Pollen and Capsule Morphological Studies on Verbascum Hybrids (Scrophulariaceae) in Mardin, Turkey and Their Taxonomic Importance

Yıl 2023, , 1237 - 1247, 28.12.2023

Fatma Mungan Kılıç , Murat Kılıç

https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1375045

Cited By: 2

Öz

Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae, Lamiales), usually known as “Mullein”, is widely distributed in Eurasia and North Africa, but the highest taxa diversity is in Anatolia, the southern Balkans, the Middle East, the Caucasus and northwestern Iran and is represented by approximately 360 species in the World. As hybridization is very dense in the genus Vesbascum, the high frequency of morphological variations has been intricated in species delimitation. In this study, pollen and capsule morphology of three hybrid Verbascum taxa [Verbascum x calcicolum Hub.-Mor., V. x kotschyoides Hub.-Mor., and V. x nusaybinense Hub.- Mor.] were investigated. They are hybrids wild distributed in the province of Mardin in Southeastern Anatolia. Pollen slides were prepared according to the Woodhouse method, pollen and seed morphologies were examined with microscope. In general terms, aperture types were tricolporate, but also tricolpate aperture types were observed. The shapes of the pollen grains were determined as oblate-spheroidal and subprolate. The sculpture was reticulate in all cases. The seeds not developed. The capsules are pubescent, densely covered by branched hairs, or loosely by glandular hairs, depending on species. The results of this study showed that morphological features, such as pollen shape, polar axis length (P), equatorial diameter (E), aperture type, exine and intine thickness, colpus, and por measurement, show differences that can be taken into consideration in the systematic discrimination within the taxa. The capsule showed that substantial taxonomic insight can be gained from examining the capsule characteristics of Verbascum, particularly at the species level.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hybrid, Pollen, Capsule, SEM, Verbascum, Turkey

Etik Beyan

The study complies with research and publication ethics.

Destekleyen Kurum

Scientific Investigation Project to Coordinate of Mardin Artuklu University

Proje Numarası

MAÜ.BAP.22.KMY.011

Teşekkür

We wish to thank Scientific Investigation Project to Coordinate of Mardin Artuklu University (Project No. MAÜ.BAP.22.KMY.011) for financial support.

