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Orta ve Yukarı Sakarya Bölgesi’ nde dağılım gösteren Küçük Akbaba (Neophron percnopterus)’ nın yuva özellikleri

Year 2019, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 126 - 131, 15.12.2019

Sunay Balaban Elif Yamaç

Abstract

Küçük akbaba soyu küresel ölçekte tehdit altında olan bir akbaba türüdür. Batı Palearktik bölgede dağılım gösteren populasyonun büyük bir kısmı Türkiye’ de yer almaktadır. Anadolu' da Orta ve Yukarı Sakarya Bölgesi küçük akbabalar için önemli bir üreme alanına sahiptir. 2013 ve 2014 yıllarında gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar ile bölgede küçük akbaba tarafından kullanılan 37 yuva tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada populasyonun yuva özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yuvaların yer aldığı kaya ve yuvalara ait 11 özellik değerlendirilmiştir. Küçük akbaba çalışma alanındaki kireç taşı oluşumlu kaya kütlelerinin orta kısımlarında yer alan oyuklara (n= 24) ve çıkıntı setlere (n= 13) yuva yapmaktadır. Yuva oyuğunun genişlik ve yükseklik için ortalama değerleri sırasıyla 2.0 ± 1.0 ve 1.5 ± 0.6 m olarak belirlenmiştir. Yuvalar çoğunlukla kayaların güneybatı yönüne bakan yüzeylerinde konumlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmayla yuva özelliklerine ait bölgedeki ilk veriler elde edilmiştir. Ancak Türkiye'de küçük akbaba türünü korumaya yönelik yapılacak çalışmalarda, yuva alanı özelliklerinin üreme başarıları üzerine etkilerini detaylı bir şekilde değerlendirmek gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Anadolu mağara tipi yuva tehlike altındaki akbabalar

