An Approach to Determine of the Formation Stages of Volcanism Using Natural Gamma-Ray Spectrometer from Geophysical Methods (Example of Gölcük Volcanism)

Abstract

Gölcük Caldera is in the Isparta Angle, which is an interesting tectonic structure in Southwest Anatolia. This caldera is formed as a result of back-arc volcanism associated with the northward subduction zone of the African plate under the Eurasian Plate during the Tertiary. It attracts the attention of many researchers with its tectonic and volcanic structure. In this article, the results of in situ natural gamma radiation measurements made in the caldera are evaluated. In the study, radioactive element (Potassium (%K), Uranium (eU), and Thorium (eTh)) contents of volcanics were measured in situ with the portable gamma-ray spectrometer, which is effectively used in Geophysical Engineering. The changes in natural gamma radiation of alkaline volcanic are presented with maps. When these maps are examined, it is understood that K%, U-ppm and Th-ppm concentrations of Gölcük volcanic are higher than the world average values. The high potassium concentration draws even more attention. The high potassium content indicates that the local volcanic are ultrapotassic and contain lithospheric materials. In addition, since the radioactive element concentration will reflect the magmatic development, the volcanic stages in the region have been tried to be determined. The number of these stages was determined from the curves of the radioactive data from a purely geophysical engineering (numerical) point of view, and the study area was interpreted as consisting of three different phases. This finding is supported by the results of the articles on the aging studies of the samples taken as a result of observations. In addition to these, the ranges of radioactive elements belonging to these stages were determined.

Keywords

• Geophysics
• Natural radioactivity
• Radioactive elements
• Gölcük volcanism
• Volcanic stage

Project Number

yok

References

1. [1] UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation), “Sources and biological effects of ionizing radiation,” New York, USA, 2000.
2. [2] I. R. Ajayi, and O. O. Kuforiji, “Natural radioactivity measurements in rock samples of Ondo and Ekiti states in Nigeria,” Radiation Measurements, vol. 33, pp. 13-16, 2001.
3. [3] L. Xinwei, “Natural radioactivity in some building materials and by-products of Shaanxi, China,” Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 262, pp. 775-777, 2004.
4. [4] S. Singh, A. Rani, and R. K. Mahajan, “226Ra, 232Th and 40K analysis in soil samples from some areas of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, India using gamma ray spectrometry,” Radiation Measurements, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 431-439, 2005.
5. [5] N. Sulekha Rao, D. Sengupta, R. Guin, and S. K. Saha, “Natural radioactivity measurements in beach sand along southern coast of Orissa, eastern India,” Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 59, pp. 593-601, 2009.
6. [6] R. Mehra, S. Kumar, R. Sonkawade, N. P. Singh, and K. Badhan, “Analysis of terrestrial naturally occurring radionuclides in soil samples from some areas of Sirsa district of Haryana, India using gamma ray spectrometry,” Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 59, pp. 1159-1164, 2010.
7. [7] N. A. Uyanık, I. Akkurt, and O. Uyanık, “A ground radiometric study of uranium, thorium and potassium in Isparta, Turkey,” Annals of Geophysics, vol. 53, no. (5–6), pp. 25-30, 2010.
8. [8] N. A. Uyanık, O. Uyanık, and İ. Akkurt, “Micro zoning of the natural radioactivity levels and seismic velocities of potential residential areas in volcanic fields The case of Isparta Turkey,” Journal of Applied Geophysics, vol. 98, pp. 191-204, 2013a.

