Urban vascular flora and ecological characteristics of Mamak District Ankara/Turkey

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 123 - 131, 15.08.2018

Muhammed Hakan Çakmak , Zeki Aytaç

Öz

In this research, the urban flora of Mamak district in Ankara was studied and the negative consequences of unplanned urbanization ignoring ecological conditions were analysed in the context of urban ecology. For inventorying the species, primarily, plant specimens were collected from green areas such as parks, gardens, etc. within the district in vegetation periods. Then, the specimens were preserved in GAZI Herbarium. In this study, totally 233 plant taxa were determined; 118 of them were indigenous and 115 taxa were exotic and cultivated. Besides, archaeophyte and neophyte, endemic, urbanophile-urbanoneutral-urbanophobe taxa, and hemeroby scale of the study area were mentioned. In addition, the precautions to be taken against the negative consequences of unplanned urbanization were also emphasized in this paper. Finally, the importance of urban ecological and floristic studies for Mamak district in Ankara were presented with this study

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ankara, Mamak, urban ecology, urban ecosystem, urban flora

Mamak İlçesinin Ankara/ Türkiye kentsel vasküler florası ve ekolojik özellikleri

Öz

Bu araştırmada, Mamak ilçesinin kentsel florası araştırılmış ve ekolojik koşullar göz ardı edilerek gerçekleştirilen plansız kentleşmenin olumsuz sonuçları kentsel ekoloji bağlamında analiz edilmiştir. Türlerin envanteri çıkarılırken öncelikle, vejetasyon döneminde ilçedeki park, bahçe vb. yeşil alanlardan bitki örnekleri toplanmıştır. Toplanan örnekler, GAZI herbaryumunda muhafaza edilmektedir. Çalışmada toplam 233 takson tespit edilmiştir; bunlardan 118’i doğal, 115’i ise egzotik ve kültürdür. Bununla beraber, arkeofit ve neofit, endemik, urbanofil ve urbanofob bitkiler ile çalışma alanın hemerobi basamaklarından bahsedilmiştir. Bu çalışmada ayrıca plansız kentleşmenin olumsuz sonuçlarına karşı alınması gereken önlemler üzerinde de durulmuştur. Son olarak, bu çalışmayla Ankara'nın Mamak ilçesi için kent ekolojisi ve florası çalışmalarının önemi ortaya konulmuştur

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ankara, Mamak, kentsel ekoloji, kent ekosistemi, şehir florası

