An Investigation of the Strength Properties of Fly Ash and Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Mortars Containing Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube, Nano Silica, and Nano Zinc

Yıl 2023, , 842 - 852, 28.09.2023

Maksut Seloğlu , Harun Tanyıldızı , Mehmet Emin Öncü

https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1323858

Cited By: 2

Öz

In this study, the mechanical properties of geopolymer mortar composites containing different nanomaterials were investigated. Metakaolin (MK) and fly ash (FA) were used as binders in geopolymer mortar samples. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution (12 M) were used as alkali activators. Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MW-CNT), nano-SiO2 (NS), and nano-ZnO (NZ) were used in the study. Geopolymer mortar samples without nanomaterials were determined as control samples, and geopolymer mortar samples containing 0.5% by weight of MW-CNT, NS, and NZ were prepared. All prepared samples were cured at 20±2 °C laboratory conditions for 7 days and 28 days. The curing geopolymer mortar samples were carried out with compressive strength and flexural strength tests. As a result of this study, the mechanical strength of all geopolymer mortar samples containing nanomaterials increased compared to the control samples. The highest compressive strength and flexural strength were obtained from geopolymer mortar samples containing MW-CNT. These samples were followed by geopolymer mortar samples containing NS and NZ, respectively.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Geopolymer mortar, MW-CNT, nano-SiO2, nano-ZnO, compressive strength, flexural strength

