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Nano-Teknoloji Destekli Tarım: Grafenin Ekmeklik Buğday (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotiplerinin Gelişimi Üzerine Etkileri

Year 2026, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 46 - 54, 16.02.2026

Murat Olgun , Suat Pat , Murat Ardıç , Okan Sezer

https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2026.1719691
https://izlik.org/JA95PX26MN

Abstract

Nano-Teknoloji Destekli Tarım: Grafenin Ekmeklik Buğday (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotiplerinin Gelişimi Üzerine Etkileri

Murat OLGUN 1, Suat PAT 2, Murat ARDIÇ 3, Okan SEZER *3
ORCID: 0000-0001-6981-4545; 0000-0001-9301-8880; 0000-0001-8734-3038; 0000-0001-7304-1346

1 Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü, 26040 Eskişehir, Türkiye
2 Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Fizik Bölümü, 26040 Eskişehir, Türkiye
3 Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 26040 Eskişehir, Türkiye

Özet
Bu çalışmada, grafen oksit (GO) ile yapılan tohum kaplamasının ekmeklik buğday (Triticum aestivum L.) genotiplerinin morfolojik, fizyolojik ve spektral özellikleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında altı buğday genotipi (Nacibey, Rumeli, KateA, Ekiz, Esperia, Ahmetağa ve Sönmez) kullanılmış ve grafenle kaplanmış tohumlar, kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırılmıştır. Denemeler tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüş ve bitki gelişim parametreleri (kök, gövde ve yaprak özellikleri), spektral indeksler (NDVI, OSAVI, PRI, SIPI) ve SPAD değerleri ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlar, grafen kaplamasının özellikle yaprak yüksekliği, kök ve yaprak ağırlığı gibi morfolojik özelliklerle birlikte SPAD ve NDVI gibi fizyolojik parametreleri anlamlı düzeyde iyileştirdiğini göstermiştir. Spektral indekslerdeki artışlar, bitki sağlığının ve fotosentetik verimliliğin arttığını ortaya koymuştur. Genotipler arasında Ekiz, Sönmez ve Nacibey en yüksek performansı sergilemiş olup, grafen uygulamasında genotiplere özgü yanıtlar gözlemlenmiştir. Örneğin, Ekiz genotipi üstün fotosentetik verimlilik gösterirken, Sönmez genotipi kök ve yaprak ağırlığı açısından belirgin avantajlar sağlamıştır. Çalışma, grafeni tarımda verim ve bitki sağlığını artırma potansiyeline sahip yenilikçi bir yaklaşım olarak ön plana çıkarmakta; ancak en uygun dozajın ve genotip seçiminin kritik önemini vurgulamaktadır. Gelecek araştırmalar, grafenin farklı çevresel koşullardaki etkilerini ve sürdürülebilir tarım uygulamalarına entegrasyonunu incelemelidir.

Anahtar kelimeler: grafen oksit, tohum kaplama, buğday genotipleri, spektral indeksler

