The effect of tartrazine on angiogenesis and oxidative stress in the chorioallantoic membrane model

Abstract

Tartrazine is commonly preferred as a coloring agent in non-alcoholic beverages, fruit juices, jellies, cereals, and soups. This study aims to investigate the effects of tartrazine exposure on anti-angiogenesis and the oxidant-antioxidant balance. Three different tartrazine dose, a bevacizumab, and an empty pellet used to evaluate anti-angiogenic effects on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Fluid samples were collected for measurements of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS), from which the oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. The control group and 10-6 M tartrazine group had no anti-angiogenic impact, but the bevacizumab group had a strong anti-angiogenic effect. Furthermore, the 10-4 M and 10-5 M tartrazine groups had a weak anti-angiogenic effect. The levels of TOS increase with tartrazine consumption. TAC values were highest in the 10-6 M tartrazine group and lowest in the 10-5 M tartrazine group. Moreover, OSI values have increased in the 10-4 M tartrazine group, 10-5 M tartrazine group, and 10-6 M tartrazine group compared to control group. This study demonstrates that tartrazine exposure leads to dose-dependent increases in oxidative stress and, in parallel, exhibits dose-dependent anti-angiogenic effects. For this reason, it is recommended to be careful when consuming products containing tartrazine.

Keywords

• Tartrazine
• Food additive
• Chorioallantoic membrane
• Oxidant
• Angiogenesis

References

1. Ardern, K., & Group, C. A. (1996). Tartrazine exclusion for allergic asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000460
2. Carocho, M., Morales, P., & Ferreira, I. C. (2015). Natural food additives: Quo vadis? Trends in food science & technology, 45(2), 284-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.06.007
3. Cox, S., Sandall, A., Smith, L., Rossi, M., & Whelan, K. (2021). Food additive emulsifiers: a review of their role in foods, legislation and classifications, presence in food supply, dietary exposure, and safety assessment. Nutrition reviews, 79(6), 726-741. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa038
4. da Silva, J., & Fracacio, R. (2021). Toxicological and ecotoxicological aspects of tartrazine yellow food dye: a literature review. Brazilian Journal of Environmental Sciences (RBCIAMB), 56(1), 137-151.https://doi.org/10.5327/Z21769478746
5. El-Borm, H. T., Badawy, G. M., Hassab El-Nabi, S., El-Sherif, W. A., & Atallah, M. N. (2020). Toxicity of sunset yellow FCF and tartrazine dyes on DNA and cell cycle of liver and kidneys of the chick embryo: The alleviative effects of curcumin. Egyptian Journal of Zoology, 74(74), 43-55. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejz.2020.42218.1040
6. El-Sakhawy, M. A., Mohamed, D. W., & Ahmed, Y. H. (2019). Histological and immunohistochemical evaluation of the effect of tartrazine on the cerebellum, submandibular glands, and kidneys of adult male albino rats. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 9574-9584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04399-5
7. Elhkim, M. O., Héraud, F., Bemrah, N., Gauchard, F., Lorino, T., Lambré, C., Frémy, J. M., Poul, J.-M. (2007). New considerations regarding the risk assessment on Tartrazine: an update toxicological assessment, intolerance reactions and maximum theoretical daily intake in France. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 47(3), 308-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.11.004
8. Etli, M., Karahan, O., Akkaya, Ö., & Savaş, H. B. (2021). Cilostazol induces angiogenesis and regulates oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner: A chorioallantoic membrane study. Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 29(4), 449. https://doi.org/10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2021.22212

9. Garcia, P., Wang, Y., Viallet, J., & Macek Jilkova, Z. (2021). The chicken embryo model: a novel and relevant model for immune-based studies. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, 791081. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.791081
10. Gunizi, H., Savas, H. B., & Genc, S. (2022). Trace Elements (Zn and Cu) and Oxidative Stress in Pediatric Patients with Persistent Allergic Rhinitis. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan: JCPSP, 32(3), 324-328. https://doi.org/10.29271/jcpsp.2022.03.324
11. Hashem, M. M., Abd-Elhakim, Y. M., Abo-EL-Sooud, K., & Eleiwa, M. M. (2019). Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of tartrazine in rats. Toxicological research, 35, 75-81. https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2019.35.1.075
12. Kaya, S. I., Cetinkaya, A., & Ozkan, S. A. (2021). Latest advances on the nanomaterials-based electrochemical analysis of azo toxic dyes Sunset Yellow and Tartrazine in food samples. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 156, 112524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112524
13. Lindsay, R. C. (2007). Food additives. In Fennema's food chemistry (pp. 701-762). CRC Press.
14. Mahmoud, M. E., Abdelfattah, A. M., Tharwat, R. M., & Nabil, G. M. (2020). Adsorption of negatively charged food tartrazine and sunset yellow dyes onto positively charged triethylenetetramine biochar: Optimization, kinetics and thermodynamic study. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 318, 114297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114297
15. Ovalioglu, A. O., Ovalioglu, T. C., Canaz, G., Aydin, A. E., Arslan, S., Mehmet, S., & Erhan, E. (2020). Effects of Tartrazine on Neural Tube Development in the Early Stage of Chicken Embryos. Turkish Neurosurgery, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.28793-19.6
16. Ribatti, D. (2014). The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane as a model for tumor biology. Experimental cell research, 328(2), 314-324.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.06.010
17. Ribatti, D. (2016). The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). A multifaceted experimental model. Mechanisms of development, 141, 70-77.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2016.05.003
18. Rovina, K., Siddiquee, S., & Shaarani, S. M. (2017). A review of extraction and analytical methods for the determination of tartrazine (E 102) in foodstuffs. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 47(4), 309-324.https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2017.1287558
19. Savas, H. B., Gultekin, F., & Ciris, İ. M. (2017). Positive effects of meal frequency and calorie restriction on antioxidant systems in rats. Northern clinics of Istanbul, 4(2), 109. 10.14744/nci.2017.21548
20. Savran, M., Ozmen, O., Erzurumlu, Y., Savas, H., Asci, S., & Kaynak, M. (2019). The impact of prophylactic lacosamide on LPS-induced neuroinflammation in aged rats. Inflammation, 42, 1913-1924. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-019-01053-7
21. Sigurdson, G. T., Tang, P., & Giusti, M. M. (2017). Natural colorants: Food colorants from natural sources. Annual review of food science and technology, 8, 261-280. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-030216-025923
22. Sozen, M. E., Akkaya, O., Savas, H. B., & Karahan, O. (2022). Akrilamidin Koryoallantoik Membran Modelinde Oksidatif ve Anti-Anjiogenik Etkileri. Akdeniz Medical Journal. https://doi.org/10.53394/akd.1015590
23. Sozen, M. E., Savas, H. B., Akkaya, O., & Karahan, O. (2023). Anti-Angiogenic and Oxidant Effects of Monosodium Glutamate at Different Concentrations in Chorioallantoic Membrane Model. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Tıp Dergisi, 10(2), 110-114. https://doi.org/10.47572/muskutd.1137215