References

  • Ferguson-Lees J. & Christie D. A. (2001). Egyptian vulure. Raptors of the World. London, UK: Christopher Helm A and C Black Publications Ltd, pp. 417-424.
  • Mateo-Tomás P. & Olea P. P. (2009). Combining scales in habitat models to improve conservation planning in an endangered vulture. Acta Oecologica, 35 (4), 489–498.
  • Cramp S. & Sımmons K. E. L. (1980). The birds of western Palearctic. Vol 2. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press. .
  • Sarà M. & Di Vittorio M. (2003). Factors influencing the distribution abundance and nest-site selection of an endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) population in Sicily. Animal Conservation, 6 (4), 317-328.
  • Arkumarev V., Dobrev V., Abebe Y. D., Popgeorgiev G., & Nikolov S. C. (2014). Congregation of wintering Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in Afar Ethiopia present status and implications for conservation. Ostrich, 85 (2), 139-145.
  • Ogada D. L., Keesing F. & Virani M. Z. (2012). Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide. Annals of the NewYork Academy of Science, 1249 (1), 57-71.
  • Birdlife International (2018). Species factsheet: Neophron percnopterus Downloaded from http://wwwbirdlifeorg on 14/03/2018.
  • Camina A. (2004). Consequences of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) on breeding success and food availability in Spanish Vulture populations. In: Chancellor R.D. and Meyburg B.U. (Ed.): Raptors Worldwide. World Working Group on Birds of Prey Berlin.
  • Cuthbert R., Green R. E., Ranade S., Saravanan S., Pain D. J., Prakash V. & Cunningham A. A. (2006). Rapid population declines of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) and red-headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus) in India. Animal Conservation, 9 (3), 349–354.
  • Iñigo A., Barov B., Orhun C. & Gallo-Orsi U. (2008). Action plan for the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in the European Union. Birdlife International &European Commision, Brussels 62 p.
  • Zuberogoitia I., Zabala J., Martinez J. A., Martinez J. E. & Azkona A (2008). Effect of human activities on Egyptian vulture breeding succes. Animal Conservational, 11(4), 313-320.
  • Hernandez M. & Margalida A. (2009). Poison-related mortality effects in the endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) population in Spain. European Journal of Wildlife Research 55 (4): 415-423.
  • Margalida A., Donázar J. A., Carrete M. & Sánchez-Zapata J. A. (2010). Sanitary versus environmental policies: fitting together two pieces of the puzzle of European vulture conservation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47 (4), 931–935.
  • Angelov I., Hashim I. & Oppel S. (2013). Persistent electrocution mortality of EgyptianVultures Neophron percnopterus over 28 years in East Africa. Bird Conservation International, 23 (1), 1-6.
  • Carrete M., Grande J. M., Tella J. L., Sanchez-Zapata J. A., Donazar J. A., Diaz-Delgado R. & Romo A. (2007). Habitat human pressure and social behavior: Partiallingout factors affecting large-scale territory extinctionin an endangered vulture. Biological Conservation, 136(1),143-154.
  • Cortes-Avizanda, A., Ceballos O. & Donázar J. A. (2009). Long Term Trends in Population Size and Breeding Success in the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Northern Spain. Journal of Raptor Research, 43 (1), 43-49.
  • Grubac B., Velevski M. & Avukatov V. (2014). Long-term population decrease and recent breeding performanceof the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in Macedonia. North-Western Journal of Zoology, 10 (1), 25-35.
  • Velevski M., Nikolov S. C., Hallmann B., Dobrev V., Sidiropoulos L., Saravia V., V., ... Oppel S. (2015). Population decline and range contraction of the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in the Balkan Peninsula. Bird Conservation International, 25(4), 440-450.
  • Şen B., Tavares J. P. & Bilgin C. C. (2017). Nest site selection patterns of a local Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus population in Turkey. Bird Conservation International, 27 (4), 568-581.
  • Balaban S. & Yamaç E. (2018). Breeding performance and diet of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus L.) in Middle and Upper Sakarya Region, Turkey. North Western Journal of Zoology, 14 (1), 91-95.
  • Eken G., Bozdoğan M., Isfendiyaroğlu S, Kılıç D. T. & Lıse Y. (2006). Türkiye'nin Önemli Doğa Alanlari Ankara: Doğa Derneği. 639 p. (In Turkish).
  • Mundy P. J. (1982). The comparative biology of Southern African Vultures. Johannesburg, South Africa: Vulture Study Group.
  • Liberatori F. & Penteriani V. (2001). A long-term analysis of the declining population of the Egyptian vulture in the Italian peninsula: distribution habitat preference productivity and conservation implications. Biological Conservation, 101 (3), 381-389.
