Evaluation of Recycled Steel Fiber Effect on Concrete Performance Using Artificial Intelligence Technique

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 1031 - 1046, 31.12.2024

Şevin Ekmen

https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1497810

Abstract

Reusing waste materials is critical for sustainability and preventing adverse impacts on human life and the environment. Waste vehicle tires have become a big problem due to high consumption. It is possible to separate waste tires into different materials through technological means. Recycled steel fiber is a material obtained from these tires, and various studies have been conducted on its use in concrete. In addition to the geometric properties, such as the length and diameter, the percentage of steel fiber also affects the strength of concrete. In this study, the effect of recycled steel fiber on concrete's compressive and flexural strength values was estimated using artificial intelligence functions with high statistical significance. The relationship between the strength results and the recycled steel fiber properties was determined using literature data. The model's accuracy was demonstrated by comparing the obtained compressive and flexural strengths with the laboratory results. Thanks to the model with a high correlation coefficient created as a result of the study, the effect of recycled steel fiber on concrete performance as an alternative to laborious laboratory tests can be predicted with artificial intelligence-supported functions. With the proposed neural network method, R2 values of 0.83 for compressive strength measurements and 0.96 for flexural strength measurements were obtained. Based on the findings, it is concluded that the recycled steel fiber-reinforced concrete parameters can be well represented by artificial neural networks, and the presented model can be used as a good alternative to laboratory studies for further research.

Keywords

Waste tire, Recycled steel fiber, Artificial neural network, Engineering properties

Ethical Statement

The study is complied with research and publication ethics.

