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Diurnal varyasyonun endemik Origanum dubium Boiss'in uçucu yağ özellikleri ve antioksidan aktivitesi üzerine etkileri

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 342 - 348

Hasan Maral

https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2025.1644458

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, endemik ve karvakrolce zengin bir tür olan Origanum dubium Boiss.’un uçucu yağ (UY) verimi, kimyasal bileşimi ve antioksidan aktivitesi üzerine günlük değişimlerin etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: O. dubium bitkisinin toprak üstü kısımları, 2020 yılında Türkiye’nin Ermenek (Karaman) ilçesinde, çiçeklenme döneminde beş farklı hasat zamanında (06:00, 09:00, 12:00, 15:00 ve 18:00) toplanmıştır. Uçucu yağlar, Clevenger tipi aparat ile su distilasyonu yöntemiyle elde edilmiş ve GC-FID/MS cihazında analiz edilmiştir. Antioksidan aktivite, DPPH serbest radikal süpürme yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir.
Bulgular: UY oranı %6.4 (12:00) ile %8.6 (18:00) arasında değişmiştir. Oksijenli monoterpenler (%79.9–88.0) baskın grup olup, karvakrol (%72.0–83.4) ana bileşen olarak tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek karvakrol oranı 09:00’da, en düşük değer ise 12:00’da kaydedilmiştir. Diğer önemli bileşenler α-tujene (%1.3–1.5), γ-terpinen (%1.9–6.3) ve p-simen (%4.0–5.4) olmuştur. Antioksidan aktivite hasat zamanına göre önemli farklılık göstermiştir ve serbest radikal süpürme aktivitesi %32.21 (06:00) ile %63.90 (18:00) arasında değişmiştir.
Sonuç: Günlük değişimlerin O. dubium’un UY verimi, bileşimi ve antioksidan aktivitesi üzerinde önemli etkileri olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, daha yüksek yağ verimi, karvakrol içeriği ve antioksidan potansiyel elde etmek için sabah 06:00–12:00 ile öğleden sonra 15:00–18:00 saatleri arasında hasadın uygun olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

uçucu yağ Origanum dubium diurnal varyasyon karvakrol antioksidan aktivite DPPH

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma için etik onay gerekmemektedir.

Supporting Institution

Finansman alınmamıştır.

References

  • [1] Sirin, E., & Ertuğrul, K. (2015). Flora of Büyükeğri Mountain (Mut, İçel) and its surroundings. Biological Diversity and Conservation (Biodicon), 8(2), 23-36. [2] Karik, U., Cicek, F., Ogur, E., & Birol, D. (2014). Determination of some morphological, yield and quality characteristics of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars and landraces in Menemen ecological conditions II. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Symposium, Türkiye.
  • [3] Sönmez, Ç. (2023). Turkish Oregano (Origanum spp.): Biodiversity, Cultivation, Traditional and Commercial Uses. In: Á. Máthé,, K. Turgut (eds.). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Turkey. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World, vol 10. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43312-2_9
  • [4] Turkmen, M., Kara, M., Maral, H., & Soylu, S. (2022). Determination of chemical component of essential oil of Origanum dubium plants grown at different altitudes and antifungal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(6), e15787. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.15787
  • [5] Turgut, K., Ozyiğit, Y., Tutuncu, B., & Ucar Sozmen, E. (2017). Agronomic and chemical performance of selected Origanum dubium Boiss. clones for industrial use. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 41, 272-277. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1612-75
  • [6] Kaplan, B., Uçar Sözmen, E., & Turgut, K. (2019). Chemical diversity of essential oils within the Origanum dubium Boiss. Population. Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils, 6(4), 6-12.
  • [7] Zafar, R., Zahoor, M., Shah, A. B., & Majid, F. (2017). Determination of antioxidants and antibacterial activities, total phenolic, polyphenol and pigment contents in Nasturtium officinale. Pharmacology Online, 1, 11-18.
  • [8] Rguez, S., Msaada, K., Hammami, M., Daami-Remadi, M., Chayeb, I., Ksouri, R., & Hamrouni‐Sellami, I. (2019). Diurnal variation of the chemical composition and its repercussion on the biological activity polyphenolics of Salvia officinalis aerial parts. International Journal of Plant Science and Horticulture 1, 07-21. https://doi.org/10.36811/ijpsh.2019.110002
  • [9] Podila, N., Kumar Konidala, S., Chimakurthy, J., Muddisetti, S., Matangi, S., Gunturu, N., & Rudrapal, M. (2024). Medicinal significance and complications of vitamin E. In A. Juber (Eds.). Vitamin B and Vitamin E - Pleiotropic and Nutritional Benefits. IntechOpen. doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112761
  • [10] Taghvaei, M., & Jafari, S. M. (2015). Application and stability of natural antioxidants in edible oils in order to substitute synthetic additives. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(3), 1272–1282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1080-1
  • [11] Kumar, M., Pratap, V., Nigam, A.K., Sinha, B.K., Kumar, M., & Singh, J.K.G. (2021). Plants as a source of potential antioxidants and their effective nanoformulations. Journal of Scientific Research, 65, 57–72. https://10.37398/JSR.2021.650308
  • [12] Maral, H., Türk, M., Çalışkan, T., Kafkas, N. E., & Kırıcı, S. (2017). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils of six Labiates growing in Southern Turkey. Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils, 4(4), 62-68.
  • [13] Davis, P. H. (1982). Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands. Vol. 7, Edinb. Un. Press., Edinburgh.
  • [14] Maral, H. (2023). Chemical and antioxidant diversity of essential oils of some Salvia species from Türkiye. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 106, 104575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2022.104575
  • [15] Adams, R. P. (2007). Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4th ed. Allured Publishing Co., Carol Stream.
  • [16] Blois, M. S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 181, 1199-1200. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0
  • [17] Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., & Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
  • [18] Singleton, V. L. & Rossi, J. A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144–158. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1965.16.3.144
  • [19] Slinkard, K., & Singleton, V. (1977). Total phenol analysis: Automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28, 49–55. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1977.28.1.49
  • [20] Said-Al Ahl, H. A. H., Omer, E. A., & Naguib, N. Y. (2009). Effect of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer on herb and essential oil of oregano. International Agrophysics, 23, 269-275p. [21] Babushok, V.I., Linstrom, P.J. & Zenkevich, I.G. (2011). Retention indices for frequently reported compounds of plant essential oils. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 40, article 043101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3653552
  • [22] Maral, H., Ulupınar, S., Turk Baydır, A., Ozbay, S., Altınkaynak, K., Sebin, E., Siktar, E., Kishalı, N. F., Buzdaǧlı, Y., & Gençoǧlu, C. (2022). Effect of Origanum dubium, Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, and Lavandula angustifolia essential oils on lipid profiles and liver biomarkers in athletes. Zeitschrift Naturforsch.-Section C, 77, 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2021-0142
  • [23] Soltanbeigi, A., & Sakartepe, E. (2020). Chemical specification of wild Salvia tomentosa Mill. collected from Inner Aegean Region of Turkey. Journal of Medicinal and Spice Plants, 24(1), 31–35
  • [24] Hajlaoui, H., Mighri, H., Aouni, M., Gharsallah, N., & Kadri, A. (2016). Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant antimicrobial, cytotoxicity and anti-acetylcholinesterase properties of Tunisian Origanum majorana L. essential oil. Microbial Pathogenesis, 95, 86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.03.003
  • [25] Sarikurkcu, C., Zengin, G., Oskay, M., Uysal, S., Ceylan, R., & Aktumsek, A. (2015). Composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and enzyme inhibition activities of two Origanum vulgare subspecies (subsp vulgare and subsp hirtum) essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 70, 178–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.030