  • Moreno-Opo R., Fernandez-Olalla M., Margalida A., Arredondo A. & Guil F. (2012). Effect of Methodological and Ecological Approaches on Heterogeneity of Nest Site Selection of a Long-Lived Vulture. Plos one, 7(3), e33469 doi:101371/journalpone0033469.
  • Tauler H., Real J., Hernandez-Matias A., Aymerich P., Baucells J., Martorell C. ... Santandreu J. (2015). Identifying key demographic parameters for the viability of a growing population of the endangered Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus. Bird Conservation International, 25 (4),426-439.
  • Porter R. F. & Suleiman A. S. (2012). The Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus on Socotra Yemen: population ecology conservation and ethno-ornithology. Sandgrouse, 34, 44-62.
  • Grubac R. B. (1989) The Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in Macedonia. In: Meyburg B. U. & Chancellor R. D. (Ed.) Raptors in the Modern World. London UK: WWGBP, pp. 331-334.
  • García-Ripollés C. & Lopez-Lopez P. (2006). Population size and breeding performance of Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Eastern Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Raptor Research, 40 (3), 217-221.
  • Dobrev V., Oppel S., Arkumarev V., Saravia V., Bounas A., Manolopoulos A. ...Nikolov S.C. (2016). Habitat of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Bulgaria and Greece (2003- 2014) Technical report under action A5 of the LIFE+ project “The Return.
  • Gangoso L. & Palacios C. J. (2005). Ground nesting by Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in the Canary Island. Journal of Raptor Research, 39 (2), 187-188.
  • Naoroji R. (2006). Birds of prey of the Indian subcontinent. Om Books International, India.
  • Nikolov S., Nikolov C. & Angelov I. (2013). First record on ground nesting of Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus (Aves:Accipitriformes) in Continental Europe. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 65 (2), 417-419.
  • Turkish State Meteorological Service (2018). Resmi İstatistikler. http://www.meteor.gov.tr. (In Turkish).
  • Kirazlı C. & Yamaç E. (2013). Population size and breeding success of the Cinereous Vulture Aegypius monachus in a newly found breeding area in western Anatolia (Aves:Falconiformes). Zoology in the Middle East, 59 (4), 289-296.
  • Yamaç, E. (2018).Current evaluation of the Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus L.) population in Türkmenbaba mountain (Turkey), Biological Diversity and Conservation, 11(3),190-196.
  • MTA (2018). Yerbilimleri Harita Görüntüleyici ve Çizim Editörü. http://yerbilimleri.mta.gov.tr/anasayfa.aspx (In Turkish).
  • Sivas T. T. & Sivas H. (2005). Eskişehir, Kütahya, Afyonkarahisar illerinin 2004 yılı arkeolojik envanteri ve yüzey araştırması. Tuba-ar Turkish Academy of Science, 4 (4) ,33-57. (In Turkish).
  • Evcim S. (2016). Frigya Bölgesi'nde Bizans Dönemi kaya mimarisi. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 6(3), 861-876. (In Turkish).
  • Tapia L., Kennedy P. L. & Mannan R. W. (2007). Habitat Sampling.Raptor Research and Management Techniques. In: Bird D. M. & Bildstein K. L. (Ed.) Washington, USA: Hancock House Blaine, pp. 181-193.
  • Zuberogoitia I., Zabala J., Martinez J. A., Martinez J. E., Gonzalez-Oreja J.A. & Lopez-Lopez P. (2014). Effective conservation measures to mitigate the impact of human disturbances on the endangered Egyptian vulture. Animal Conservational, 17 (5), 410-4.
  • Kirwan M. K., Boyla K. A., Castell P., Demirci B., Özen M., WELCH H. & MARLOW T. (2008). The Birds of Turkey. Bloomsbury Publising, London, UK.
  • Ceballos O. & Donazar J. A. (1989). Factors influencing the breeding density and nest-site selection of the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus). Journal of Ornithology, 130 (3), 353-359.
  • Vlachos C. G., Papagerogiou N. K. & Bakaloudis D. E. (1998). Effects of the Feeding Station Establishment on the Egyptian Vulture in Dadia Forest North Eastern Greece. In: Canchellor R. D., Meyburg D. U. & Ferrero J.J. (Ed.) Holoarctic Birds of Prey. ADEN.
  • Ontiveros, D. (1999). Selection of nest cliffs by bonelli's eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus) in southeastern spain Journal of Raptor Research, 33(2), 110-116.
  • Martinez F. & Blanco G. (2002). Use of alternative nest for clutch replacement in the egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus. Ardeola, 49 (2), 297-299.
  • Newton I. (1979). Population ecology of raptors. Vermillion,SD, U.S.A: Buteo Books.
  • Freund M., Bahat O. & Motro U. (2017). Breeding Success and its Correlation with Nest-Site Characteristics:A Study of a Griffon Vulture Colony in Gamla Israel. Journal of Raptor Research, 51 (2), 136-144. .
  • Ontiveros D., Caro J. & Pleguezuelos J. M. (2008). Possible functions of alternative nests in raptors: the case of Bonelli’s Eagle. Journal of Ornithology, 149 (2), 253-259

