Floating PV Distributed Generation System Proposal and Optimal LCL Filter Design for Akköprü Dam, Muğla, Turkey

Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 1 , 97 - 113 , 24.03.2026

Alp Karadeniz

https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1759027

https://izlik.org/JA83ZL23CF

Abstract

The study investigates the burgeoning potential of floating photovoltaic (FPV) panels and proposes their installation in Akköprü Dam, Muğla, Turkey. Also, different kinds of power electronics-based converters and inverters are used in the grid integration of FPV. These electrical gadgets cause harmonics in voltage and current waveforms to be introduced into the grid. Therefore, a 2 MW FPV system is designed to be combined and connected to the 120 kV common grid by a 25 kV distribution feeder. This research examines optimal passive filter designs and harmonic analysis for FPV power systems. Also, utilising real-world meteorological data that is taken from Dalaman, Muğla, Turkey, such as solar irradiation, as an input parameter of the FPV. After that, to study harmonic analysis and optimal filter design, a mathematical strategy is proposed. Moreover, the arithmetic mean (AM) of real data is considered the input value of FPV. Also, to discover the best filter solution, the Antlion Optimisation (AOA) algorithm is used. According to IEEE 519 standards, the optimisation method seeks to minimise both the voltage levels in p.u. and the total harmonic distortion (THD) of current and voltage values. Moreover, the FPV model is simulated with optimal LCL filters by using daily data (DD) solar irradiation values. Finally, the performance analysis based on the results of AM data and DD is studied. Lastly, the results are comparatively discussed.

Keywords

Solar Energy , Floating photovoltaic DGU , Power quality , Optimization , Passive Filters

Ethical Statement

The study is complied with research and publication ethics.

References

• Y. A. Yusuf, “A comprehensive review of floating photovoltaic technology (FPVT) and its applications to improved efficiency,” J. Res. Technol. Eng., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 71–77, 2024.
• R. C. González, “Energy production enhancement and evaporation reduction across 4,244 water bodies: performance evaluation of floating photovoltaic systems under diverse climates,” Renew. Energy, 2025.
• M. A. Manolache, “An evaluation of the efficiency of floating solar panels in Eastern Romania: assessing FPV potential in inland water bodies,” Ocean Eng., vol. 11, no. 1, art. 203, 2023.
• Department SD., Electricity Market Development Report 2017, Ankara, 2018.
• Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR), “2023 Electricity Market and Installed Capacity Report,” Official Energy Statistics, Ankara, Türkiye, 2024.
• Yük Tevzi Dairesi Başkanlığı, Temmuz 2018 Kurulu Güç Raporu, Ankara, 2018.
• C. Yıldız, Offshore Solar Plants: A Design Study, (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.11727.36009.
• V. Vidović, G. Krajačić, N. Matak, G. Stunjek, M. Mimica, “Review of the potentials for implementation of floating solar panels on lakes and water reservoirs,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 178 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113237.
• A. Karadeniz, M. E. Balci, “Comparative evaluation of common passive filter types regarding maximization of transformer’s loading capability under non-sinusoidal conditions,” Electric Power Systems Research, 158 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2018.01.019.
• EU Science HUB, https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_tools/en/#TMY, (2024).
• C. Poongothai, K. Vasudevan, “Design of LCL filter for grid-interfaced PV system based on cost minimization,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 55 (2019) 584–592. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2018.2865723.
• S. Mirjalili, “The ant lion optimizer,” Advances in Engineering Software, 83 (2015) 80–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2015.01.010.
• M. K. Kaymak, A. D. Şahin, “Problems encountered with floating photovoltaic systems under real conditions: A new FPV concept and novel solutions,” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 47 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101504.
• A. M. Ateş, “Unlocking the floating photovoltaic potential of Türkiye’s hydroelectric power plants,” Renew Energy, 199 (2022) 1495–1509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.096.
• A. I. Manolache, G. Andrei, L. Rusu, “An Evaluation of the Efficiency of the Floating Solar Panels in the Western Black Sea and the Razim-Sinoe Lagunar System,” J Mar Sci Eng, 11 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010203.
• M. K. Kaymak, A. D. Şahin, “The First Design and Application of Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) Energy Generation Systems in Turkey with Structural and Electrical Performance,” International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing - Green Technology, 9 (2022) 827–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-021-00369-w.
• A. M. ATEŞ, O. S. YILMAZ, F. GÜLGEN, “Investigating the Effect of Shading on the Capacity Factor of Floating Photovoltaic Systems,” Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 18 (2022) 309–319. https://doi.org/10.18466/cbayarfbe.1020070.
• E. Tercan, M. A. Dereli, B. O. Saracoglu, “Location alternatives generation and elimination of floatovoltaics with virtual power plant designs,” Renew Energy, 193 (2022) 1150–1163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.145.
• I. Gunes, R. S. Balog, “Floating Solar Power Plant Applications in Turkey,” in: 2024 IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference (TPEC 2024), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEC60005.2024.10472178.
• E. Saad, S. Helmy, Y. Elkoteshy and U. AbouZayed, “Implementation of a Modified MPPT Strategy for Solar-PV Arrays Connected to Harmonic-Polluted Grids Under Partial Shading Conditions,” 2021 International Telecommunications Conference (ITC-Egypt), Alexandria, Egypt, 2021, pp. 1–4, doi: 10.1109/ITC-Egypt52936.2021.9513923.
• Y. A. Yusuf, “A comprehensive review of floating photovoltaic technology (FPVT) and its applications to improved efficiency,” J. Res. Technol. Eng., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 71–77, 2024.
• R. C. González, “Energy production enhancement and evaporation reduction across 4,244 water bodies: performance evaluation of floating photovoltaic systems under diverse climates,” Renew. Energy, 2025.
• J. Wu, X. Zhou, and M. Li, “Design and optimization of LCL filters for grid-connected converters in renewable energy systems: A global review,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 128934–128952, 2023.
• Sharma and S. Bansal, “Global trends in floating photovoltaic installations and environmental performance,” Solar Energy, vol. 256, pp. 145–159, 2023.
• M. Cengiz and T. Duman, “Design and analysis of L and LCL filters for grid-connected HNPC inverters used in renewable energy systems,” Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 53–61, 2024.
• N. Sarkarov and O. Karimzada, “LCL filter design and simulation for grid-connected PV systems,” TechRxiv preprint, Feb. 2025.
• S. A. M. Sahana, A. M. K. Anusha, D. K. N. V. D. Kumar, U. M. Abhishek, and A. Joshi, “Simulation on optimisation of power quality using hybrid power system,” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 1303–1308, Jul. 2022.
• EÜAŞ, Aegean Akköprü Dam Report 2023, Ankara, 2023. https://www.euas.gov.tr/santraller/akkopru-hes.
• EÜAŞ, https://www.euas.gov.tr/santraller/akkopru-hes, EUAŞ (2024).
• A. Karadeniz, M. E. Balci, S. H. E. Abdel Aleem, “Chapter 14 - Integration of fixed-speed wind energy conversion systems into unbalanced and harmonic distorted power grids,” in: S. H. E. Abdel Aleem, A. Y. Abdelaziz, A. F. Zobaa, R. B. T.-D. M. A. in M. P. S. Bansal (Eds.), Academic Press, 2020, pp. 365–388. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816445-7.00014-1.
• IEEE standards, IEEE Standards 1547 Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage, 2018.