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The effect of Cuscuta babylonica Aucher Cuscuta parasitism on the phenolic contents of Alhagi maurorum

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 143 - 148, 01.01.2018

Öz

Parasitic plants are restrict the lives of earth plants. Cuscuta species are holoparasitic plants without leaves or roots. Water and nutrients are transferred through the haustorium from the vascular system of the host into the parasite. Parasitic plants are affected by host plant physiology because of similar hormonal pathways between parasite and host plants. Host plant secretes various phenolic compounds, as a response to parasitic plant. Alhagi, a plant genus from family Fabaceae, is widely distributed in many countries of Asia, Australia ve Europe. Abroad range of biological activities such as antioxidant, cardiovascular, antiulcer, antidiarrheal, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, antibacterial ve antifungal have been ascribed to different parts of Alhagi. In this study it is determined that the infection of Cuscuta babylonica Aucher Cuscutaceae on the phenolic compound changes of Alhagi maurorum by LC-MS/MS anlysis. As our results, it is revealed that the Cuscuta infection lead to an important increasing on the amount of chlorogenic acid 67.64 fold , apigenin 23.18 fold and quercetin 6.75 fold , besides improved the amount of hiperoside 3.94 fold , naringenin 2.92 , p-cumaric acid 2.28 fold , quinic acid 2.08 fold , coumarin 1.74 fold , trcafeic acid 1.61 fold , salicylic acid 1.40 fold , 4-OH benzoic acid 1.36 fold , malic acid 1.109 fold ve hesperidin 1.08 fold . The amount of kaemferol 5.04 fold , gallic acid 2.58 fold , vanillin 1.54 fold , tr-akonitic acid 2.41 fold , tannic acid 2.11 fold , rosmarinic acid 1.88 fold , and rutin 1.044 fold decreased when it is observed an significant decline the amount of protocatecholic acid 36.34 fold . Hesperetin is found only infected samples

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, S., Riaz, N., Saleem, M., Jabbar, A., Nisar-Ur-Rehman, Ashraf, M. (2010). Antioxidant flavonoids from Alhagi maurorum. Journal of Asian natural products research, 12(2), 138-143.
  • Ahmad, S., Ahmad, I., Saleem, M., Jabbar, A., Nisar-Ur-Rehman, Saeed-Ul-Hassan, S., Choudhary, M.I. (2009). Secondary metabolites from Alhagi maurorum. Journal of The Chemical Society of Pakistan, 31(6), 960-963.
  • Awaad Amani, A.S., Maitland, D.J., Soliman, G.A. (2006). Antiulcerogenic Activity of Alhagi maurorum. Pharmaceutical biology, 44(4), 292-296.
  • Akan, H., Aydogdu, M., Korkut, M.M, Balos, M.M. (2013). An ethnobotanical research of the Kalecik mountain area (Şanlıurfa, South-East Anatolia). Biological Diversity and Conservation, 6(2), 84-90.
  • Badshah, L., Hussain, F. (2011). People preferences and use of local medicinal flora in District Tank, Pakistan. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(1), 22-29.
  • Brown, D. (1995). Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Indersley: London; 20.
  • Clé, C., Hill, L. M., Niggeweg, R., Martin, C. R., Guisez, Y., Prinsen, E., Jansen, M. A. (2008). Modulation of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in Solanum lycopersicum; consequences for phenolic accumulation and UV-tolerance. Phytochemistry, 69(11), 2149-2156.
  • Costa, P., Gonçalves, S., Valentão, P., Andrade, P. B., Coelho, N., Romano, A. (2012). Thymus lotocephalus wild plants and in vitro cultures produce different profiles of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Food chemistry, 135(3), 1253-1260.
  • Dangl, J.L., Jones, J.D.G. (2001). Plant pathogens and integrated defence responses to infection. Nature, 411, 826–833
  • Erdoğan Orhan, I., Atasu, E., Senol, F. S., Ozturk, N., Demirci, B., Das, K., Sekeroglu, N. (2013). Comparative studies on Turkish and Indian Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (gotu kola) samples for their enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant effects and phytochemical characterization. Industrial Crops and Products, 47, 316-322.
