozlayıcı türleri ve etkileşimleri hakkında kapsamlı verilere sahip değil. Keşmir, Himaşal Pradeş ve Uttarakhand gibi benzer bölgelerden bilgiler alan bu araştırma, tozlayıcıların ekolojik rolünü vurguluyor ve Doda'da kapsamlı saha araştırmalarının gerekliliğini vurguluyor. Çalışma, ekolojik, tarımsal ve yerel bilgileri birleştiren disiplinler arası bir yaklaşımı savunuyor; tozlaşmanın tarım üzerindeki etkisini anlamak için ayrıntılı araştırmalar, uzun vadeli izleme ve sosyo-ekonomik çalışmalar öneriyor. Temel verileri toplamak, biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunmasını teşvik etmek ve tarımsal sürdürülebilirliği geliştirmek için araştırmacılar, tarım departmanları ve korumacılar arasında işbirlikçi çabalar çağrısında bulunuyor. Bu çabalar, yerel geçim kaynaklarının desteklenmesi ve Doda'nın benzersiz ekolojik ağlarında gelecekteki araştırma ve koruma girişimleri için bir temel oluşturulması açısından çok önemlidir.

Keywords

tozlayıcı ağları biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunması doda j&k bitki-böcek etkileşimleri tarımsal sürdürülebilirlik çevresel etkiler