Nest characteristics of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Middle and Upper Sakarya Region, Turkey

Year 2019, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 126 - 131, 15.12.2019

Sunay Balaban Elif Yamaç

Abstract

Egyptian vulture is an endangered vulture species all over the World. Turkey holds the substantial amount of the global population of the species in Western Palearctic. Middle and Upper Sakarya Region is an important host for the breeding Egyptian vulture population in Anatolia. In total 37 occupied nests were recorded in 2013 and 2014 years. In order to determine the nest characteristics 11 nest variables and cliff features were evaluated in this study. Egyptian vulture nests were determined both in hollows (n= 24) and on ledges (n= 13) at the middle part of the small limestone cliffs in the study area. The mean ± SD of cavity width and height are 2.0 ± 1.0 and 1.5 ± 0.6, respectively. Nests were situated predominantly southwestern exposure. Although the first data is given in this study about nest characteristics in the region, detailed studies are required on the relationship between nest site quality and breeding parameters to undertake conservation strategies for Egyption vulture in Turkey.

Keywords

Anatolia cave nesting endangered vultures

References

  • Ferguson-Lees J. & Christie D. A. (2001). Egyptian vulure. Raptors of the World. London, UK: Christopher Helm A and C Black Publications Ltd, pp. 417-424.
  • Mateo-Tomás P. & Olea P. P. (2009). Combining scales in habitat models to improve conservation planning in an endangered vulture. Acta Oecologica, 35 (4), 489–498.
  • Cramp S. & Sımmons K. E. L. (1980). The birds of western Palearctic. Vol 2. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press. .
  • Sarà M. & Di Vittorio M. (2003). Factors influencing the distribution abundance and nest-site selection of an endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) population in Sicily. Animal Conservation, 6 (4), 317-328.
  • Arkumarev V., Dobrev V., Abebe Y. D., Popgeorgiev G., & Nikolov S. C. (2014). Congregation of wintering Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in Afar Ethiopia present status and implications for conservation. Ostrich, 85 (2), 139-145.
  • Ogada D. L., Keesing F. & Virani M. Z. (2012). Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide. Annals of the NewYork Academy of Science, 1249 (1), 57-71.
  • Birdlife International (2018). Species factsheet: Neophron percnopterus Downloaded from http://wwwbirdlifeorg on 14/03/2018.
  • Camina A. (2004). Consequences of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) on breeding success and food availability in Spanish Vulture populations. In: Chancellor R.D. and Meyburg B.U. (Ed.): Raptors Worldwide. World Working Group on Birds of Prey Berlin.
  • Cuthbert R., Green R. E., Ranade S., Saravanan S., Pain D. J., Prakash V. & Cunningham A. A. (2006). Rapid population declines of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) and red-headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus) in India. Animal Conservation, 9 (3), 349–354.
  • Iñigo A., Barov B., Orhun C. & Gallo-Orsi U. (2008). Action plan for the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in the European Union. Birdlife International &European Commision, Brussels 62 p.
  • Zuberogoitia I., Zabala J., Martinez J. A., Martinez J. E. & Azkona A (2008). Effect of human activities on Egyptian vulture breeding succes. Animal Conservational, 11(4), 313-320.
  • Hernandez M. & Margalida A. (2009). Poison-related mortality effects in the endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) population in Spain. European Journal of Wildlife Research 55 (4): 415-423.
  • Margalida A., Donázar J. A., Carrete M. & Sánchez-Zapata J. A. (2010). Sanitary versus environmental policies: fitting together two pieces of the puzzle of European vulture conservation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47 (4), 931–935.
  • Angelov I., Hashim I. & Oppel S. (2013). Persistent electrocution mortality of EgyptianVultures Neophron percnopterus over 28 years in East Africa. Bird Conservation International, 23 (1), 1-6.
  • Carrete M., Grande J. M., Tella J. L., Sanchez-Zapata J. A., Donazar J. A., Diaz-Delgado R. & Romo A. (2007). Habitat human pressure and social behavior: Partiallingout factors affecting large-scale territory extinctionin an endangered vulture. Biological Conservation, 136(1),143-154.
  • Cortes-Avizanda, A., Ceballos O. & Donázar J. A. (2009). Long Term Trends in Population Size and Breeding Success in the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Northern Spain. Journal of Raptor Research, 43 (1), 43-49.
  • Grubac B., Velevski M. & Avukatov V. (2014). Long-term population decrease and recent breeding performanceof the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in Macedonia. North-Western Journal of Zoology, 10 (1), 25-35.
  • Velevski M., Nikolov S. C., Hallmann B., Dobrev V., Sidiropoulos L., Saravia V., V., ... Oppel S. (2015). Population decline and range contraction of the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in the Balkan Peninsula. Bird Conservation International, 25(4), 440-450.
  • Şen B., Tavares J. P. & Bilgin C. C. (2017). Nest site selection patterns of a local Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus population in Turkey. Bird Conservation International, 27 (4), 568-581.
  • Balaban S. & Yamaç E. (2018). Breeding performance and diet of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus L.) in Middle and Upper Sakarya Region, Turkey. North Western Journal of Zoology, 14 (1), 91-95.
  • Eken G., Bozdoğan M., Isfendiyaroğlu S, Kılıç D. T. & Lıse Y. (2006). Türkiye'nin Önemli Doğa Alanlari Ankara: Doğa Derneği. 639 p. (In Turkish).
  • Mundy P. J. (1982). The comparative biology of Southern African Vultures. Johannesburg, South Africa: Vulture Study Group.