  • Ertaş, A., Boğa, M., Yilmaz, M.A., Yeşil, Y., Haşimi, N., Kaya, M.S., Kolak, U. (2014). Chemical compositions by using LC- MS/MS and GC-MS and biological activities of Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 62(20), 4601-4609.
  • Furuhashi, T., Fragner, L., Furuhashi, K., Valledor, L., Sun, X., Weckwerth, W. (2012). Metabolite changes with induction of Cuscuta haustorium and translocation from host plants. Journal of Plant Interactions, 7(1), 84-93.
  • Guijie, Z., Ning, L., Yuanjun, X., Makhabel, B., Jinhui, W., Xian, L., Xiaoguang, J. (2010). Isolation and identification of chemical constituents of aerial parts of Alhagi pseudalhagi (MB). Modern Chinese Medicine, 5, 007.
  • Jwa, N.S., Agrawal, G.K., Tamogami, S., Yonekura, M., Han, O., Iwahashi, H., Rakwal, R. (2006). Role of defense/stress-related marker genes, proteins and secondary metabolites in defining rice self-defense mechanisms. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 44(5), 261-273.
  • Kadıoğlu, İ. (1992). Küsküt (Cuscuta spp.) ve mücadelesi. Herboloji Haberleri, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bitki Koruma Bölümü, 3 (5), 1-11.
  • Khan, F. M. (2009). Ethno-veterinary medicinal usage of flora of greater Cholistan desert (Pakistan). Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 29(2), 75-80.
  • Kouchmeshky, A., Jameie, S.B., Amin, G., Ziai, S.A. (2012). Investigation of Angiotensin-convertings enzyme inhibitory effects of medicinal plants used in traditional Persian medicine for treatment of hypertension: screening study.Thrita, 1(1), 13-23.
  • Kumar, S., Pandey, A. K. (2013). Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 162750
  • Kvasnička, F., Čopíková, J., Ševčík, R., Krátká, J., Syntytsia, A., Voldřich, M. (2008). Determination of phenolic acids by capillary zone electrophoresis and HPLC. Central European Journal of Chemistry, 6(3), 410-418.
  • Laghari, A. H., Ali Memon, A., Memon, S., Nelofar, A., Khan, K. M., Yasmin, A. (2012). Determination of free phenolic acids and antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts obtained from leaves and flowers of camel thorn (Alhagi maurorum). Natural product research, 26(2), 173-176.
  • Laghari, A.H., Memon, S., Nelofar, A., Khan, K.M., Yasmin, A., Syed, M.N., Aman, A. (2010). A new flavanenol with urease- inhibition activity isolated from roots of manna plant camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum). Journal of Molecular Structure, 965(1), 65- 67.
  • Lindroth, R.L., Batzli, G.O. (1984). Plant phenolics as chemical defenses: effects of natural phenolics on survival and growth of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 10(2), 229-244.
  • Loake, G., Grant, M. (2007). Salicylic acid in plant defence—the players and protagonists. Current opinion in plant biology, 10(5), 466-472.
  • Marashdah, M. S., Farraj, A.I. (2010). Pharmacological activity of 2% aqueous acetic acid extract of Alhagi maurorum roots. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 14(3), 247-250.
  • Ngadze, E., Icishahayo, D., Coutinho, T.A., Van der Waals, J.E. (2012). Role of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chlorogenic acid, and total soluble phenols in resistance of potatoes to soft rot. Plant Disease, 96(2), 186-192.
  • Özer, Z., Kadioglu, I., Önen, H., Tursun, N., (2003). Herboloji (Yabanci Ot Bilimi).Gaziosmanpasa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayinlari No:20, Kitaplar Serisi No:10, 579 s, Tokat.
