Bursa İlindeki Quercus pubescens Willd. üzerindeki epifitik liken çeşitliliği

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, şehir ya da köy merkezinde ve merkezden uzakta bulunan Quercus pubescens üzerindeki epifitik liken çeşitliliğini karşılaştırmaktır. Kentin veya köyün merkezinde bulunan ve merkezden uzakta bulunan yerleşim yerlerinin tür çeşitliliğine dayanan koordinasyon grafiği, DCA analizi ile elde edildi. Q. pubescens üzerindeki epifitik likenlerin tür çeşitliliği ve bileşiminin yapısı Bursa şehir merkezinde ve Karacabey ovasındaki köy merkezinde bulunanlar ile çevre bölgelerde bulunanlar arasındaki farklar TWINSPAN programı kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Bu çalışmada Quercus pubescens üzerinden toplam 28 epifitik liken türü bulunmuştur. Eopyrenula leucoplaca çalışma alanındaki tüm lokalitelerde bulunmuştur. Diğer yaygın türler ise Hyperphyscia adglutinata, Physconia grisea ve Xanthoria parietina’dır. Quercus pubescens üzerindeki epifitik liken çeşitliliğinin, Bursa şehir merkezindeki ve Karacabey Ovası'ndaki köy merkezlerinden, Bursa şehir merkezindeki ve Karacabey Ovası'ndaki çevre bölgelerdeki yerlere göre değiştiği bulunmuştur.

Keywords

• epifitik liken
• biyoçeşitlilik
• Quercus pubescens
• Bursa
• Türkiye

Epiphytic lichen diversity on Quercus pubescens Willd. in Bursa province

Abstract

The aim of this study is determined to compare the epiphytic lichen diversity of Quercus pubescens found in the center of the city or village, and away from the center. The ordination graph based on the settlements of species diversity located in the center of the city or village and away from the center were obtained with a detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). Differences in the species diversity and composition of the epiphytic lichens on Q. pubescens in the center of the city or village, and away from the center were evaluated using the TWINSPAN program. In this study, a total of 28 epiphytic lichen species were found on the Quercus pubescens. Eopyrenula leucoplaca was found in all the localities in the study area. The other common species were Hyperphyscia adglutinata, Physconia grisea and Xanthoria parietina. The epiphytic lichen diversity on Q. pubescens obtained from the localities in Bursa city center, and village center from Karacabey Plain comparative to the localities in the peripheral zone of Bursa city center and Karacabey Plain has shown variations.

Keywords

• epiphytic lichen
• biodiversity
• Quercus pubescens
• Bursa
• Turkey

References

1. Pasta, S., de Rigo, D., & Caudullo, G. (2016). Quercus pubescens in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In: J. San-MiguelAyanz, D. de Rigo, G. Caudullo, T. Houston Durrant, & A. Mauri (Eds.), European Atlas of Forest Tree Species (pp.156-157). Luxembourg: Publ. Off. EU.
2. Öztürk, S. (2013). The diagnosis and diagnostic manual of Turkey oak. Ankara: Forestry and Water Affairs Ministry, General Directorate of Forestry, Department of Forest Pests Combating Presidency.
3. Gül, M., & Güvenç, Ş. (2016). Lichenized fungi of Karadağ Mountain (Karacabey-Bursa). J Biol Environ Sci, 10(29), 89-99.
4. Güvenç, Ş. (2018). Two lichenized fungi (Bactrospora corticola, Pycnora sorophora) from Bursa province new to Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 11(3), 145-148.
5. Loppi, S., Pirintsos, S. A, Olivieri, N., & Pacioni, G. (1999). Distribution of epiphytic lichens on Quercus pubescens along an altitudinal gradient on the Adriatic side of Central Italy. Studia Geobotanica, 17, 85-90.
6. Loppi, S., Pirintsos, S. A, Sforzf, B., & De Dominicis, V. (1998). Effects of climate and agriculture on epiphytic lichen vegetation in the mediterranean area (Tuscany, Central Italy). Acta Bot Croat, 55/56, 17-27.
7. Svoboda, D., Peksa, O., & Veselá, J. (2010). Epiphytic lichen diversity in central European oak forests: Assessment of the effects of natural environmental factors and human influences. Environ Pollut, 158, 812–819 . https://doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.001
8. Öztürk, M.Z. (2010). Comparative climate of Uludağ (Zirve) and Bursa Meteorology Stations. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 55, 13-24.