Keywords

grafen oksit tohum kaplama buğday genotipleri spektral indeksler

References

  • [1] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2023). World food and agriculture: Statistical yearbook 2023. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc8166en
  • [2] Shewry, P.R. & Hey, S.J. (2015). The contribution of wheat to human diet and health. Food and Energy Security, 4(3), 178–202. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.64
  • [3] Porter, J.R. & Gawith, M. (1999). Temperatures and the growth and development of wheat: A review. European Journal of Agronomy, 10(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(98)00047-1
  • [4] Crossa, J., Pérez-Rodríguez, P., Cuevas, J., Montesinos-López, O., Jarquín, D., de los Campos, G. & Gianola, D. (2017). Genomic selection in plant breeding: Methods, models, and perspectives. Trends in Plant Science, 22(11), 961–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2017.08.011
  • [5] Reynolds, M.P., Pask, A.J.D. & Mullan, D.M. (2012). Physiological breeding I: Interdisciplinary approaches to improve crop adaptation. CIMMYT.
  • [6] Ren, W., Chang, H., Li, L. & Teng, Y. (2020). Effect of graphene oxide on growth of wheat seedlings: Insights from oxidative stress and physiological flux. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 105, 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02888-9
  • [7] Zhao, L., Wang, W., Fu, X., Liu, A., Cao, J. & Liu, J. (2022). Graphene oxide, a novel nanomaterial as soil water retention agent, dramatically enhances drought stress tolerance in soybean plants. Frontiers in plant science, 13, 810905. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.810905
  • [8] Chen, J., Yang, L., Li, S. & Ding, W. (2018). Various physiological response to graphene oxide and amine-functionalized graphene oxide in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Molecules, 23(5), 1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051104
  • [9] Li, X., Mu, L., Li, D., Ouyang, S., He, C. & Hu, X. (2018). Effects of the size and oxidation of graphene oxide on crop quality and specific molecular pathways. Carbon, 140, 352–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.08.063
  • [10] Monostori, I., Heilmann, M., Kocsy, G., Rakszegi, M., Ahres, M., Altenbach, S.B., ... & Darko, É. (2018). LED lighting–modification of growth, metabolism, yield and flour composition in wheat by spectral quality and intensity. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 605. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00605
  • [11] Ibrahim, M. I. M., Awad, E. S. A. M., Dahdouh, S. M. M., & El-Etr, W. M. T. (2025). Graphene Oxide Effect on the Wheat Plant (Triticum aestivum) under Different Application and Concentration Techniques. Asian Soil Research Journal, 9(4), 38–54.
  • [12] Poorter, H., Niklas, K.J., Reich, P.B., Oleksyn, J., Poot, P. & Mommer, L. (2012). Biomass allocation to leaves, stems and roots: meta‐analyses of interspecific variation and environmental control. New phytologist, 193(1), 30–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03952.x
  • [13] Tucker, C.J. (1979). Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation. Remote Sensing of Environment, 8(2), 127–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(79)90013-0
  • [14] Mulla, D.J. (2013). Twenty-five years of remote sensing in precision agriculture: Key advances and remaining knowledge gaps. Biosystems Engineering, 114(4), 358–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2012.08.009
  • [15] Gamon, J., Serrano, L. & Surfus, J S. (1997). The photochemical reflectance index: an optical indicator of photosynthetic radiation use efficiency across species, functional types, and nutrient levels. Oecologia, 112, 492–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050337
  • [16] Sims, D.A. & Gamon, J.A. (2002). Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and developmental stages. Remote sensing of environment, 81(2-3), 337–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00010-X
  • [17] Maiti, D. & Das, D.K. (2006). Management of nitrogen through the use of Leaf Colour Chart (LCC) and Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) in wheat under irrigated ecosystem: (Stickstoffbemessung mittels Blattfärbungstabelle (LCC) und analyse der Boden-Pflanze Entwicklung (SPAD) in Bewässerungs-Weizen Ökosystemen). Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 52(1), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340500460875
  • [18] Halmer, P. (2008). Seed technology and seed enhancement. In B. A. Whitaker & R. A. C. Jones (Eds.), Encyclopedia of applied plant sciences (pp. 132–142). Elsevier.
  • [19] Taylor, A.G., Allen, P.S., Bennett, M.A., Bradford, K.J., Burris, J.S. & Misra, M.K. (1998). Seed enhancements. Seed Science Research, 8(2), 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960258500004141
  • [20] Beeri, O. & Peled, A. (2006). Spectral indices for precise agriculture monitoring. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27(10), 2039-2047. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160612331392950
  • [21] Chaves, M.M., Flexas, J, & Pinheiro, C. (2009). Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: Regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell. Annals of Botany, 103(4), 551–560. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcn125
  • [22] Mo, Q., Wang, W., Chen, Y., Peng, Z. & Zhou, Q. (2020). Response of foliar functional traits to experimental N and P addition among overstory and understory species in a tropical secondary forest. Global Ecology and Conservation, 23, e01109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01109
  • [23] Jolliffe, I. T. & Cadima, J. (2016). Principal component analysis: A review and recent developments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 374(2065), 20150202. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0202
  • [24] Ali, S., Shah, S.A., Hassnain, A., Shah, Z. & Munir, I. (2007). Genotypic variation for yield and morphological traits in wheat. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 23(4), 943.
  • [25] Uddling, J., Gelang-Alfredsson, J., Piikki, K. & Pleijel, H. (2007). Evaluating the relationship between leaf chlorophyll concentration and SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter readings. Photosynthesis Research, 91(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-006-9077-5