IImpacts of diurnal variation on essential oil properties and antioxidant activity of endemic Origanum dubium Boiss

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 342 - 348

Hasan Maral

https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2025.1644458

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the impact of diurnal variation on the essential oil (EO) yield, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of Origanum dubium Boiss., an endemic and carvacrol-rich species naturally distributed in Türkiye.
Method: The aerial parts of O. dubium were collected at five different harvest times during the flowering stage (06:00, 09:00, 12:00, 15:00, and 18:00) in Ermenek (Türkiye) in 2020. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by GC-FID/MS. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH radical scavenging method.
Findings: The EO content ranged between 6.4% (12:00) and 8.6% (18:00). Oxygenated monoterpenes (79.9–88.0%) were the dominant group, with carvacrol (72.0–83.4%) as the main compound. The highest carvacrol concentration was recorded at 09:00, whereas the lowest was at 12:00. Other major constituents were α-thujene (1.3–1.5%), γ-terpinene (1.9–6.3%), and p-cymene (4.0–5.4%). Antioxidant activity varied significantly depending on the harvest time, with radical scavenging activity ranging from 32.21% (06:00) to 63.90% (18:00).
Conclusion: Diurnal variation significantly influences the EO yield, composition, and antioxidant activity of O. dubium. The results suggest that harvesting between 06:00–12:00 in the morning and 15:00–18:00 in the afternoon is optimal for obtaining higher oil yield, carvacrol content, and antioxidant potential.

Keywords

essential oil Origanum dubium diurnal variation carvacrol anttioxidant activity DPPH

Ethical Statement

This study does not require ethical approval

Supporting Institution

No Funding Received.