9. [9] N. A. Uyanik, Z. Öncü, O. Uyanik, and İ. Akkurt, “Determination of Natural Radioactivity from 232Th with Gamma-Ray Spectrometer in Dereköy-Yazır (Southwestern Anatolia),” Acta Physica Polonica A, vol. 128, no. No 2-B, pp. B441-442, 2015a.
10. [10] N. A. Uyanik, Z. Öncü, O. Uyanik, M. Bozcu, I. Akkurt, K. Günoglu, and F. Yagmurlu, “Distribution of Natural Radioactivity from 40K Radioelement in Volcanics of Sandıklı-Suhut (Afyon) Area,” Acta Physica Polonica A, vol. 128, no. No 2-B, pp. B438-440, 2015b.
11. [11] N. A. Uyanık, B. Kurt, and O. Uyanık, “Determination of the hot dry rock from radiogenic heat production for potential geothermal sources and example of Isparta-Yakaören,” Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1170-1177, 2020.
12. [12] N. A. Uyanık, Z. Öncü, O. Uyanık, and M. Bozcu, “Determination of alteration zones and geological unit limits using natural radioactivity properties of Sandıklı-Suhut areas”. Journal of Applied Geophysics, vol. 196, art. no. 104525, 2022.
13. [13] S. Fares, “Measurements of natural radioactivity level in black sand and sediment samples of the Temsah Lake beach in Suez Canal region in Egypt,” Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 194-203, 2017.
14. [14] A. Aziz, T. Attia, and M. Hanafi, “Radiological Impact and Environmental Monitoring of Gamma Radiations Along the Public Beach of Port Said, Egypt,” Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol. 177, pp. 2871-2876, 2020.
15. [15] G. Cinelli, E. Brattich, C. Coletti, V. De Ingeniis, C. Mazzoli, D. Mostacci, R. Sassi, and L. Tositti, “Terrestrial gamma dose rate mapping (Euganean Hills, Italy): comparison between field measurements and HPGe gamma spectrometric data,” Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, vol. 175, pp. 54–67, 2020.
16. [16] A. S. Akingboye, A. C. Ogunyele, A. T. Jimoh, O. B. Adaramoye, A. O. Adeola, and T. Ajayi, “Radioactivity, radiogenic heat production and environmental radiation risk of the Basement Complex rocks of Akungba-Akoko, southwestern Nigeria: insights from in situ gamma-ray spectrometry,” Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 80, no. 6, 2021.
17. [17] A. A. Abojassim, and L. H. Rasheed, “Natural radioactivity of soil in the Baghdad governorate,” Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 80, no. 1, 2021.
18. [18] ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). “Toxicological Profile for Radon”. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, USA, 1990.
19. [19] H. Taskin, M. Karavus, P. Ay, A. Topuzoglu, S. Hindiroglu, and G. Karahan “Radionuclide concentrations in soil and lifetime cancer risk due to the gamma radioactivity in Kirklareli Turkey,” Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 100, pp. 49-53, 2009.
20. [20] B. A. Almayahi, A. A. Tajuddin, and M. S. Jaafar, “Effect of the natural radioactivity concentrations and 226Ra/238U disequilibrium on cancer diseases in Penang, Malaysia,” Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol. 81, no. 10, pp. 1547-1558, 2012.
21. [21] N. A. Uyanık, “Determination of the Radiological Risk and the Cancer Effect Caused by Geological Units and Samples from Afyon, Turkey,” Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol. 179, pp. 1295-1308, 2022.
22. [22] S. Altundaş, and H. Çınar, “Uranium migration and radioactive characteristics of the Sariçiçek and Sarihan Granodiorites,” Turkish Journal of Engineering, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 208-226, 2023.
23. [23] S. Altundas, “Investigation of natural radionuclide variations and the possible uranium migration by testing with gamma-ray spectrometer: An example from TuğIu Tepe and Deliler Sites in Sefaatli/Yozgat, Central Anatolia Region, Turkey,” Joumal of Applied Geophysics vol. 207, article no. 104866, 2022.
24. [24] M. Bolca, M. M. Saç, B. Çokuysal, T. Karalı, and E. Ekdal, “Radioactivity in soils and various foodstuffs from the Gediz River Basin of Turkey,” Radiation Measurements, vol. 42, pp. 263-270, 2007.
25. [25] M. Martini, and E.Sibilia, “Radiation in archaeometry: archaeological dating,” Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol. 61, no. (3–6), pp. 241-246, 2001.
26. [26] F. Birch, “Heat from radioactivity, in Nuclear Geology”, ed. Henry Faul, New York, USA, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1954.