  • Liberatori F. & Penteriani V. (2001). A long-term analysis of the declining population of the Egyptian vulture in the Italian peninsula: distribution habitat preference productivity and conservation implications. Biological Conservation, 101 (3), 381-389.
  • Moreno-Opo R., Fernandez-Olalla M., Margalida A., Arredondo A. & Guil F. (2012). Effect of Methodological and Ecological Approaches on Heterogeneity of Nest Site Selection of a Long-Lived Vulture. Plos one, 7(3), e33469 doi:101371/journalpone0033469.
  • Tauler H., Real J., Hernandez-Matias A., Aymerich P., Baucells J., Martorell C. ... Santandreu J. (2015). Identifying key demographic parameters for the viability of a growing population of the endangered Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus. Bird Conservation International, 25 (4),426-439.
  • Porter R. F. & Suleiman A. S. (2012). The Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus on Socotra Yemen: population ecology conservation and ethno-ornithology. Sandgrouse, 34, 44-62.
  • Grubac R. B. (1989) The Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in Macedonia. In: Meyburg B. U. & Chancellor R. D. (Ed.) Raptors in the Modern World. London UK: WWGBP, pp. 331-334.
  • García-Ripollés C. & Lopez-Lopez P. (2006). Population size and breeding performance of Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Eastern Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Raptor Research, 40 (3), 217-221.
  • Dobrev V., Oppel S., Arkumarev V., Saravia V., Bounas A., Manolopoulos A. ...Nikolov S.C. (2016). Habitat of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Bulgaria and Greece (2003- 2014) Technical report under action A5 of the LIFE+ project “The Return.
  • Gangoso L. & Palacios C. J. (2005). Ground nesting by Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in the Canary Island. Journal of Raptor Research, 39 (2), 187-188.
  • Naoroji R. (2006). Birds of prey of the Indian subcontinent. Om Books International, India.
  • Nikolov S., Nikolov C. & Angelov I. (2013). First record on ground nesting of Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus (Aves:Accipitriformes) in Continental Europe. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 65 (2), 417-419.
  • Turkish State Meteorological Service (2018). Resmi İstatistikler. http://www.meteor.gov.tr. (In Turkish).
  • Kirazlı C. & Yamaç E. (2013). Population size and breeding success of the Cinereous Vulture Aegypius monachus in a newly found breeding area in western Anatolia (Aves:Falconiformes). Zoology in the Middle East, 59 (4), 289-296.
  • Yamaç, E. (2018).Current evaluation of the Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus L.) population in Türkmenbaba mountain (Turkey), Biological Diversity and Conservation, 11(3),190-196.
  • MTA (2018). Yerbilimleri Harita Görüntüleyici ve Çizim Editörü. http://yerbilimleri.mta.gov.tr/anasayfa.aspx (In Turkish).
  • Sivas T. T. & Sivas H. (2005). Eskişehir, Kütahya, Afyonkarahisar illerinin 2004 yılı arkeolojik envanteri ve yüzey araştırması. Tuba-ar Turkish Academy of Science, 4 (4) ,33-57. (In Turkish).
  • Evcim S. (2016). Frigya Bölgesi'nde Bizans Dönemi kaya mimarisi. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 6(3), 861-876. (In Turkish).
  • Tapia L., Kennedy P. L. & Mannan R. W. (2007). Habitat Sampling.Raptor Research and Management Techniques. In: Bird D. M. & Bildstein K. L. (Ed.) Washington, USA: Hancock House Blaine, pp. 181-193.
  • Zuberogoitia I., Zabala J., Martinez J. A., Martinez J. E., Gonzalez-Oreja J.A. & Lopez-Lopez P. (2014). Effective conservation measures to mitigate the impact of human disturbances on the endangered Egyptian vulture. Animal Conservational, 17 (5), 410-4.
  • Kirwan M. K., Boyla K. A., Castell P., Demirci B., Özen M., WELCH H. & MARLOW T. (2008). The Birds of Turkey. Bloomsbury Publising, London, UK.
  • Ceballos O. & Donazar J. A. (1989). Factors influencing the breeding density and nest-site selection of the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus). Journal of Ornithology, 130 (3), 353-359.
  • Vlachos C. G., Papagerogiou N. K. & Bakaloudis D. E. (1998). Effects of the Feeding Station Establishment on the Egyptian Vulture in Dadia Forest North Eastern Greece. In: Canchellor R. D., Meyburg D. U. & Ferrero J.J. (Ed.) Holoarctic Birds of Prey. ADEN.
  • Ontiveros, D. (1999). Selection of nest cliffs by bonelli's eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus) in southeastern spain Journal of Raptor Research, 33(2), 110-116.
  • Martinez F. & Blanco G. (2002). Use of alternative nest for clutch replacement in the egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus. Ardeola, 49 (2), 297-299.
  • Newton I. (1979). Population ecology of raptors. Vermillion,SD, U.S.A: Buteo Books.
  • Freund M., Bahat O. & Motro U. (2017). Breeding Success and its Correlation with Nest-Site Characteristics:A Study of a Griffon Vulture Colony in Gamla Israel. Journal of Raptor Research, 51 (2), 136-144. .
  • Ontiveros D., Caro J. & Pleguezuelos J. M. (2008). Possible functions of alternative nests in raptors: the case of Bonelli’s Eagle. Journal of Ornithology, 149 (2), 253-259
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Conservation and Biodiversity
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sunay Balaban This is me

Elif Yamaç

Publication Date December 15, 2019
Submission Date September 18, 2019
Acceptance Date December 15, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 12 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Balaban, S., & Yamaç, E. (2019). Nest characteristics of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Middle and Upper Sakarya Region, Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 12(3), 126-131.
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