Research Article

Burn severity, vegetation degradation, and carbon storage loss in the Belemedik forest fire: implications for protected area management and post-fire restoration

Volume: 19 Number: 3 September 15, 2026
EN TR

Burn severity, vegetation degradation, and carbon storage loss in the Belemedik forest fire: implications for protected area management and post-fire restoration

Abstract

Purpose: This study evaluates the ecological impacts of the 9 September 2020 forest fire in the Kaleboynu area of Eskikonacık Neighborhood, Pozantı District, Adana Province, on the Çakıt Stream micro-watershed, which partially overlaps with Belemedik Nature Park. Using an integrated remote sensing approach, it assesses fire-induced changes in burn severity, vegetation structure, and carbon storage capacity to support post-fire restoration planning in a protected Mediterranean ecosystem. Methods: The study was conducted within the 9,783.06-ha Çakıt Stream micro-watershed. Cloud-free Sentinel-2A MSI Level-2A imagery acquired before (05.09.2020) and after the fire (15.09.2020) was used to calculate the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR), Differenced NBR (dNBR), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Carbon storage was estimated using a nonlinear regression model relating NDVI to pixel-level carbon content. Spatial analyses were performed in ArcGIS 10.8. Findings: dNBR analysis showed that 92.49% (9,049.16 ha) of the watershed remained unburned or unchanged, while 725.92 ha was affected to varying degrees. NDVI results revealed losses of 330.65 ha of tree cover and 96.09 ha of shrub/grassland vegetation, accompanied by a 426.74 ha increase in bare surfaces. Total carbon storage declined from 105,465.71 tC to 105,450.25 tC, representing a loss of 15.46 tC (56.69 t CO₂e), primarily concentrated on forested slopes surrounding the Çakıt Stream valley. Conclusions: Although the wildfire affected only a limited portion of the watershed, it caused substantial biomass losses, disrupted vegetation continuity, and reduced carbon sequestration capacity. The concentration of damage on steep slopes indicates increased risks of erosion and surface runoff. Erosion control, restoration with pioneer and fire-adapted native species, and long-term remote sensing monitoring are recommended to support ecosystem recovery, restore habitat connectivity, and sustain ecosystem services.

Keywords

References

  1. [1] Yılmaz, O. S., Oruç, M. S., Ateş, A. M., & Gülgen, F. (2021). Orman Yangın Şiddetinin Google Earth Engine ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kullanarak Analizi: Hatay-Belen Örneği. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 11(2), 1519-1532. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.817900
  2. [2] Ibrahim, S., Köse, M., Adamu, B., & Jega, I. M. (2025). Remote sensing for assessing the impact of forest fire severity on ecological and socio-economic activities in Kozan District, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 15, 342–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-024-00951-z
  3. [3] Mayer, M., Prescott, C. E., Abaker, W. E. A., Augusto, L., Cécillon, L., Ferreira, G. W. D., Vesterdal, L. (2020). Tamm review: Influence of forest management activities on soil organic carbon stocks: A knowledge synthesis. Forest Ecology and Management, 466, p. 118127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118127
  4. [4] Veraverbeke, S., Gitas, I., Katagis, T., Polychronaki, A., Somers, B., Goossens, R. (2012). Assessing post-fire vegetation recovery using red-near infrared vegetation indices: Accounting for background and vegetation variability. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 68, 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2011.12.007
  5. [5] Bright, B. C., Hudak, A. T., Kennedy, R. E., Braaten, J., & Khalyani, A. H. (2019). Examining post-fire vegetation recovery with Landsat time series analysis in three western North American forest types. Fire Ecology, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-018-0021-9
  6. [6] Stevens‐Rumann, C. S., & Morgan, P. (2019). Tree regeneration following wildfires in the western US: a review. Fire Ecology, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-019-0032-1
  7. [7] Mantero, G., Morresi, D., Negri, S., Anselmetto, N., Lingua, E., Bonifacio, E., Garbarino, M., & Marzano, R. (2023). Short-term drivers of post-fire forest regeneration in the Western Alps. Fire Ecology, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-023-00182-7
  8. [8] Lentile, L. B., Holden, Z. A., Smith, A. M. S., Falkowski, M. J., Hudak, A. T., Morgan, P., Lewis, S. A., Gessler, P. E., & Benson, N. (2006). Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 15(3), 319-345. https://doi.org/10.1071/wf05097