27. [27] IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), “Guidelines for Radioelement Mapping Using Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Data”. Vienna, Austria, 1363p, 2003.
28. [28] P. Chiozzi, P. De Felice, V. Pasquale, D. Russo, and M. Verdoya “Field γ-ray spectrometry on the Vulcano island (Aeolian Arc, Italy),” Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 51, pp. 247-253, 1999.
29. [29] İ. Aydın, “Jeofizikte Radyometrik Yöntem ve Gamma-Işın Spektrometrisi,”, SDU Publishing house, publication no.49, Isparta, Türkiye, 2004, p.150.
30. [30] İ. Aydın, M. S. Aydoğan, E. Oksum, and A. Koçak, “An Attempt to Use Aerial Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Results in Petrochemical of the Volcanic and Plutonic Associations of Central Anatolia (Turkey),” Geophysical Journal International, vol. 167, pp. 1044-1052, 2006.
31. [31] N. A. Uyanık, O. Uyanık, F. Gür, and İ. Aydın, “Natural radioactivity of bricks and brick material in the Salihli–Turgutlu area of Turkey,” Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 499-506, 2013b.
32. [32] R. Mazzuoli, L. Tortorici, and G. Ventura, “Oblique rifting in Salina, Lipari and Vulcano islands (Aeolian islands, southern Italy),” Terra Nova, vol. 7, pp. 444-452, 1995.
33. [33] P. Chiozzi, V. Pasquale, and M. Verdoya, “Ground radiometric survey of U, Th and K on the Lipari Island, Italy,” Journal of Applied Geophysics, vol. 38, pp. 209-217, 1998.
34. [34] P. Chiozzi, V. Pasquale, M. Verdoya, and S. Minato, “Natural gamma-radiation in the Aeolian volcanic arc,” Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol. 55, pp. 737-744, 2001.
35. [35] A. Poisson, “Recherches géologiques dans les Taurides occidentales (Turquies),” PhD thesis, University of Paris, 795p., Paris, France, 1977.
36. [36] B. Platevoet, S. Scaillet, H. Guillou, D. Blamart, S. Nomade, M. Massault, A. Poisson, Ö. Elitok, N. Özgür, F. Yagmurlu, and K. Yılmaz, “Pleistocene eruptive chronology of the Gölcük volcano, Isparta Angle, Turkey,” Quaternaire, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 147–156. 2008.
37. [37] B. Platevoet, Ö. Elitok, H. Guillou, J. M. Bardintzeff, F. Yagmurlu, S. Nomade, D. C. Poisson, and N. Özgür, “Petrology of quaternary volcanic rocks and related plutonic xenoliths from Gölcük volcano, Isparta Angle, Turkey: origin and evolution of the high-K alkaline series,” Journal of Asian Earth Science, vol. 92, pp. 53-76, 2014.
38. [38] K. Yılmaz, “Geochemistry of ultramafic, mafic, and felsic xenoliths from the Gölcük (Isparta, SW Turkey) alkali rocks: genetic relationship with arc magmas,” Arabian Journal of Geosciences, vol. 12, art. no. 306, 2019.
39. [39] D. Kalafat, “Güneybatı Anadolu ve Yakın Çevresinin Depremselliği, Aktif Tektoniği,” Deprem Araştırma Bülteni, vol. 63, pp. 5-98, 1988.
40. [40] S. A. Poyraz, “Isparta Büklümünü Oluşturan Tektonik Yapıların Sismolojik Yöntemlerle Araştırılması,” PhD. Thesis, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye, 2009.
41. [41] O. Pamukçu, T. Gönenç, O. Uyanık, H. Sözbilir, and O. Çakmak, “A microgravity model for the city of İzmir Western Anatolia and its tectonic implementations,” Acta Geophysica, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 849-871, 2014.
42. [42] B. Oruç, “Structural interpretation of southern part of western Anatolian using analytic signal of the second order gravity gradients and discrete wavelet transform analysis,” Journal of Applied Geophysics, vol. 103, pp. 82-98, 2014.
43. [43] C. E. Toker, E. U. Ulugergerli, and A. R. Kılıç, “The Naşa intrusion (Western Anatolia) and its tectonic implication: A joint analyses of gravity and earthquake catalog data,” Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, vol. 156, pp. 247-262, 2018.
44. [44] Ç. Sarı, and E. Timur, “Interpretation of magnetic data using boundary analysis and inversion techniques: a case study from Gölcük/Isparta (Turkey) region,” Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 30, no. 5, pp 611-627, 2021.
45. [45] E. Oksum, M. N. Dolmaz and L. T. Pham, “Inverting gravity anomalies over the Burdur sedimentary basin, SW Turkey,” Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica, vol. 54, pp. 445–460, 2019.
46. [46] E. Erbek Kiran, A. Ates and M. N. Dolmaz, “Upper Crustal Structure of Denizli Graben (Western Turkey) From Bouguer Gravity Data and Seismic Refection Sections,” Surveys in Geophysics, vol. 43, pp. 1947–1966, 2022.