9. Climate data of Bandırma, Mudanya and Karacabey (Period of 1987-2012). Ankara, TR: Turkish State Meteorological Service.
10. Asta, J., Erhardt, W., Ferretti, M., Fornasier, F., Kirschbaum, U., Nimis, P. L., … Wirth, V. (2002). Mapping lichen diversity as an indicator of environmental quality. In: P. L. Nimis, C. Scheidegger, & P. A. Wolseley (Eds.), Monitoring with Lichens- Monitoring Lichens, (Vol. VII, pp. 273-279). The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
11. Smith, C. W., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B. J., Fletcher, A., Gilbert, O. L., James, P. W., & Wolseley, P.A. (Eds.) (2009). The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. London, UK: British Lichen Society. [ Wirth, V., Hauck, M., & Schultz, M. (2013). Die Flechten Deutschlands, Stuttgart,GR: Ulmer.
12. Ter Braak, C. J. F. (1995). Ordination. In: R. H. G. Jongman, C. J. F. ter Braak, & O. F. R. van Tongeren (Eds.), Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology, (pp. 91-173), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
13. Hill, M. O., & Šmilauer, P. (2005). TWINSPAN for Windows version 2.3. Czech Republic: Huntingdon & Ceske Budejovice.
14. Oran, S., & Öztürk, Ş. (2011). The diversity of lichen and lichenicolous fungi on Quercus taxa found in the Marmara region (Turkey). Biological Diversity and Conservation, 4(2), 204-223.
15. Güvenç, Ş. (2017). Detection of the environmental quality of Bursa Province (Turkey) with epiphytic lichen diversity. J Environ Prot Ecol, 18(4), 1481-1487.
16. Garrido-Benavent, I., Llop, E., & Gómez-Bolea, A. (2015). The effect of agriculture management and fire on epiphytic lichens on holm oak trees in the eastern Iberian Peninsula. Lichenol, 47, 59–68. . https://doi: 10.1017/S002428291400053X
17. Wolseley, P. A., James, P. W., Theobald, M. R., & Sutton, M. A. (2006). Detecting changes in epiphytic lichen communities at sites affected by atmospheric ammonia from agricultural sources. Lichenol, 38, 161-176. . https://doi: 10.1017/S0024282905005487
18. Davies, L., Bates, J. W., Bell, J. N. B., James, P. W., & Purvis, O. W. (2007). Diversity and sensitivity of epiphytes to oxides of nitrogen in London. Environ Pollut, 146, 299–310. https://doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.023
19. Larsen, R. S., Bell, J. N. B., James, P. W., Chimonides, P. J., Rumsey, F. J., Tremper, A., & Purvis, O. W. (2007). Lichen and bryophyte distribution on oak in London in relation to air pollution and bark acidity. Environ Pollut, 146, 332–340. . https://doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.033
20. Paoli, L., Guttová, A., & Loppi, S. (2006). Assessment of environmental quality by the diversity of epiphytic lichens in a semi-arid mediterranean area (Val Basento, South Italy). Biologia, 61, 353–359. . https://doi: 10.2478/s11756-006-0064-2
21. Munzi, S., Ravera, S., & Caneva, G. (2007). Epiphytic lichens as indicators of environmental quality in Rome. Environ Pollut, 146, 350–358. . https://doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.042
22. Conti, M. E., & Cecchetti, G. (2001). Biological monitoring: lichens as bioindicators of air pollution assessment - A review. Environ Pollut, 114, 471–492. . https://doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00224-4
23. Nimis, P. L., & Martellos, S. (2018). ITALIC - The Information System on Italian Lichens (Version 5.0). Retrieved from http://dryades.units.it/italic