Ethical Statement

NA

Project Number

NA

References

  • [1] Porto, R. G., De Almeida, R. F., Cruz-Neto, O., Tabarelli, M., Viana, B. F., Peres, C. A., & Lopes, A. V. (2020). Pollination ecosystem services: A comprehensive review of economic values, research funding and policy actions. Food Security, 12(6), 1425-1442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01043-w
  • [2] Rehman, A., Farooq, M., Lee, D. J., & Siddique, K. H. (2022). Sustainable agricultural practices for food security and ecosystem services. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(56), 84076-84095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23635-z
  • [3] Zariman, N. A., Omar, N. A., & Huda, A. N. (2022). Plant attractants and rewards for pollinators: their significant to successful crop pollination. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 5(2), 270-293. https://doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.1069254
  • [4] Adedoja, O. A., Kehinde, T., & Samways, M. J. (2018). Insect-flower interaction networks vary among endemic pollinator taxa over an elevation gradient. PLoS One, 13(11), e0207453. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207453
  • [5] Fufa, D., & Getu, E. (2023). The Hidden World of Insect-Plant Interactions: a review. SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science, 46(3), 356-384. https://doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v46i3.12
  • [6] Decourtye, A., Alaux, C., Le Conte, Y., & Henry, M. (2019). Toward the protection of bees and pollination under global change: present and future perspectives in a challenging applied science. Current opinion in insect science, 35, 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2019.07.008
  • [7] Ahmad, S., Mir, N., Bhat, S., & Singh, J. (2018). High altitude pasturelands of Kashmir Himalaya: Current status, issues and future strategies in a changing climatic scenario. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 27(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/CJAST/2018/40695
  • [8] Nain, M. S., & Chandel, S. S. (2013). Knowledge vis a vis Adoption of Agrithorti System in Doda District of Jammu & Kashmir State. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 49(1&2), 105-109.
  • [9] Riyaz, M. (2022). Butterfly fauna (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in and around Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary, Shopian Kashmir, J&K UT, India. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 15(3), 273-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2022.1207812
  • [10] Rather, Z. A., Ollerton, J., Parey, S. H., Ara, S., Watts, S., Paray, M. A., & Khuroo, A. A. (2023). Plant-pollinator meta-network of the Kashmir Himalaya: Structure, modularity, integration of alien species and extinction simulation. Flora, 298, 152197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2022.152197
  • [11] Dar, S. A., Wani, A. R., & Sofi, M. A. (2018a). Diversity and abundance of insect pollinators of sweet cherry Prunus avium in Kashmir valley. Indian Journal of Entomology, 80(3), 725-736. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2018.00231.6
  • [12] Riyaz, M., Mathew, P., Paulraja, G., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2018). Entomophily of Apple ecosystem in Kashmir valley, India: A review. International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences 5(5), 146-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v5i5.146154
  • [13] Ganie, M. A., Pal, A. K., & Ahmad, N. (2013). Native insect pollinators in apple orchards under different management practices in the Kashmir Valley. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 1(1), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v1i1.29-36.12
  • [14] Akhter, F., Khanday, A. L., & Ahmad, S. T. (2016). Pollination potential: A comparative study of various hymenopteran insects pollinating some economically important crops in Kashmir. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences, 3(9), 50-59. https://doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2016.03.09.007
  • [15] Saini, M. S., Raina, R. H., & Khan, Z. H. (2012). Species Diversity of Bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from Different Mountain Regions of Kashmir Himalayas. Journal of Scientific Research, 4(1), 263-272. https://doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i1.8815
  • [16] Shankar, U., Abrol, D. P., & Singh, A. K. (2017). Plants for bees Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Journal of Palynology, 53, 133-137.
  • [17] Ganai, S. A., Ahmad, H., Sharma, D., Sharma, S., Khaliq, N., & Norboo, T. (2017). Diversity of arthropod fauna associated with marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) in Jammu. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 5(5), 1940-1943.
  • [18] Jamwal, K. S., Jamwal, K. S., & Thakur, M. S. (2019). Diversity, distribution and relative abundance of different insect pollinators on citrus crops. Journal of Entomological Research, 43(4), 513-518. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-4576.2019.00090.2
  • [19] Kumari, P., & Sidhu, A. K. (2020). Diversity of apoidea (Hymenoptera) from Grassland ecosystem of Jammu (UT of Jammu and Kashmir). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 8(4), 424-427.
  • [20] Mondal, A., Abrol, D. P., & Sharma, P. (2022). Diversity of bumblebees under different agro climatic condition of Jammu, India. Environment and Ecology, 40, (4C), 2573-2585.
  • [21] Abrol, D. P., & Chatterjee, D. A. D. (2022). Plant-Pollinator Interaction and Diversity of Megachilid Bees in Different Landscapes of Jammu, India. Journal of Palynology Vol, 58, 15-21.
  • [22] Shankar, U., & Mukhtar, Y. (2022). Diversity and foraging behaviour of pollinators on Sesamum indicum L. Indian Journal of Ecology, 49(5), 1984-1988.
  • [23] Sharma, R. M., & Mitra, B. (2011). A preliminary study on insect pollinators of temperate fruit crops in Himachal Pradesh. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 103-110. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v111/i3/2011/158857
  • [24] Ahmad, F., & Goparaju, L. (2018). Climate change and its impact on forest fire in the state of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand states of India: Remote sensing and GIS analysis. Contemporary Trends in Geoscience, 7(2), 229-246. https://doi.org/10.2478/ctg-2018-0016
  • [25] Chauhan, D. S., Negi, G. C. S., & Joshi, R. (2024). Effect of Honey Bee (Apia cerana) Dominated Insect Pollination on Yield and Quality of Mustard, Buckwheat and Plum in a Central Himalayan Agro-Ecosystem. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 50(4), 543-556. https://doi.org/10.55863/ijees.2024.0069
  • [26] Arya, M. K., & Badoni, A. (2023). Insect Pollinator Assemblage on Temperate Fruits Crops in Kumaun Himalaya. Indian Journal of Entomology, 315-321. https://doi.org/10.55446/IJE.2022.594
  • [27] Luthra, A., Scholar, F. N. S., & Allington, G. (2023). Pollinator Landscapes in the Himalayas. Focus On Geography, 66, 1-1. https://doi.org/10.21690/foge/2023.66.4p
  • [28] Bhusal, D. R. (2020). Insect pollinators, threats for Survival and ecosystem service: an outlook from hindu-kush Himalaya region. Hindu Kush-Himalaya watersheds Downhill: landscape ecology and conservation perspectives, 565-576.
  • [29] Paschapur, A. U., Bhat, S., Subbanna, A. R., Choudhary, G., Hedau, N. K., Mishra, K. K., & Kant, L. (2022). Role of Entomophily and Artificial Pollination in Enhancing Quality and Yield of Seed Onion (L.) in Indian Himalayas. Journal of Apicultural Science, 66(2), 133-147. https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2022-0008
  • [30] Negi, G. C. S. (2022). Trees, forests and people: The Central Himalayan case of forest ecosystem services. Trees, Forests and People, 8, 100222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100222
  • [31] Otto, C. R., O’Dell, S., Bryant, R. B., Euliss Jr, N. H., Bush, R. M., & Smart, M. D. (2017). Using publicly available data to quantify plant–pollinator interactions and evaluate conservation seeding mixes in the northern Great Plains. Environmental entomology, 46(3), 565-578. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvx070
  • [32] Archer, C. R., Pirk, C. W. W., Carvalheiro, L. G., & Nicolson, S. W. (2014). Economic and ecological implications of geographic bias in pollinator ecology in the light of pollinator declines. Oikos, 123(4), 401-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00949.x
  • [33] Pelayo, R. C., Llambí, L. D., Gámez, L. E., Barrios, Y. C., Ramirez, L. A., Torres, J. E., & Cuesta, F. (2021). Plant phenology dynamics and pollination networks in summits of the High Tropical Andes: A baseline for monitoring climate change impacts. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 679045. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.679045
  • [34] Garibaldi, L. A., Carvalheiro, L. G., Leonhardt, S. D., Aizen, M. A., Blaauw, B. R., Isaacs, R., ... & Winfree, R. (2014). From research to action: enhancing crop yield through wild pollinators. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(8), 439-447. https://doi.org/10.1890/130330
  • [35] Stout, J. C., & Dicks, L. V. (2022). From science to society: implementing effective strategies to improve wild pollinator health. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 377(1853), 20210165. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0165
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Ecology (Other)
Journal Section Review
Authors

Rohit Rohit 0009-0003-9982-3487

Yogesh Sharma 0000-0002-3538-2331

Shaveta Padha 0000-0003-2862-0714

Anjali Dhar 0000-0002-4664-2645

Project Number NA
Submission Date August 20, 2024
Acceptance Date February 8, 2025
Early Pub Date February 24, 2025
Publication Date April 15, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 18 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Rohit, R., Sharma, Y., Padha, S., Dhar, A. (2025). Investigating pollinator dynamics and regional variations in Doda, J&K, INDİA: challenges, montioring and conservation perspectives. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 18(1), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2025.1529938

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. ❖ Publisher: ERSİN YÜCEL (https://www.ersinyucel.com.tr)
❖ This Journal is published three times a year. It is printed in Eskişehir, Türkiye.
❖ The authors are solely responsible for the articles published in this Journal .
❖ Editör-in Chief  : Prof.Dr. Ersin YÜCEL, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8274-7578