Investigation of the High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Ti-Based Alloys Used in the Aerospace Industry

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 4 , 2230 - 2243 , 31.12.2025

Esra Balci , Büşra Tunç , Fethi Dağdelen

https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1721103

https://izlik.org/JA87NP82JZ

Abstract

In this study, the high-temperature thermal oxidation behavior of the Ti₆₈Nb₂₅Ta₅Mo₂ (at.%) alloy was comprehensively examined through thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). The oxidation experiments were systematically carried out in ambient air to simulate service-like conditions. Uniformly dimensioned alloy specimens were initially subjected to non-isothermal oxidation up to 1000 °C in order to observe the general oxidation trend. Subsequently, isothermal oxidation treatments were conducted at 500, 750, and 1000 °C for a duration of 80 minutes to evaluate the temperature-dependent oxidation kinetics in detail. From the obtained data, the parabolic rate constants were determined as kp₅₀₀ = 2.54 × 10⁻⁵ mg·cm⁻²·s⁻¹, kp₇₅₀ = 9.27 × 10⁻³ mg·cm⁻²·s⁻¹, and kp₁₀₀₀ = 9.52 × 10⁻¹ mg·cm⁻²·s⁻¹, indicating a significant increase in oxidation rate with temperature. The kinetic analysis revealed that the thermal oxidation process followed a parabolic behavior, suggesting diffusion-controlled oxide scale growth. Furthermore, the apparent activation energy for the thermal oxidation of the alloy was calculated to be 171 kJ/mol, confirming the temperature sensitivity of the oxidation mechanism.

In addition, differential thermal analysis (DTA) did not exhibit any prominent endothermic or exothermic peaks, implying the absence of phase transitions or thermal events within the examined temperature range. Overall, the findings contribute to a better understanding of the high-temperature oxidation characteristics of Ti-based refractory alloys and provide valuable insights for their potential use in aerospace and high-temperature structural applications.

Keywords

Ti base alloys , thermal oxidation behavior , activation energy , aerospace industry

Ethical Statement

The study is complied with research and publication ethics.