  • Press, M.C. (1998). Dracula or Robin Hood? A functional role for root hemiparasites in nutrient poor ecosystems. Oikos, 82, 609– 611.
  • Runyon, J.B., Mescher, M.C., De Moraes, C.M. (2008). Parasitism by Cuscuta pentagona attenuates host plant defenses against insect herbivores. Plant physiology, 146(3), 987-995.
  • Shaker, E., Mahmoud, H., Mnaa, S. (2010). Anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activity of the extract from Alhagi maurorum (camelthorn). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(10), 2785-2790.
  • Sahm A, Czygan FC, Proksch P. (1993). Resistance of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum to dodder, (Cuscuta reflexa). In International Symposium on Natural Phenols in Plant Resistance, 381, 650-653.
  • Sharma, Y.P., Kapoor, V. (2014). Parasitic Angiosperms And Biology Of Cuscuta Species–An Overview. Rev. Plant Pathol. Vol. 6. Indian Society of Mycology And Plant Pathology Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur Pp. 577-608.
  • Sultan, A., Moohammadnor, M., Eshbakova, K.A. (2011). Chemical constituents of Alhagi pseudalhagi. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 47(1), 140–141.
  • Surmuş Asan, H., Özen H. Ç. (2016). The effect of Cuscuta babylonica Aucher (Cuscuta) parasitism on the phenolic contents of Carthamus glaucus Bieb.subsp. glaucus. Iğdır Univ. J. Inst. Sci. & Tech., 6(4), 31-39.
  • Soares, M.S., da Silva, D.F., Forim, M.R., Fernandes, J.B., Vieira, P.C., Silva, D.B., Machado, M.A. (2015). Quantification and localization of hesperidin and rutin in Citrus sinensis grafted on C. limonia after Xylella fastidiosa infection by HPLC-UV and MALDİ imaging mass spectrometry. Phytochemistry, 115, 161-170.
  • Tarnawski, M., Depta, K., Grejciun, D., Szelepin, B. (2006). HPLC determination of phenolic acids and antioxidant activity in concentrated peat extract—a natural immunomodulator. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 41(1), 182-188.
  • Varshney, K., Singh, A.K. (2008). Inventory of some ethnomedicinal plant species used by rural people of Etah district, UP, India. Plant Archives, 8(2), 757–759.
  • Vurro, E., Ruotolo, R., Ottonello, S., Elviri, L., Maffini, M., Falasca, G., di Toppi, L.S. (2011). Phytochelatins govern zinc/copper homeostasis and cadmium detoxification in Cuscuta campestris parasitizing Daucus carota. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 72(1), 26-33.
  • Walters, D.R. (2011). Why Do Plants Need Defenses? Plant Defense 1-14.
  • Weir, T.L., Park, S.W., Vivanco, J.M. (2004). Biochemical and physiological mechanisms mediated by allelochemicals. Current opinion in plant biology, 7(4), 472-479.
  • Zhang, G.J., Li, N., Xiong, Y.J., Li, X., Li, Y., Jia, X.G. (2009). Studies on Chemical Constituents of Alhagi pseudalhagi (MB)[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 12, 009.
  • Zou, G.A., Mansur, S., Hu, S.C., Aisa, H.A., Shakhidoyatov, K.M. (2012). Pyrrole alkaloids from Alhagi sparsifolia. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 48(4), 635–637.