47. [47] E. Ulugergerli, G. Seyitoğlu, A. Başokur, C. Kaya, U. Dikmen, and M. Candansayar, “The geoelectrical structure of Northwestern Anatolia, Turkey,” Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol. 164, no. 5, pp. 999-1026, 2007.
48. [48] Y. Öz, “Engineering Seismology with Application to Geotechnical Engineering,” ed. Richard D. Miller, Investigation in Geophysics Series No. 17, Oklahoma, U.S.A., Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2015.
49. [49] C. Glover, and A. H. F. Robertson, “Neogen Intersection of the Aegean and Cyprus Arcs: Extensional and Strike-Slipe Faulting in the Isparta Angle, SW Turkey,” Tectonophysics, vol. 298, pp. 103-132, 1998.
50. [50] M. E. Karaman, “Tectono-Stratigraphic Outline of the Burdur-Isparta Area (Western Taurides, Turkey),” Geological Bulletin of Turkey, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 71-81, 2000.
51. [51] F. Yagmurlu, Y. Savascin, and M. Ergun, “Relation of alkaline volcanism and active tectonism within the evolution of the Isparta angle, SW Turkey,” Journal of Geology, vol. 105, no. 6, pp. 717-728, 1997.
52. [52] M. Y. Savaşçın, and T. Oyman “Tectono-Magmatic evolution of alkaline volcanics at the Kırka-Afyon-Isparta structral trend, SW Turkey,” Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 7, pp. 201-214, 1998.
53. [53] M. M. Blumenthal, “Le Système Structural du Taurus Sud - Anatolien in Livre à la mémoire,” Prof. Paul Fellot, Mém., hs-sér., Société Géologique de France, vol. II, pp. 611-662, 1963.
54. [54] J. H. Brunn, “L’arc Concave Zagro-Taurique et les Arcs Convexes Taurique et Egeen. Collision et Arcs Induits,” Bulletin de la Society Geology, vol. 2, pp. 553-567, 1976.
55. [55] A. M. C. Şengör, “Türkiye’nin Neotektoniğinin Esasları,” Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Konferanslar Dizisi, vol. 2, 40p., 1980.
56. [56] F. Yağmurlu, and M. Şentürk, “Güneybatı Anadolu’nun Güncel Tektonik Yapısı,” Türkiye Kuvaterner Sepozyumu, İTÜ Avrasya Yer Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye, 02-03 Haziran 2005.
57. [57] N. Kazancı, and M. E. Karaman, “Gölcük (Isparta) Pliyosen volkanoklastik istifinin sedimantolojik özellikleri ve depolanma mekanizmalar,” Akdeniz Üniversitesi Isparta Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 4, pp. 16-35, 1988.
58. [58] W. Nemec, N. Kazanci, and J. G. Mitchell, “Pleistocene explosions and pyroclastic currents in west-Central Anatolia,” Boreas, vol. 27, pp. 311-332, 1998.
59. [59] C. Lefèvre, H. Bellon, and A. Poisson, “Présence de leucitites dans le volcanisme Pliocène de la région d’Isparta (Taurides occidentales, Turquie),” CR Acad Sci Paris vol. 297, no. II, pp. 367-372, 1983.
60. [60] P. Alıcı, A. Temel, A. Gourgaud, G. Kieffer, and M. N. Gündoğdu, “Petrology and geochemistry of potassic rocks in the Gölcük area (Isparta, SW Turkey): genesis of enriched alkaline magmas,” Journal of Volcanology Geothermal Research, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 423-446, 1998.
61. [61] A. K. Schmitt, M. Danışık, W. Siebel, Ö. Elitok, Y-W. Chang, and C. C. Shen, “Late Pleistocene zircon ages for intracaldera domes at Gölcük (Isparta, Turkey),” Journal of Volcanology Geothermal Research, vol. 286, pp. 24-29, 2014.
62. [62] H. Coban, “New geochronologic, geochemical and isotopic constraints on the evolution of plio-quaternary alkaline volcanism from Isparta district, SW Turkey,” International symposium on the geodynamics of eastern Mediterranean: active tectonics of the Aegean region, Istanbul, Turkey, 15-18 June 2005.
63. [63] İ. Aydın, “Bir Jeofizik Yöntem: Gama-Işın Spektrometresi,” Jeofizik Dergisi, vol. 7, pp. 109-122, 1993.
64. [64] R. L. Grasty, J. E. Glynn, and J. A. Grant, “The Analysis of Multichannel Airborne Gamma-Ray Spectra,” Geophysics, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 2611-2620, 1985.
65. [65] S. Yalçınkaya, “Isparta-Ağlasun (Burdur) Dolaylarının Jeolojisi,” PhD. Tesis, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Ens., 176p., İstanbul, 1989.
66. [66] A. Koçyiğit, “Ağlasun-Gölcük (Isparta) Bölgesinin Aktif Tektoniği: Neotektonik Rejimin Türü ve Sagalassos Tarihsel Depremlerinin Kaynağı,” Aktif Tektonik Araştırma Grubu 12. Çalıştayı, 7-8, Ankara, 2008.
67. [67] N. A. Uyanık, “Isparta Alkali Volkanitlerinin Radyometrik ve Manyetik Yöntemlerle İncelenmesi,” PhD. Tesis, SDU Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta, 2011.