Kaynakça

• Abrams, L. (1917). Flora of Los Angeles and vicinity. Stanford, CA : Stanford University.
• Akaydın, G., Erik, S. (2002). Flora of Ankara city. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 31, 35-93.
• Akman, Y., Ketenoğlu, O. (1987). Vejetasyon ekolojisi (Vegetation ecology). Ankara: Ankara University, Faculty of Science.
• Akyürek, B., Duru, M., Sütçü, Y. F., Papak, İ., Şaroğlu, F., Pehlivan, N., Gönenç, O., Granit, S., Yaşar, T. (1997). Scale 1/100,000 geological maps of Turkey. MTA Report, No. 55.
• Altay, V., Özyiğit, İ. İ., Yarcı, C. (2010). Urban flora and ecological characteristics of the Kartal District (Istanbul): A contribution to urban ecology in Turkey. Scientific Research and Essay, 5(2), 183-200.
• Altay, V., Özyiğit, İ. İ., Yarcı, C. (2012). Plant communities in urban habitats of Istanbul-Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44, 177-186.
• Antipina, G. S. (2003). Urban Flora as a component of the urban ecosystems in the taiga zone: an example of karelian cities. Russian Journal of Ecology, 34(4), 215-218.
• Bailey, L. H. (1949). Manual of cultivated plants (Revised Edition). New York: The Macmillan Company.
• Böcker, R., Auhagen, A., Brockmann, H., Kowarik, I., Scholz, H., Sukopp, H., Zimmermann, F. (1991). Liste der wildwachsenden Farn- und Blütenpflanzen von Berlin (West) [List of the wild-growing ferns and flowering plants of (west) Berlin]. In A. Auhagen, R. Platen & H. Sukopp (Eds.), Rote Listen der gefährdeten Pflanzen und Tiere in Berlin 1990 [Red lists of endangered plants and animals in Berlin 1990]. Landschaftsentwicklung und Umweltforschung, 6, 57-88.
• Brandes, D. (2001). Urban flora of Sousse (Tunisia). Botanisches Institut und Botanischer Garten der TU Braunschweig.
• Burton, R. M. (1983). Flora of the London area. London: London Natural History Society.
• Chocholoušková, Z., Pyšek, P. (2003). Changes in composition and structure of urban flora over 120 years: a case study of the city of Plzeň. Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 198(5), 366-376.
• Çelik, M., Taştekin, M., Kayabali, K. (2007). An investigation of the surface and groundwater leachate from an old waste disposal site at Mamak, Ankara, Turkey. Int. J. Environment and Pollution, 30(3-4), 548–560.
• Daşkın, R. G., Kaynak, G. (2006). Bursa şehir florası (The synanthropic flora of Bursa). Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi, 13(1), 125- 158.
• Davis, P. H. (Ed.) (1965–1985). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, vol. 1-9. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
• Davis, P. H., Mill, R. R., Tan, K. (Eds.) (1988). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, supplement 1. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
• Eskin, B, Altay, V, Özyiğit, İ. İ., Serin, M. (2012). Urban vascular flora and ecologic characteristics of the Pendik District (Istanbul- Turkey). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(4), 629-646.
• Garcia-de-Lomas, J., Cózar, A., Dana, E. D., Hernández, I., Sanchez-Garcia, I., Garcia, C. M. (2010). Invasiveness of Galenia pubescens (Aizoaceae): A new threat to Mediterranean-climate coastal ecosystems. Acta Oecologica, 36(1), 39-45.
• Google Earth Pro (2016). In Google. Retrieved June 1, 2016, from https://www.google.com.tr/intl/tr/earth/.
• Governorship of Ankara (2016). In Governorship of Ankara. Retrieved February 4, 2016, from http://www.ankara.gov.tr/mamak.
• Göktürk, R. S., Sümbül, H. (1997). Flora of Antalya City. Turkish Journal of Botany, 21, 341-378.
• Graham, J. (1839). A catalogue of the plants growing in Bombay and its vicinity; spontaneous, cultivated or introduced, as far as they have been ascertained. Bombay: Government Press.
• Guaglianone, R. (1980). Algunas hierbas espontáneas en los espacios verdes de la ciudad de Buenos Aires [Some spontaneous weeds in the green spaces of the city of Buenos Aires]. Buenos Aires: Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Secretaría de Educación.
• Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., Babaç, M. T. (Eds.) (2012). Türkiye bitkileri listesi (damarlı bitkiler) [Turkish plant list (vascular plants)]. İstanbul: Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını.
• Güner, A., Ekim, T., Başer, K. H. C. (Eds.) (2000). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, supplement 2. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
• Gürcan, B., Düşen, O. (2015). The flora of Denizli city. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 8(2), 92-113.
• He, S. Y. (1992). Beijing zhi wu zhi [Flora of Beijing] (2nd ed., 2 vols.). Beijing: Beijing chu ban she: Xin hua shu dian Beijing fa xing suo fa xing.
• Jones, D., Jones, B. (1999). Native plants of Melbourne and adjoining areas: a field guide. Hawthorn, Victoria: Bloomings Books.
• Karakuş, H., Türkmen, N. (2011). Adana kent içi park ve cadde kenarlarinda yetişen bitkilerin floristik özellikleri (floristic characteristics of plants species growing in the park and street edges in Adana city). Ç.Ü Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(3), 57-64.
• Kaya, E., Varol, Ö., Aytepe, H. A. (2008). Urban flora of Muğla (Muğla, Turkey). Fl. Medit., 18, 127-148.
• Kowarik, I. (1992). Einführung und ausbreitung nichteinheimischer gehölzarten in Berlin und Brandenburg und ihre folgen für flora und vegetation. Berlin: Botanischer Verein, 1–188.
• Mamak Municipality. (2016). Mamak district green areas inventory. Ankara: Directorate of Parks and Gardens.
• Maurer, U., Peschel, T., Schmitz, S. (2000). The flora of selected urban land-use types in Berlin and Potsdam with regard to nature conservation in cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 46(4), 209-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(99)00066-3
• Regulation on the Construction of Spatial Plans. (2014). Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, 29030, 14.06.2014.
• Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. (2015). The presence of Ankara province land. Ankara: General Directorate of Agricultural Reform, 3-53.
• Osma, E., Özyiğit, İ. İ., Altay, V., Serin, M. (2010). Urban vascular flora and ecological characteristics of Kadıköy district, Istanbul, Turkey. Maejo International Journal of Science and Technology, 4(01), 64-87.
• Pyšek, P. (1998). Alien and native species in Central European urban floras: a quantitative comparison. Journal of Biogeography, 25(1), 155-163.
• Pyšek, A., Pyšek, P. (1988). Ruderálni flóra Plzne [Ruderal flora of the city of Plzen]. Príroda, 68, 1-34.
• Rapoport, E., Díaz-Betancourt, M. E., López-Moreno, I. R. (1983). Aspectos de la ecología urbana en la ciudad de México : flora de las calles y baldíos [Aspects of the urban ecology in the city of Mexico: flora of the streets and wastelands]. México: Editorial Limusa.
• Shaltout, K. H., El-Sheikh, M. A. (2002). Vegetation of the urban habitats in the Nile Delta region, Egypt. Urban Ecosystems, 6(3), 205-221.
• Sukopp, H. (2004). Human-caused impact on preserved vegetation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68(4), 347-355.
• Sukopp, H., Weiller, S. (1988). Biotope mapping and nature conservation strategies in urban areas of the Federal Republic of Germany. Landscape and Urban Planning, 15(1-2), 39-58.
• Tarakçı, S., Altay, V., Keskin, M., Sümer, S. (2012). Beykoz ve çevresi (İstanbul)’nin kent florası (urban vascular flora of Beykoz (Istanbul) and its surroundings). Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(7), 47‐66.
• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2017). In IUCN. Retrieved July 10, 2017, from http://www.iucnredlist.org/.
• The Plant List (2017). In The Plant List. Retrieved July 10, 2017, from http://www.theplantlist.org/.
• Turkish State Meteorological Service. (2016). Ankara Climate Data. Ankara: Meteorological Data Processing Department.
• Van der Veken, S., Verheyen, K., Hermy, M. (2004). Plant species loss in an urban area (Turnhout, Belgium) from 1880 to 1999 and its environmental determinants. Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 199(6), 516-523.
• Wheater, C. P. (2002). Urban Habitats. USA: Routledge. Taylor & Francis e-Library.
• Wittig, R., Diesing, D., Gödde, M. (1985). Urbanophob - urbanoneutral - urbanophil das verhalten der arten gegenüber dem Lebensraum Stadt. Flora, 177(5-6), 265–282.
• Zerbe, S., Maurer, U., Schmitz, S., Sukopp, H. (2003). Biodiversity in Berlin and its potential for nature conservation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 62(3), 139-148.