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Conservation and Biodiversity, Forest Ecosystems

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 15, 2026

Submission Date

July 23, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 26, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 19 Number: 3

APA
Yıldız, N. E., Kahveci, B., & Ezer, T. (2026). Burn severity, vegetation degradation, and carbon storage loss in the Belemedik forest fire: implications for protected area management and post-fire restoration. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 19(3), 290-303. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2026.2000016
AMA
1.Yıldız NE, Kahveci B, Ezer T. Burn severity, vegetation degradation, and carbon storage loss in the Belemedik forest fire: implications for protected area management and post-fire restoration. BioDiCon. 2026;19(3):290-303. doi:10.46309/biodicon.2026.2000016
Chicago
Yıldız, Nuriye Ebru, Barış Kahveci, and Tülay Ezer. 2026. “Burn Severity, Vegetation Degradation, and Carbon Storage Loss in the Belemedik Forest Fire: Implications for Protected Area Management and Post-Fire Restoration”. Biological Diversity and Conservation 19 (3): 290-303. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2026.2000016.
EndNote
Yıldız NE, Kahveci B, Ezer T (September 1, 2026) Burn severity, vegetation degradation, and carbon storage loss in the Belemedik forest fire: implications for protected area management and post-fire restoration. Biological Diversity and Conservation 19 3 290–303.
IEEE
[1]N. E. Yıldız, B. Kahveci, and T. Ezer, “Burn severity, vegetation degradation, and carbon storage loss in the Belemedik forest fire: implications for protected area management and post-fire restoration”, BioDiCon, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 290–303, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.46309/biodicon.2026.2000016.
ISNAD
Yıldız, Nuriye Ebru - Kahveci, Barış - Ezer, Tülay. “Burn Severity, Vegetation Degradation, and Carbon Storage Loss in the Belemedik Forest Fire: Implications for Protected Area Management and Post-Fire Restoration”. Biological Diversity and Conservation 19/3 (September 1, 2026): 290-303. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2026.2000016.
JAMA
1.Yıldız NE, Kahveci B, Ezer T. Burn severity, vegetation degradation, and carbon storage loss in the Belemedik forest fire: implications for protected area management and post-fire restoration. BioDiCon. 2026;19:290–303.
MLA
Yıldız, Nuriye Ebru, et al. “Burn Severity, Vegetation Degradation, and Carbon Storage Loss in the Belemedik Forest Fire: Implications for Protected Area Management and Post-Fire Restoration”. Biological Diversity and Conservation, vol. 19, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 290-03, doi:10.46309/biodicon.2026.2000016.
Vancouver
1.Nuriye Ebru Yıldız, Barış Kahveci, Tülay Ezer. Burn severity, vegetation degradation, and carbon storage loss in the Belemedik forest fire: implications for protected area management and post-fire restoration. BioDiCon. 2026 Sep. 1;19(3):290-303. doi:10.46309/biodicon.2026.2000016

❖  Biological Diversity and Conservation  is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes high-quality scientific research in biodiversity, conservation biology, ecology, life sciences, environmental sciences, and related health sciences.

❖  The journal is committed to maintaining the highest standards of publication ethics and follows the principles and guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

❖  All articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License.

❖  Only manuscripts written in clear and grammatically correct English are accepted.

❖   There is no article processing charge (APC).

❖  Indexes: Additional Web of Science Indexes: Zoological Record, TR Dizin, Medical Reads (RRS), CrossRef;10.46309/biodicon.



❖  Editorial Office

Biological Diversity and Conservation (BioDiCon)

Sazova Mahallesi, Ziraat Caddesi, No.277, F Blok, 26005 Tepebaşı-Eskişehir, Türkiye

Email: info@biodicon.com; biodicon@gmail.com

 Editor-in-Chief: Prof.Dr. Ersin YÜCEL (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8274-7578)

Website: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/biodicon; http://www.biodicon.com

❖ Publication Start Date 2008 
❖Publisher: ERSİN YÜCEL (Publisher ID: F2600000047; DergiPark ID: 2067)