Nano-enabled agriculture: effects of graphene on the development of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes

Year 2026, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 46 - 54, 16.02.2026

Murat Olgun , Suat Pat , Murat Ardıç , Okan Sezer

https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2026.1719691
https://izlik.org/JA95PX26MN

Abstract

Nano-enabled agriculture: effects of graphene on the development of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes

Murat OLGUN 1, Suat PAT 2, Murat ARDIÇ 3, Okan SEZER *3
ORCID: 0000-0001-6981-4545; 0000-0001-9301-8880; 0000-0001-8734-3038; 0000-0001-7304-1346

1 Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Agricultural Faculty, Field Crop Department, 26040 Eskişehir, Türkiye
2 Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, 26040 Eskişehir, Türkiye
3 Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 26040 Eskişehir, Türkiye

Abstract
This study investigates the effects of graphene oxide (GO) seed coating on the morphological, physiological, and spectral characteristics of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. Six wheat genotypes (Nacibey, Rumeli, KateA, Ekiz, Esperia, Ahmetağa, and Sönmez) were used, comparing graphene-coated seeds with a control group. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications, measuring plant growth parameters (root, stem, and leaf traits) as well as spectral indices (NDVI, OSAVI, PRI, SIPI) and SPAD values. The results demonstrated that graphene coating significantly improved morphological traits, particularly leaf height, root and leaf weight, as well as physiological parameters such as SPAD and NDVI. Increases in spectral indices indicated enhanced plant health and photosynthetic efficiency. Among the genotypes, Ekiz, Sönmez, and Nacibey showed the highest performance, with genotype-specific responses to graphene application. For instance, the Ekiz genotype exhibited superior photosynthetic efficiency, while Sönmez displayed notable advantages in root and leaf weight. The study highlights graphene as an innovative approach to improving crop yield and plant health in agriculture but emphasizes the critical importance of optimal dosage and genotype selection. Future research should explore the effects of graphene under different environmental conditions and its integration into sustainable farming practices.