Cuscuta babylonica Aucher Küsküt parazitliğinin Alhagi maurorum ’un fenolik bileşikleri üzerine etkisi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 143 - 148, 01.01.2018

Öz

Parazit bitkiler, yeryüzünde konuk oldukları bitkilerin yaşamlarını sınırlandıran türlerdir. Küsküt türleri, yaprak ve kökleri olmayan tam parazit bitkilerdir. Bu bitkiler, su ve besin elementlerini özelleşmiş beslenme yapıları olan hostoryumları aracılığıyla diğer bitkilerden elde ederler. Parazit bitkiler konukçularıyla benzer hormonal mekanizmalar içerdikleri için hem onları etkilerler hem de onlardan etkilenirler. Parazit bitkilerin saldırısına uğrayan konukçu bitki, en etkin savunma maddeleri olan çeşitli fenolik bileşikler sentezler. Alhagi, Fabaceae familyasından Asya, Avusturalya ve Avrupa’nın çoğu ülkesinde geniş dağılım gösteren bir bitki cinsidir. Alhagi’nin farklı kısımları, antioksidant, kardiyovasküler, antiülser, diare önleyici, ateş düşürücü, anti romatizmal, antibakteriyel, antifungal gibi geniş bir biyolojik aktiviteye sahiptir. Bu çalışmada patojen Cuscuta babylonica Aucher Cuscutaceae enfeksiyonunun Alhagi maurorum bitkisinin fenolik bileşik içeriğinde meydana getirdiği değişiklikler LC-MS/MS analizleri kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Analizler sonucunda, küsküt enfeksiyonunun klorogenik asit 67.64 kat , apigenin 23.18 kat ve kuersetin 6.75 kat içeriklerinde önemli bir artışa neden olurken, bunun yanında hiperosid 3.94 kat , naringenin 2.92 kat , p-kumarik asit 2.28 kat , kuinik asit 2.08 kat , kumarin 1.74 kat , tr- caffeik asit 1.61 kat , salisilik asit 1.40 kat , 4-OH benzoik asit 1.36 kat , malik asit 1.109 kat ve hesperidin 1.08 kat bileşiklerinde de artış olduğu ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Protokateşuik asit miktarında 36.34 kat gibi kaydadeğer bir düşüş gözlenirken, yine kaemferol 5.04 kat , gallik asit 2.58 kat , vanillin 1.54 kat , tr-akonitik asit 2.41 kat , tannik asit 2.11 kat , rosmarinik asit 1.88 kat , rutin 1.044 kat gibi bileşiklerin miktarında da düşüşe neden olmuştur. Hesperetin 0.268 ise sadece, enfekte olmuş bitkilerde tesbit edilmiştir. Enfekte olmadan önce ve enfeksiyon sonrası yapılan analiz sonuçları küsküt enfeksiyonunun Alhagi bitkisinin fenolik bileşen içeriğinde önemli değişimlere neden olduğunu ortaya koymuştur

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, S., Riaz, N., Saleem, M., Jabbar, A., Nisar-Ur-Rehman, Ashraf, M. (2010). Antioxidant flavonoids from Alhagi maurorum. Journal of Asian natural products research, 12(2), 138-143.
  • Ahmad, S., Ahmad, I., Saleem, M., Jabbar, A., Nisar-Ur-Rehman, Saeed-Ul-Hassan, S., Choudhary, M.I. (2009). Secondary metabolites from Alhagi maurorum. Journal of The Chemical Society of Pakistan, 31(6), 960-963.
  • Awaad Amani, A.S., Maitland, D.J., Soliman, G.A. (2006). Antiulcerogenic Activity of Alhagi maurorum. Pharmaceutical biology, 44(4), 292-296.
  • Akan, H., Aydogdu, M., Korkut, M.M, Balos, M.M. (2013). An ethnobotanical research of the Kalecik mountain area (Şanlıurfa, South-East Anatolia). Biological Diversity and Conservation, 6(2), 84-90.
  • Badshah, L., Hussain, F. (2011). People preferences and use of local medicinal flora in District Tank, Pakistan. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(1), 22-29.
  • Brown, D. (1995). Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Indersley: London; 20.
  • Clé, C., Hill, L. M., Niggeweg, R., Martin, C. R., Guisez, Y., Prinsen, E., Jansen, M. A. (2008). Modulation of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in Solanum lycopersicum; consequences for phenolic accumulation and UV-tolerance. Phytochemistry, 69(11), 2149-2156.
  • Costa, P., Gonçalves, S., Valentão, P., Andrade, P. B., Coelho, N., Romano, A. (2012). Thymus lotocephalus wild plants and in vitro cultures produce different profiles of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Food chemistry, 135(3), 1253-1260.