Kaynakça

• [1] Y. M. Amran, R. Alyousef, H. Alabduljabbar, and M. El-Zeadani, “Clean production and properties of geopolymer concrete; A review”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 251, 119679, 2020.
• [2] A. B. Moradikhou, A. Esparham, and M. J. Avanaki, “Physical & mechanical properties of fiber reinforced metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete.” Construction and Building Materials, 251, 118965, 2020.
• [3] K. A. Komnitsas, “Potential of geopolymer technology towards green buildings and sustainable cities.”, Procedia Engineering, 21, 1023-1032, 2011.
• [4] M. A. Villaquirán-Caicedo, and R. M. de Gutiérrez, “Synthesis of ceramic materials from ecofriendly geopolymer precursors.”, Materials Letters, 230, 300-304, 2018.
• [5] Y. Wang, F. Aslani, and A. Valizadeh, “An investigation into the mechanical behaviour of fibre-reinforced geopolymer concrete incorporating NiTi shape memory alloy, steel and polypropylene fibres.”, Construction and Building Materials, 259, 119765, 2020.
• [6] A. C. Ganesh, and M. Muthukannan, “Development of high performance sustainable optimized fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete and prediction of compressive strength.”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 282, 124543, 2021.
• [7] E. Mohseni, “Assessment of Na2SiO3 to NaOH ratio impact on the performance of polypropylene fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites.”, Construction and Building Materials, 186, pp.904-911, 2018.
• [8] J. Davidovits, D. C. Comrie, J. H. Paterson, and D. J. Ritcey, “Geopolymeric concretes for environmental protection.”, Concrete International, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 30-40, 1990.
• [9] S.M.A. El-Gamal, and F.A. Selim, “Utilization of some industrial wastes for eco-friendly cement production.”, Sustainable Mater.Technol. 12, pp. 9-17, 2017.
• [10] K. M. Liew, A. O. Sojobi, and L. W. Zhang, “Green concrete: Prospects and challenges.”, Construction and building materials, 156, pp.1063-1095, 2017.
• [11] B. Suhendro, “Toward green concrete for better sustainable environment.”, Procedia Engineering, 95, pp. 305-320, 2014.
• [12] F. Sanchez, and K. Sobolev, “Nanotechnology in concrete-a review”, Construction and building materials, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 2060-2071, 2010.
• [13] A. W. Qarluq, R. Polat, and F. F. Karagöl, “Halloysit Nano-Kil, Nano-SiO2 ve Nano-CaO’in Tekli ve İkili Kullanımının Çimento Esaslı Harçların Özelliklerine Etkileri.”, Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, vol. 20, pp.815-826, 2020.
• [14] M.S.M. Norhasri, M.S. Hamidah, and A.M. Fadzil, “Applications of Using Nano Material in Concrete: A review”, Constr. Build. Mater., vol:133, pp. 91-97, 2017.
• [15] T. Phoo-ngernkham, P. Chindaprasirt, V. Sata, S. Hanjitsuwan, and S. Hatanaka, “The effect of adding nano-SiO2 and nano-Al2O3 on properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer cured at ambient temperature”, Materials & Design, 55, pp. 58-65, 2014.
• [16] P. S. Deb, P. K. Sarker, and S. Barbhuiya, “Effects of nano-silica on the strength development of geopolymer cured at room temperature.”, Construction and building materials, 101, pp. 675-683, 2015.
• [17] K. Gao, K. L. Lin, D. Wang, H. S. Shiu, C. L. Hwang, and T. W. Cheng, “Effects of nano-SiO2 on setting time and compressive strength of alkali activated metakaolin-based geopolymer”, The Open Civil Engineering Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, 2013.
• [18] M. Tuyan, “Development of geopolymer mortar and concrete with natural and waste materials.”, PhD Thesis, Ege University, Institute of Science and Technology, İzmir, 2017.
• [19] M. Sumesh, U. J. Alengaram, M. Z. Jumaat, K. H. Mo, and M. F. Alnahhal, “Incorporation of nano-materials in cement composite and geopolymer based paste and mortar-A review.”, Construction and Building Materials, 148, pp. 62-84, 2017.
• [20] K. Sun, X. Peng, S. Wang, L. Zeng, P. Ran, and G. Ji, “Effect of nano-SiO2 on the efflorescence of an alkali-activated metakaolin mortar”, Construction and Building Materials, 253, p.118952, 2020.
• [21] N. Yaltay, “Investigation of the effect of nano silica on concrete compressive strength.”, Engineering Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 216-223, 2017.
• [22] H. U. Ahmed, A. A. Mohammed, and A. S. Mohammed, “The role of nanomaterials in geopolymer concrete composites: A state-of-the-art review”, Journal of Building Engineering, 49, p. 104062, 2022.
• [23] N. B. Singh, S. K. Saxena, and M. Kumar, “Effect of nanomaterials on the properties of geopolymer mortars and concrete”, Materials today: proceedings, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 9035-9040, 2018.
• [24] S. Ridha, M. Akmalludin, and S. S. Salehudin, “Microstructure investigations on nano-geopolymer cement cured under HPHT conditions”, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 144-149, 2016.
• [25] K. Gao, K. L. Lin, D. Wang, C. L. Hwang, H. S. Shiu, Y. M. Chang, and T. W. Cheng, “Effects SiO2/Na2O molar ratio on mechanical properties and the microstructure of nano-SiO2 metakaolin-based geopolymers.”, Construction and building materials, 53, pp. 503-510, 2014.
• [26] Z. Wu, K. H. Khayat, C. Shi, B. F. Tutikian, and Q. Chen, “Mechanisms Underlying the Strength Enhancement of UHPC Modified with Nano-SiO2 and Nano-CaCO3”, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 119, p. 103992, 2021.
• [27] F. U. A. Shaikh, S. W. M. Supit, and P. K. Sarker, “A study on the effect of nano silica on compressive strength of high volume fly ash mortars and concretes”, Materials & Design, 60, pp. 433-442, 2014.
• [28] S. M. A. El-Gamal, F. S. Hashem, and M. S. Amin, “Influence of carbon nanotubes, nanosilica and nano metakaolin on some morphological-mechanical properties of oil well cement pastes subjected to elevated water curing temperature and regular room air curing temperature”, Construction and Building Materials, 146, pp. 531-546, 2017.
• [29] J. Wang, P. Du, Z. Zhou, D. Xu, N. Xie, and X. Cheng, “Effect of nano-silica on hydration, microstructure of alkali-activated slag”, Construction and Building Materials, 220, pp. 110-118, 2019.
• [30] E. Ekinci, İ. Türkmen, F. Kantarci, and M. B. Karakoç, “The improvement of mechanical, physical and durability characteristics of volcanic tuff based geopolymer concrete by using nano silica, micro silica and Styrene-Butadiene Latex additives at different ratios”, Construction and Building Materials, 201, pp. 257-267, 2019.