Keywords: graphene oxide, seed coating, wheat genotypes, spectral indices

Keywords

graphene oxide seed coating wheat genotypes spectral indices

References

  • [1] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2023). World food and agriculture: Statistical yearbook 2023. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc8166en
  • [2] Shewry, P.R. & Hey, S.J. (2015). The contribution of wheat to human diet and health. Food and Energy Security, 4(3), 178–202. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.64
  • [3] Porter, J.R. & Gawith, M. (1999). Temperatures and the growth and development of wheat: A review. European Journal of Agronomy, 10(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(98)00047-1
  • [4] Crossa, J., Pérez-Rodríguez, P., Cuevas, J., Montesinos-López, O., Jarquín, D., de los Campos, G. & Gianola, D. (2017). Genomic selection in plant breeding: Methods, models, and perspectives. Trends in Plant Science, 22(11), 961–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2017.08.011
  • [5] Reynolds, M.P., Pask, A.J.D. & Mullan, D.M. (2012). Physiological breeding I: Interdisciplinary approaches to improve crop adaptation. CIMMYT.
  • [6] Ren, W., Chang, H., Li, L. & Teng, Y. (2020). Effect of graphene oxide on growth of wheat seedlings: Insights from oxidative stress and physiological flux. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 105, 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02888-9
  • [7] Zhao, L., Wang, W., Fu, X., Liu, A., Cao, J. & Liu, J. (2022). Graphene oxide, a novel nanomaterial as soil water retention agent, dramatically enhances drought stress tolerance in soybean plants. Frontiers in plant science, 13, 810905. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.810905
  • [8] Chen, J., Yang, L., Li, S. & Ding, W. (2018). Various physiological response to graphene oxide and amine-functionalized graphene oxide in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Molecules, 23(5), 1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051104
  • [9] Li, X., Mu, L., Li, D., Ouyang, S., He, C. & Hu, X. (2018). Effects of the size and oxidation of graphene oxide on crop quality and specific molecular pathways. Carbon, 140, 352–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.08.063
  • [10] Monostori, I., Heilmann, M., Kocsy, G., Rakszegi, M., Ahres, M., Altenbach, S.B., ... & Darko, É. (2018). LED lighting–modification of growth, metabolism, yield and flour composition in wheat by spectral quality and intensity. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 605. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00605
  • [11] Ibrahim, M. I. M., Awad, E. S. A. M., Dahdouh, S. M. M., & El-Etr, W. M. T. (2025). Graphene Oxide Effect on the Wheat Plant (Triticum aestivum) under Different Application and Concentration Techniques. Asian Soil Research Journal, 9(4), 38–54.
  • [12] Poorter, H., Niklas, K.J., Reich, P.B., Oleksyn, J., Poot, P. & Mommer, L. (2012). Biomass allocation to leaves, stems and roots: meta‐analyses of interspecific variation and environmental control. New phytologist, 193(1), 30–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03952.x
  • [13] Tucker, C.J. (1979). Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation. Remote Sensing of Environment, 8(2), 127–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(79)90013-0
  • [14] Mulla, D.J. (2013). Twenty-five years of remote sensing in precision agriculture: Key advances and remaining knowledge gaps. Biosystems Engineering, 114(4), 358–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2012.08.009
  • [15] Gamon, J., Serrano, L. & Surfus, J S. (1997). The photochemical reflectance index: an optical indicator of photosynthetic radiation use efficiency across species, functional types, and nutrient levels. Oecologia, 112, 492–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050337
  • [16] Sims, D.A. & Gamon, J.A. (2002). Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and developmental stages. Remote sensing of environment, 81(2-3), 337–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00010-X
  • [17] Maiti, D. & Das, D.K. (2006). Management of nitrogen through the use of Leaf Colour Chart (LCC) and Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) in wheat under irrigated ecosystem: (Stickstoffbemessung mittels Blattfärbungstabelle (LCC) und analyse der Boden-Pflanze Entwicklung (SPAD) in Bewässerungs-Weizen Ökosystemen). Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 52(1), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340500460875
  • [18] Halmer, P. (2008). Seed technology and seed enhancement. In B. A. Whitaker & R. A. C. Jones (Eds.), Encyclopedia of applied plant sciences (pp. 132–142). Elsevier.
  • [19] Taylor, A.G., Allen, P.S., Bennett, M.A., Bradford, K.J., Burris, J.S. & Misra, M.K. (1998). Seed enhancements. Seed Science Research, 8(2), 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960258500004141
  • [20] Beeri, O. & Peled, A. (2006). Spectral indices for precise agriculture monitoring. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27(10), 2039-2047. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160612331392950
  • [21] Chaves, M.M., Flexas, J, & Pinheiro, C. (2009). Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: Regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell. Annals of Botany, 103(4), 551–560. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcn125
  • [22] Mo, Q., Wang, W., Chen, Y., Peng, Z. & Zhou, Q. (2020). Response of foliar functional traits to experimental N and P addition among overstory and understory species in a tropical secondary forest. Global Ecology and Conservation, 23, e01109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01109
  • [23] Jolliffe, I. T. & Cadima, J. (2016). Principal component analysis: A review and recent developments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 374(2065), 20150202. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0202
  • [24] Ali, S., Shah, S.A., Hassnain, A., Shah, Z. & Munir, I. (2007). Genotypic variation for yield and morphological traits in wheat. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 23(4), 943.
  • [25] Uddling, J., Gelang-Alfredsson, J., Piikki, K. & Pleijel, H. (2007). Evaluating the relationship between leaf chlorophyll concentration and SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter readings. Photosynthesis Research, 91(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-006-9077-5
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Botany (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Murat Olgun 0000-0001-6981-4545

Suat Pat 0000-0001-9301-8880

Murat Ardıç 0000-0001-8734-3038

Okan Sezer 0000-0001-7304-1346

Submission Date June 14, 2025
Acceptance Date November 15, 2025
Publication Date February 16, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2026.1719691
IZ https://izlik.org/JA95PX26MN
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 19 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Olgun, M., Pat, S., Ardıç, M., & Sezer, O. (2026). Nano-enabled agriculture: effects of graphene on the development of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 19(1), 46-54. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2026.1719691

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