Kaynakça

• [1] E. Fischer. “Scrophulariaceae. In: J. W. Kadereit (ed), Flowering Plants Dicotyledons,” The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Paris, vol.7 pp. 333-432, 2004.
• [2] M. J. Christenhusz & J. W. Byng. “The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase.” Phytotaxa, vol.261 no.3, pp. 201–217, 2016.
• [3] S. Murbeck. “Weitere Studien über die Gattungen Verbascum und Celsia,” Acta Univ. Lund. vol. 2 no. 35, pp. 1-70, 1939.
• [4] D. J. Mabberley. “Mabberley’s plant book: a portable diction¬ary of plants, their classifications and uses,” Cambridge Univ. Press., 2008.
• [5] M. I. Georgiev, K. Ali, K. Alipieva, R. Verpoorte & Y. H. Choi. “Metabolic differentiations and classification of Verbascum species by NMR-based metabolomics.” Phytochemistry, vol.72 no.16, pp.2045–51, 2011.
• [6] M. Riahi & F. Ghahremaninejad. “The tribe Scrophularieae (Scrophulariaceae): A Review of Phylogenetic Studies.” Hacquetia, vol.18 no. 2, 2019.
• [7] M. Hassler. “Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World. In: O. Bánki, Y. Roskov, L. Vandepitte, R. E. DeWalt, D. Remsen, P. Schalk, T. Orrell, M. Keping, J. Miller, R. Aalbu, R. Adlard, E. Adriaenssens, C. Aedo, E. Aescht, N. Akkari, M. A. Alonso-Zarazaga, B. Alvarez, F. Alvarez & Anderson, G. (eds), Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2021-08-06), 2021.
• [8] A. Huber-Morath. “Verbascum L. In: P. H. Davis (ed.),” Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Edinburgh Univ. Press, vol. 6 pp. 461-603, 1978.
• [9] P. H. Davis, R. R. Mill and K. Tan. “Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Suppl. 1)”, Edinburgh Univ. Press, vol. 10. pp. 191-193, 1988.
• [10] F. A. Karavelioğulları. “Verbascum L. In: A. Güner (ed.), Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler),” Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, İstanbul, pp. 850–870, 2012.
• [11] F. Ghahremaninejad, M. Riahi, M. Babaei, F. Attar, L. Behcet & A. Sonboli. “Monophyly of Verbascum (Scrophularieae: Scrophulariaceae): evidence from nuclear and plastid phylogenetic analyses.” Australian Journal of Botany, vol.62 no.8, pp. 638–46, 2015.
• [12] T. Ekim. Verbascum L. In: Güner, A. (ed.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Suppl. 2), Edinburgh Univ. Press. vol. 11, p. 193, 2000.
• [13] F. A. Karavelioğulları. “A new record Verbascum szovitsianum Boiss. var. szovitsianum (Scrophulariaceae) from Turkey.” Bio¬dicon., vol. 2, pp. 68–70, 2009.
• [14] M. Firat. “Verbascum zerdust (Scrophulariaceae), a new species from Bitlis province (Turkey) belonging to section Bothrosperma.” Nordic Journal of Botany, doi: 10.1111/njb.03649, 2022.
• [15] F. A. Karaveliogullari, E. Yüce & B. Başer. “Verbascum duzgunbabadagensis (Scrophulariaceae), a new species from eastern Anatolia, Turkey.” Phytotaxa, vol.181, pp. 47-53, 2014.
• [16] B. Oxelman, P. Kornhall, R. G. Olmstead & B. Bremer. “Further disintegration of Scrophulariaceae.” Taxon, vol. 54 no. 2, pp.411–25, 2005.
• [17] J. B. Lust and M. Tierra. “The Natural Remedy Bible,” Simon and Schuster, 2003.
• [18] S. Vogl, P. Picker, J. Mihaly-Bison, N. Fakhrudin, A. G. Atanasov, E. H. Heiss, C. Wawrosch, G. Reznicek, V. M. Dirsch & J. Saukel. “Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria’s folk medicine - an unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol.149 no.3, pp.750–71, 2004.
• [19] V. Kaur & K. Upadhyaya. “Antibacterial activity of Verbascum chinense (Scrophulariaceae) extracts.” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, vol.5 no.4, pp. 578–84, 2016.
• [20] A. Öztürk, K. B. Güney, B. Bani, K. Güney, F. A. Karaveliogullari, N. M. Pinar & T. Çeter. “Pollen morphology of some Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) taxa in Turkey.” Phytotaxa, vol.333 no.2, pp.209-218, 2018. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.333.2.4
• [21] J. P. Minkin & W. Hardy-Eshbaugh. “Pollen morphology of the Orobanchaceae and Rhinanthoid Scrophulariaceae.” Grana, vol.28, pp. 1-18, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1080/00173138909431007
• [22] R. Juan, I. Fernandez & J. Pastor. “Systematic consideration of microcharacters of fruits and seeds in the genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae).” Annals of Botany, vol.80, pp. 591-598, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0472
• [23] F. Dane and G. Yılmaz. “Palynological study on some Verbascum L. species. The third international conference “Falz Fein Reading”, p. 151, 25-27 April 2002. Training University, Kherson, Ukraine.
• [24] S. Kheyri. “Identification of breeding system of some species of Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in north-west of Iran on the basis of the ratio of pollen to ovule number.” Biological Journal of Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch, vol.4, pp. 67-74, 2009.
• [25] T. Asmat, M. A. Khan, M. Ahmed, M. Zafar, F. Manzoor, M. Munir, K. Akhtar, S. Bashir, T. Mukhtar, M. Ambreen & S. N. Abbasi. “Pollen morphology of selected species of Scrophulariaceae of District Dir Upper, Pakistan.” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, vol.5, pp. 6423-6428, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR11.723
• [26] M. Al-Hadeethy, A. Al-Mashhadani, T. Al-Khesraji, S. Barusrux, H. Al-Jewari, P. Theerakulpisut & P. Pornpongrungrueng. “Pollen morphology of Verbascum L. (Scrophulariaceae) in Northern and Central Iraq.” Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy, vol. 21, pp. 159-165, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v21i2.21355
• [27] K. Aktas, C. Özdemir & B. Özdemir. “Morphology, Anatomy, Palynology and Seed Micromorphology of Turkish Endemic Verbascum exuberans Hub.-Mor. (Scrophulariaceae).” Planta Daninha, v38:e020191125, 2020.
• [28] B. Baser. “Pollen and Seed Morphology of Verbascum Species (Group D) (Scrophulariaceae) in Turkey.” Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, vol.30 no.7, pp. 8978-8987, 2021.
• [29] K. Aktas. “Morphology, Anatomy, Palynology and Seed Micromorphology of Turkish Endemic Verbascum x splendidum Boiss. (Scrophulariaceae).” Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, vol.28 no.12, pp. 10004-10010, 2019.
• [30] F. Attar, A. Keshvari, A. Ghahreman, S. Zarre & F. Aghabeigi. “Micromorphological studies on Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in Iran with emphasis on seed surface, capsule ornamentation and trichomes.” Flora, vol. 202, pp. 169-175, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2006.04.001
• [31] G. Erdtman. “Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy: Angiosperms.” Chronica Botanica Co., Massachusettes, USA, pp. 1-553, 1952.
• [32] R. P. Wodehouse. “Pollen Grains, their structure, identification and significance in sci-ence and medicine.” Hafner Publishing Company, New York, 1935.
• [33] E. Cabi, B. Baser, A. Yavru, F. Polat, U. Toprak & F. A. Karaveliogulları. “Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Light microscope (LM) studies on the seed morphology of Verbascum taxa (Scrophulariaceae) and their systematic implications.” Australian Journal of Crop Science, vol.5, pp. 660-667, 2011.
• [34] S. Kheiri, M. Khayami & A. Mahmoudzadeh. “Micromorphological and anatomical studies of certain species of Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in West Azerbaijan, Iran.” Iran Journal of Botany., vol.15, pp. 105-13, 2009.
• [35] W. Punt, P. P. Hoen, S. Blackmore, S. Nilsson & A. Le-Thomas. “Glossary of pollen and spore terminology.” Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, vol.143, pp. 1-81, 2007.
• [36] T. Çakir & E. Bagci. “A taxonomical study on the Verbascum euphraticum Bentham and Verbascum melitenense Boiss (Scrophulariaceae).” Fırat University Journal of Engineering Science, vol.18 no.4, pp. 445-58, 2006.
• [37] S. Kheiri, M. Khayami, S. K. Osaloo & A. Mahmoodzadeh. “Pollen morphology of some species of Verbascum L. (Scrophulari-aceae) in Urmia.” Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol.9, pp. 434-436, 2006.
• [38] S. Pehlivan, B. Baser B & F. A. Karaveliogullari. “Pollen morphology of the genus Verbascum L. (Group A) in Turkey.” Biodicon., vol.1, pp. 1-24, 2008.