References

• E. Scharifi et al., "Hot sheet metal forming strategies for high‐strength aluminum alloys: A review-fundamentals and applications," Mater. Des., vol. 25, no. 16, p. 2300141, 2023.
• C.Kammer, "Aluminum and aluminum alloys, in Springer Handbook of Materials Data", Springer., p. 161-197, 2018.
• H.Y, Ma et al., "Advances in additively manufactured titanium alloys by powder bed fusion and directed energy deposition: Microstructure, defects, and mechanical behavior," Journal of Materials Sci. & Tec., vol. 183. no.1, p. 32-62, 2024.
• F, Liu et al., "Friction stir based welding, processing, extrusion and additive manufacturin," Progress in Mat. Sci., vol. 146. no.1, p. 101330, 2024.
• H.D. Nguyen et al., "A critical review on additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloy: Microstructure and mechanical properties," Journal of Mat. and Tec., vol. 18. no.1, p. 4641-4661, 2022.
• M. Aliofkhazraei et al., "Review of plasma electrolytic oxidation of titanium substrates: Mechanism, properties, applications and limitations," Applied Surface Sci. Adv., vol. 5, p. 100121, 2021.
• C. Leyens and M. Peters, Titanium and titanium alloys: fundamentals and applications. Wiley Online Library, 2006.
• P. Cao and L. Zhang, Titanium alloys: basics and applications. World Scientific, 2024.
• C. Bettles and M. Barnett, "Advances in wrought magnesium alloys: fundamentals of processing, properties and applications," Elsevier, 2012.
• M. O. Pekguleryuz, K. Kainer, and A. A. Kaya, Fundamentals of magnesium alloy metallurgy. Elsevier, 2013.
• L. A. Dobrzanski, M. Bamberger, and G. E. Totten, Magnesium and its alloys: technology and applications. CRC Press, 2019.
• H. Mohrbacher and A. J. A. Kern, "Nickel alloying in carbon steel: fundamentals and applications," J. Mater. Sci., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-28, 2023.
• H. Mohrbacher and A. J. A. Kern, "Nickel alloying in carbon steel: fundamentals and applications," J. Mater. Sci., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-28, 2023.
• J. R. Parquette, "Dendrimers V: Functional and Hyperbranched Building Blocks, Photophysical Properties, Applications in Materials and Life Sciences," in Materials and Life Sciences, C. A. Schalley and F. Vögtle, Eds. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2003, pp. xii+274.
• V. Balzani et al., "Electronic spectroscopy of metal complexes with dendritic ligands," Coordination Chemistry Reviews.,vol. 251, no. (3-4), p. 525-535, 2007.
• B.P.J.J.o.M.C.A.C. Bondžić, "Rh catalyzed multicomponent tandem and one-pot reactions under hydroformylation conditions," Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical., vol. 408, no.1 p. 310-334, 2015.
• M. J. Donachie, Titanium: a technical guide. ASM International, 2000.
• C. Veiga, J. P. Davim, and A. J. R. A. M. S. Loureiro, "Properties and applications of titanium alloys: a brief review," Mater. Sci. Forum, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 133-148, 2012.
• J. G. Kaufman and E. L. Rooy, Aluminum alloy castings: properties, processes, and applications. ASM International, 2004.
• F. Cverna, ASM ready reference: thermal properties of metals. ASM International, 2002.
• E. Balci, F. Dagdelen, "The comparison of TiNiNbTa and TiNiNbV SMAs in terms of corrosion behavior, microhardness, thermal and structural properties," J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 147, no. 20, pp. 10943-10949, 2022.
• M. Peters et al., "Structure and properties of titanium and titanium alloys," pp. 1-36, 2003.
• V. A. Joshi, Titanium alloys: an atlas of structures and fracture features. CRC Press, 2006.
• H. Matsuno et al., "Biocompatibility and osteogenesis of refractory metal implants, titanium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum and rhenium," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 1253-1262, 2001.
• C. Chen et al., "Functional fiber materials to smart fiber devices," Chemical Reviews., vol. 123, no. 2, p. 613-662, 2022.
• E. Balci et al., "Effects of substituting Nb with V on thermal analysis and biocompatibility assessment of quaternary NiTiNbV SMA," J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 136, no. 2, p. 145, 2021.
• S. R. Chen, G. T. Gray, and M. T. A, "Constitutive behavior of tantalum and tantalum-tungsten alloys," Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 27, pp. 2994-3006, 1996.
• Chen, L.-Y., Y.-W. Cui, and L.-C.J.M. Zhang, Recent development in beta titanium alloys for biomedical applications. 2020. 10(9): p. 1139.
• W. Ho, C. Ju, and J.C.J.B. Lin, "Structure and properties of cast binary Ti–Mo alloys," Biomaterials, vol. 20, no.22, p. 2115-2122, 1999.
• E. Dong et al., "High-temperature oxidation kinetics and behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy," Oxid. Met., vol. 88, pp. 719-732, 2017.
• E. Balci et al., "A study on isothermal oxidation kinetics using thermogravimetric method of TiNiNb shape memory alloys," J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 148, no. 24, pp. 14253-14260, 2023.
• G. Bamba et al., "Thermal oxidation kinetics and oxide scale adhesion of Fe-15Cr alloys as a function of their silicon content," Oxid. Met., vol. 54, no. 15, pp. 3917-3922, 2006.
• E. Balci et al., "A study on isothermal oxidation kinetics using thermogravimetric method of TiNiNb shape memory alloys," J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 148, no. 24, pp. 14253-14260, 2023.
• K. Aniołek, M. J. Kupka, and M. C., "Surface characterization of thermally oxidized Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy," Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 171, pp. 374-378, 2016.
• I. C. Jaramillo et al., "Effect of nanostructure, oxidative pressure and extent of oxidation on model carbon reactivity," Carbon, vol. 162, no. 5, pp. 1848-1856, 2015.
• K. S. McReynolds, S. J. Tamirisakandala, and M. T. A, "A study on alpha-case depth in Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo," Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 42, pp. 1732-1736, 2011.
• U. Jain, J. Sonber, and R. Tewari, "High temperature oxidation behaviour of V-Ti-Ta alloys," Fusion Eng. Des., vol. 144, pp. 125-132, 2019.
• R. G. Reddy, Y. Li, and M. F. Arenas, "Oxidation of a ternary Ti3Al-Ta alloy," High Temp. Mater. Process., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 195-206, 2002.
• I. Okafor, X. Wen, and R. R. Acipco, "Interdiffusion in the TiO2 oxidation product of Ti 3 Al," Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 32, pp. 491-495, 2001.
• S.J.M.R.C. Vyazovkin, "Isoconversional kinetics of polymers: the decade past," Macromol. Rapid Com., vol. 38, no.3, p. 1600615. 2017.
• G.J.E.Várhegyi and Fuels, "Empirical models with constant and variable activation energy for biomass pyrolysis," Energy & Fuels, vol. 33, no. 3,p. 2348-2358, 2019.
• J. Moon, , S. Kim, and C. Bahn, "Development of Multi-Metallic layered composite (MMLC) Accident-Tolerant fuel cladding," Transactions, SMiRT-24., 2017.
• S.Chandra Ambhorn et al., "chapter 4 High Temperature Oxidation of Stainless Steels, Solid State Phenomena," vol. 300, no. 1, p.81-106, 2020.