  • Dangl, J.L., Jones, J.D.G. (2001). Plant pathogens and integrated defence responses to infection. Nature, 411, 826–833
  • Erdoğan Orhan, I., Atasu, E., Senol, F. S., Ozturk, N., Demirci, B., Das, K., Sekeroglu, N. (2013). Comparative studies on Turkish and Indian Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (gotu kola) samples for their enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant effects and phytochemical characterization. Industrial Crops and Products, 47, 316-322.
  • Ertaş, A., Boğa, M., Yilmaz, M.A., Yeşil, Y., Haşimi, N., Kaya, M.S., Kolak, U. (2014). Chemical compositions by using LC- MS/MS and GC-MS and biological activities of Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 62(20), 4601-4609.
  • Furuhashi, T., Fragner, L., Furuhashi, K., Valledor, L., Sun, X., Weckwerth, W. (2012). Metabolite changes with induction of Cuscuta haustorium and translocation from host plants. Journal of Plant Interactions, 7(1), 84-93.
  • Guijie, Z., Ning, L., Yuanjun, X., Makhabel, B., Jinhui, W., Xian, L., Xiaoguang, J. (2010). Isolation and identification of chemical constituents of aerial parts of Alhagi pseudalhagi (MB). Modern Chinese Medicine, 5, 007.
  • Jwa, N.S., Agrawal, G.K., Tamogami, S., Yonekura, M., Han, O., Iwahashi, H., Rakwal, R. (2006). Role of defense/stress-related marker genes, proteins and secondary metabolites in defining rice self-defense mechanisms. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 44(5), 261-273.
  • Kadıoğlu, İ. (1992). Küsküt (Cuscuta spp.) ve mücadelesi. Herboloji Haberleri, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bitki Koruma Bölümü, 3 (5), 1-11.
  • Khan, F. M. (2009). Ethno-veterinary medicinal usage of flora of greater Cholistan desert (Pakistan). Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 29(2), 75-80.
  • Kouchmeshky, A., Jameie, S.B., Amin, G., Ziai, S.A. (2012). Investigation of Angiotensin-convertings enzyme inhibitory effects of medicinal plants used in traditional Persian medicine for treatment of hypertension: screening study.Thrita, 1(1), 13-23.
  • Kumar, S., Pandey, A. K. (2013). Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 162750
  • Kvasnička, F., Čopíková, J., Ševčík, R., Krátká, J., Syntytsia, A., Voldřich, M. (2008). Determination of phenolic acids by capillary zone electrophoresis and HPLC. Central European Journal of Chemistry, 6(3), 410-418.
  • Laghari, A. H., Ali Memon, A., Memon, S., Nelofar, A., Khan, K. M., Yasmin, A. (2012). Determination of free phenolic acids and antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts obtained from leaves and flowers of camel thorn (Alhagi maurorum). Natural product research, 26(2), 173-176.
  • Laghari, A.H., Memon, S., Nelofar, A., Khan, K.M., Yasmin, A., Syed, M.N., Aman, A. (2010). A new flavanenol with urease- inhibition activity isolated from roots of manna plant camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum). Journal of Molecular Structure, 965(1), 65- 67.
  • Lindroth, R.L., Batzli, G.O. (1984). Plant phenolics as chemical defenses: effects of natural phenolics on survival and growth of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 10(2), 229-244.
  • Loake, G., Grant, M. (2007). Salicylic acid in plant defence—the players and protagonists. Current opinion in plant biology, 10(5), 466-472.
  • Marashdah, M. S., Farraj, A.I. (2010). Pharmacological activity of 2% aqueous acetic acid extract of Alhagi maurorum roots. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 14(3), 247-250.
  • Ngadze, E., Icishahayo, D., Coutinho, T.A., Van der Waals, J.E. (2012). Role of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chlorogenic acid, and total soluble phenols in resistance of potatoes to soft rot. Plant Disease, 96(2), 186-192.