References

  • [1] Sirin, E., & Ertuğrul, K. (2015). Flora of Büyükeğri Mountain (Mut, İçel) and its surroundings. Biological Diversity and Conservation (Biodicon), 8(2), 23-36. [2] Karik, U., Cicek, F., Ogur, E., & Birol, D. (2014). Determination of some morphological, yield and quality characteristics of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars and landraces in Menemen ecological conditions II. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Symposium, Türkiye.
  • [3] Sönmez, Ç. (2023). Turkish Oregano (Origanum spp.): Biodiversity, Cultivation, Traditional and Commercial Uses. In: Á. Máthé,, K. Turgut (eds.). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Turkey. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World, vol 10. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43312-2_9
  • [4] Turkmen, M., Kara, M., Maral, H., & Soylu, S. (2022). Determination of chemical component of essential oil of Origanum dubium plants grown at different altitudes and antifungal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(6), e15787. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.15787
  • [5] Turgut, K., Ozyiğit, Y., Tutuncu, B., & Ucar Sozmen, E. (2017). Agronomic and chemical performance of selected Origanum dubium Boiss. clones for industrial use. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 41, 272-277. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1612-75
  • [6] Kaplan, B., Uçar Sözmen, E., & Turgut, K. (2019). Chemical diversity of essential oils within the Origanum dubium Boiss. Population. Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils, 6(4), 6-12.
  • [7] Zafar, R., Zahoor, M., Shah, A. B., & Majid, F. (2017). Determination of antioxidants and antibacterial activities, total phenolic, polyphenol and pigment contents in Nasturtium officinale. Pharmacology Online, 1, 11-18.
  • [8] Rguez, S., Msaada, K., Hammami, M., Daami-Remadi, M., Chayeb, I., Ksouri, R., & Hamrouni‐Sellami, I. (2019). Diurnal variation of the chemical composition and its repercussion on the biological activity polyphenolics of Salvia officinalis aerial parts. International Journal of Plant Science and Horticulture 1, 07-21. https://doi.org/10.36811/ijpsh.2019.110002
  • [9] Podila, N., Kumar Konidala, S., Chimakurthy, J., Muddisetti, S., Matangi, S., Gunturu, N., & Rudrapal, M. (2024). Medicinal significance and complications of vitamin E. In A. Juber (Eds.). Vitamin B and Vitamin E - Pleiotropic and Nutritional Benefits. IntechOpen. doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112761
  • [10] Taghvaei, M., & Jafari, S. M. (2015). Application and stability of natural antioxidants in edible oils in order to substitute synthetic additives. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(3), 1272–1282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1080-1
  • [11] Kumar, M., Pratap, V., Nigam, A.K., Sinha, B.K., Kumar, M., & Singh, J.K.G. (2021). Plants as a source of potential antioxidants and their effective nanoformulations. Journal of Scientific Research, 65, 57–72. https://10.37398/JSR.2021.650308
  • [12] Maral, H., Türk, M., Çalışkan, T., Kafkas, N. E., & Kırıcı, S. (2017). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils of six Labiates growing in Southern Turkey. Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils, 4(4), 62-68.
  • [13] Davis, P. H. (1982). Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands. Vol. 7, Edinb. Un. Press., Edinburgh.
  • [14] Maral, H. (2023). Chemical and antioxidant diversity of essential oils of some Salvia species from Türkiye. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 106, 104575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2022.104575
  • [15] Adams, R. P. (2007). Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4th ed. Allured Publishing Co., Carol Stream.
  • [16] Blois, M. S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 181, 1199-1200. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0
  • [17] Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., & Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
  • [18] Singleton, V. L. & Rossi, J. A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144–158. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1965.16.3.144
  • [19] Slinkard, K., & Singleton, V. (1977). Total phenol analysis: Automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28, 49–55. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1977.28.1.49
  • [20] Said-Al Ahl, H. A. H., Omer, E. A., & Naguib, N. Y. (2009). Effect of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer on herb and essential oil of oregano. International Agrophysics, 23, 269-275p. [21] Babushok, V.I., Linstrom, P.J. & Zenkevich, I.G. (2011). Retention indices for frequently reported compounds of plant essential oils. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 40, article 043101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3653552
  • [22] Maral, H., Ulupınar, S., Turk Baydır, A., Ozbay, S., Altınkaynak, K., Sebin, E., Siktar, E., Kishalı, N. F., Buzdaǧlı, Y., & Gençoǧlu, C. (2022). Effect of Origanum dubium, Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, and Lavandula angustifolia essential oils on lipid profiles and liver biomarkers in athletes. Zeitschrift Naturforsch.-Section C, 77, 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2021-0142
  • [23] Soltanbeigi, A., & Sakartepe, E. (2020). Chemical specification of wild Salvia tomentosa Mill. collected from Inner Aegean Region of Turkey. Journal of Medicinal and Spice Plants, 24(1), 31–35
  • [24] Hajlaoui, H., Mighri, H., Aouni, M., Gharsallah, N., & Kadri, A. (2016). Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant antimicrobial, cytotoxicity and anti-acetylcholinesterase properties of Tunisian Origanum majorana L. essential oil. Microbial Pathogenesis, 95, 86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.03.003
  • [25] Sarikurkcu, C., Zengin, G., Oskay, M., Uysal, S., Ceylan, R., & Aktumsek, A. (2015). Composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and enzyme inhibition activities of two Origanum vulgare subspecies (subsp vulgare and subsp hirtum) essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 70, 178–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.030
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hasan Maral 0000-0001-9074-1109

Early Pub Date September 25, 2025
Publication Date September 29, 2025
Submission Date February 21, 2025
Acceptance Date September 13, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 18 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Maral, H. (2025). IImpacts of diurnal variation on essential oil properties and antioxidant activity of endemic Origanum dubium Boiss. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 18(3), 342-348. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2025.1644458
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