• [31] X. Gao, Q. L. Yu, and H. J. H. Brouwers, “Characterization of alkali activated slag-fly ash blends containing nano-silica”, Construction and Building Materials, 98, pp. 397-406, 2015.
• [32] U. Durak, O. Karahan, B. Uzal, S. İlkentapar, and C. D. Atiş, “Influence of nano SiO2 and nano CaCO3 particles on strength, workability, and microstructural properties of fly ash‐based geopolymer”, Structural Concrete, 22, E352-E367, 2021.
• [33] B. B. Jindal, “Investigations on the properties of geopolymer mortar and concrete with mineral admixtures: A review”, Construction and building materials, 227, p. 116644, 2019.
• [34] A. M. Rashad, and A. S. Ouda, “Thermal resistance of alkali-activated metakaolin pastes containing nano-silica particles.”, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 136, pp. 609-620, 2019.
• [35] C. ASTM, “Specification for fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolana for use as a material admixture in Portland cement concrete”, pp. 618-78, 1978.
• [36] A. ASTM, “Test method for flexural strength of hydraulic mortar cement”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards C348, 401, 2002.
• [37] C. ASTM, “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars (Using Portions of Prisms Broken in Flexure)”, ASTM International, pp. 349-02, 2002.
• [38] Z. Zidi, M. Ltifi, Z. B. Ayadi, L. E. Mir, and X. R. Nóvoa, “Effect of nano-ZnO on mechanical and thermal properties of geopolymer”, Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, vol.8, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2020.
• [39] S. M. Abbasi, H. Ahmadi, G. Khalaj, and B. Ghasemi, “Microstructure and mechanical properties of a metakaolinite-based geopolymer nanocomposite reinforced with carbon nanotubes”, Ceramics International, vol. 42, no. 14, pp.15171-15176, 2016.
• [40] M. Saafi, K. Andrew, P. L. Tang, D. McGhon, S. Taylor, M. Rahman, and X. Zhou, “Multifunctional properties of carbon nanotube/fly ash geopolymeric nanocomposites”, Construction and Building Materials, 49, pp. 46-55, 2013.
• [41] M. A. Kotop, M. S. El-Feky, Y. R. Alharbi, A. A. Abadel, and A. S. Binyahya, “Engineering properties of geopolymer concrete incorporating hybrid nano-materials”, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 3641-3647, 2021.
• [42] P. Nuaklong, V. Sata, A. Wongsa, K. Srinavin, and P. Chindaprasirt, “Recycled aggregate high calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete with inclusion of OPC and nano-SiO2”, Construction and Building Materials, 174, pp. 244-252, 2018.
• [43] G. Quercia, P. Spiesz, G. Hüsken, and H. J. H. Brouwers, “SCC modification by use of amorphous nano-silica”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 45, pp. 69-81, 2014.
• [44] G. Saini and U. Vattipalli, “Assessing properties of alkali activated GGBS based self-compacting geopolymer concrete using nano-silica”, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 12, e00352, 2020.
• [45] P. Rovnaník, H. Šimonová, L. Topolář, P. Schmid, and Z. Keršner, “Effect of carbon nanotubes on the mechanical fracture properties of fly ash geopolymer”, Procedia Engineering, 151, pp. 321-328, 2016.
• [46] M. A. A. Alvi, M. Khalifeh, and M. B. Agonafir, “Effect of nanoparticles on properties of geopolymers designed for well cementing applications”, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 191, p.107128, 2020.
• [47] M. Oualit, and A. Irekti, “Mechanical performance of metakaolin-based geopolymer mortar blended with multi-walled carbon nanotubes”, Ceramics International, vol. 48, no.11, pp. 16188-16195, 2022. [48] H. M. Khater, and H. A. Abd el Gawaad, “Characterization of alkali activated geopolymer mortar doped with MWCNT”, Construction and building materials, 102, pp. 329-337, 2016.
• [49] F. Collins, J. Lambert, and W. H. Duan, “The influences of admixtures on the dispersion, workability, and strength of carbon nanotube-OPC paste mixtures”, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 201-207, 2012.
• [50] D. Adak, M. Sarkar, and S. Mandal, “Structural performance of nano-silica modified fly-ash based geopolymer concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 135, pp. 430-439, 2017.
• [51] S. M. Mustakim, S. K. Das, J. Mishra, A. Aftab, T. S. Alomayri, H. S. Assaedi, and C. R. Kaze, “Improvement in fresh, mechanical and microstructural properties of fly ash-blast furnace slag based geopolymer concrete by addition of nano and micro silica”, Silicon, 13, pp. 2415-2428, 2021.
• [52] K. Behfarnia, and M. Rostami, “Effects of micro and nanoparticles of SiO2 on the permeability of alkali activated slag concrete”, Construction and building materials, 131, pp. 205-213, 2017.
• [53] B. Mahboubi, Z. Guo, and H. Wu, “Evaluation of durability behavior of geopolymer concrete containing Nano-silica and Nano-clay additives in acidic media”, Journal of civil Engineering and Materials Application, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 163-171, 2019.
• [54] M. Ibrahim, M. A. M. Johari, M. Maslehuddin, and M. K. Rahman, “Influence of nano-SiO2 on the strength and microstructure of natural pozzolan based alkali activated concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 173, pp. 573-585, 2018.
• [55] H. Assaedi, F. U. A. Shaikh, and I. M. Low, “Characteristics of nanosilica-geopolymer nanocomposites and mixing effect”, Int. J. Chem, vol. 9, no.12, pp.1363-1370, 2015.
• [56] Y. Patel, I. N. Patel, and M. J. Shah, “Experimental investigation on compressive strength and durability properties of geopolymer concrete incorporating with nano silica”, Journal Impact Factor, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 135-143, 2015.
• [57] E. Rabiaa, R. A. S. Mohamed, W. H. Sofi, and T. A. Tawfik, “Developing geopolymer concrete properties by using nanomaterials and steel fibers”, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, pp. 1-12, 2020.
• [58] B. Mehdikhani, B. Saeedi Razavi, J. Ahmadi, and A. Goharrokhi, “The effect of adding nano-silica on the ultrasonic pulse velocity of geopolymer concrete”, Journal of Particle Science and Technology, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 99-105, 2021.
• [59] F. Shahrajabian, and K. Behfarnia, “The effects of nano particles on freeze and thaw resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 176, pp. 172-178, 2018.
• [60] S. N. Zailan, A. Bouaissi, N. Mahmed, and M. M. A. B. Abdullah, “Influence of ZnO nanoparticles on mechanical properties and photocatalytic activity of self-cleaning ZnO-based geopolymer paste”, Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 30, pp. 2007-2016, 2020.