  • Özer, Z., Kadioglu, I., Önen, H., Tursun, N., (2003). Herboloji (Yabanci Ot Bilimi).Gaziosmanpasa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayinlari No:20, Kitaplar Serisi No:10, 579 s, Tokat.
  • Press, M.C. (1998). Dracula or Robin Hood? A functional role for root hemiparasites in nutrient poor ecosystems. Oikos, 82, 609– 611.
  • Runyon, J.B., Mescher, M.C., De Moraes, C.M. (2008). Parasitism by Cuscuta pentagona attenuates host plant defenses against insect herbivores. Plant physiology, 146(3), 987-995.
  • Shaker, E., Mahmoud, H., Mnaa, S. (2010). Anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activity of the extract from Alhagi maurorum (camelthorn). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(10), 2785-2790.
  • Sahm A, Czygan FC, Proksch P. (1993). Resistance of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum to dodder, (Cuscuta reflexa). In International Symposium on Natural Phenols in Plant Resistance, 381, 650-653.
  • Sharma, Y.P., Kapoor, V. (2014). Parasitic Angiosperms And Biology Of Cuscuta Species–An Overview. Rev. Plant Pathol. Vol. 6. Indian Society of Mycology And Plant Pathology Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur Pp. 577-608.
  • Sultan, A., Moohammadnor, M., Eshbakova, K.A. (2011). Chemical constituents of Alhagi pseudalhagi. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 47(1), 140–141.
  • Surmuş Asan, H., Özen H. Ç. (2016). The effect of Cuscuta babylonica Aucher (Cuscuta) parasitism on the phenolic contents of Carthamus glaucus Bieb.subsp. glaucus. Iğdır Univ. J. Inst. Sci. & Tech., 6(4), 31-39.
  • Soares, M.S., da Silva, D.F., Forim, M.R., Fernandes, J.B., Vieira, P.C., Silva, D.B., Machado, M.A. (2015). Quantification and localization of hesperidin and rutin in Citrus sinensis grafted on C. limonia after Xylella fastidiosa infection by HPLC-UV and MALDİ imaging mass spectrometry. Phytochemistry, 115, 161-170.
  • Tarnawski, M., Depta, K., Grejciun, D., Szelepin, B. (2006). HPLC determination of phenolic acids and antioxidant activity in concentrated peat extract—a natural immunomodulator. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 41(1), 182-188.
  • Varshney, K., Singh, A.K. (2008). Inventory of some ethnomedicinal plant species used by rural people of Etah district, UP, India. Plant Archives, 8(2), 757–759.
  • Vurro, E., Ruotolo, R., Ottonello, S., Elviri, L., Maffini, M., Falasca, G., di Toppi, L.S. (2011). Phytochelatins govern zinc/copper homeostasis and cadmium detoxification in Cuscuta campestris parasitizing Daucus carota. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 72(1), 26-33.
  • Walters, D.R. (2011). Why Do Plants Need Defenses? Plant Defense 1-14.
  • Weir, T.L., Park, S.W., Vivanco, J.M. (2004). Biochemical and physiological mechanisms mediated by allelochemicals. Current opinion in plant biology, 7(4), 472-479.
  • Zhang, G.J., Li, N., Xiong, Y.J., Li, X., Li, Y., Jia, X.G. (2009). Studies on Chemical Constituents of Alhagi pseudalhagi (MB)[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 12, 009.
  • Zou, G.A., Mansur, S., Hu, S.C., Aisa, H.A., Shakhidoyatov, K.M. (2012). Pyrrole alkaloids from Alhagi sparsifolia. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 48(4), 635–637.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Hilal Surmuş Asan Bu kişi benim

Hasan Çetin Özen Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Surmuş Asan, H., & Özen, H. Ç. (2018). Cuscuta babylonica Aucher Küsküt parazitliğinin Alhagi maurorum ’un fenolik bileşikleri üzerine etkisi. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 11(1), 143-148.

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