References

• [1] H. Abdolpour, P. Niewiadomski, and Ł. Sadowski, “Recycling of steel fibres and spent equilibrium catalyst in ultra-high performance concrete: Literature review, research gaps, and future development,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 309, no. 125147, p. 125147, 2021.
• [2] J. D. Martínez, N. Puy, R. Murillo, T. García, M. V. Navarro, and A. M. Mastral, “Waste tyre pyrolysis-A review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews,” vol. 23, pp. 179–213, 2013.
• [3] B. S. Thomas and R. C. Gupta, “A comprehensive review on the applications of waste tire rubber in cement concrete,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 54, pp. 1323–1333, 2016.
• [4] L. Xu, Y. Jiang, and R. Qiu, “Parametric study and global sensitivity analysis for co-pyrolysis of rape straw and waste tire via variance-based decomposition,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 247, pp. 545–552, 2018.
• [5] C. F. Revelo, M. Correa, C. Aguilar, and H. A. Colorado, “Waste tire rubber powders based composite materials,” in REWAS Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 437–445, 2019.
• [6] P. T. Williams, S. Besler, D. T. Taylor, and R. P. Bottrill, “Pyrolysis of automotive tyre waste,” Journal of the Institute of Energy, vol. 68, pp. 11–21, 1995.
• [7] H. Tlemat, Steel fibres from waste tyres to concrete: testing, modelling and design (Doctoral dissertation). 2004.
• [8] D. Y. C. Leung and C. L. Wang, “Kinetic study of scrap tyre pyrolysis and combustion,” J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 153–169, 1998.
• [9] ETRMA-European and Rubber Manufacturers' Association. http://www. etrma.org/uploads/Modules/Documentsmanager/20150706_824 etrma_trifold_ 05-15_ final_ print.pdf accesed 01 July 2019.
• [10] D. Foti, “Preliminary analysis of concrete reinforced with waste bottles PET fibers,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1906–1915, 2011.
• [11] S. B. Kim, N. H. Yi, H. Y. Kim, J.-H. J. Kim, and Y.-C. Song, “Material and structural performance evaluation of recycled PET fiber reinforced concrete,” Cem. Concr. Compos., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 232–240, 2010.
• [12] C. Frazão, J. Barros, J. A. Bogas, V. García-Cortés, and T. Valente, “Technical and environmental potentialities of recycled steel fiber reinforced concrete for structural applications,” J. Build. Eng., vol. 45, no. 103579, p. 103579, 2022.
• [13] F. Grzymski et al., “Mechanical properties of fibre reinforced concrete with recycled fibres. Construction and Building Materials, 198,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 194, pp. 112–126, 2018.
• [14] L. Lourenço, Z. Zamanzadeh, J. A. O. Barros, and M. Rezazadeh, “Shear strengthening of RC beams with thin panels of mortar reinforced with recycled steel fibres,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 194, pp. 112–126, 2018.
• [15] N. Lamba, R. Raj, and P. Singh, “The effects of recycled carbon fibers on the mechanical properties of high-strength concrete and its resilience to impact,” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng., 2023.
• [16] M. G. Azandariani, M. Vajdian, K. Asghari, and S. Mehrabi, “Mechanical properties of polyolefin and polypropylene fibers-reinforced concrete-An experimental study,” Composites Part C: Open Access, vol. 12, 2023.
• [17] S. Kakooei, H. M. Akil, M. Jamshidi, and J. Rouhi, “The effects of polypropylene fibers on the properties of reinforced concrete structures,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 73–77, 2012.
• [18] C. Devi, D. S. Vijayan, R. Nagalingam, and S. Arvindan, ‘A review of the implementations of glass fiber in concrete technology, Materials Today: Proceedings, 62, 2010-2015, 2022.
• [19] M. D. Bhat, M. U. Rehman, I. Shafi, A. Parveen, A. Fayaz, B. A. Malik, and F. Bashir, The effect of polypropylene and steel fibers on the properties of concrete at normal and elevated temperatures—a review, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, 1-19, 2022.
• [20] M. A. Yimer and T. W. Aure, “Numerical investigation of reinforced concrete and steel fiber-reinforced concrete exterior beam-column joints under cyclic loading,” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng., vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 2249–2273, 2022.
• [21] M. J. Ashraf, M. Idrees, and A. Akbar, “Performance of silica fume slurry treated recycled aggregate concrete reinforced with carbon fibers,” J. Build. Eng., vol. 66, no. 105892, p. 105892, 2023.
• [22] F. Shabbir, Q. uz Z. Khan, M. U. Rashid, A. Muslim, and A. Raza, “The efficiency of hybrid fibers (steel and carbon fibers) in controlling micro cracking of concrete beams,” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 1425–1445, 2023.
• [23] H. Zhong and M. Zhang, “Experimental study on engineering properties of concrete reinforced with hybrid recycled tyre steel and polypropylene fibres,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 259, no. 120914, p. 120914, 2020.
• [24] S. A. Yildizel, Y. O. Özkılıç, and A. Yavuz, “Optimization of waste tyre steel fiber and rubber added foam concretes using Taguchi method and artificial neural networks,” Structures, vol. 61, no. 106098, p. 106098, 2024.
• [25] M. Doğruyol, E. Ayhan, and A. Karaşin, “Effect of waste steel fiber use on concrete behavior at high temperature,“ Case Studies in Construction Materials, 20, e03051, 2024.
• [26] Z. Majeed Abed, W. L. Khalil, and H. K. Ahmed, “Tire wastes and durability: the influence of crumb rubber and recycled steel fibre on properties of roller compacted concrete,“ International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 25(1), 2372628, 2024.
• [27] E. Ayhan, M. Doğruyol, F. Kıpçak, and A. Karaşin, “Atık Taşıt Lastik Çelik Lifinin Beton Davranışına Etkisi.’’ Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 15(2), 525-532, 2024.
• [28] H. Alabduljabbar, H. Mohammadhosseini, M. Md. Tahir, and R. Alyousef, “Green and sustainable concrete production using carpet fibers waste and palm oil fuel ash,” Mater. Today, vol. 39, pp. 929–934, 2021.
• [29] K. M. Liew and A. Akbar, The recent progress of recycled steel fiber reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 232. 2020.
• [30] M. Leone, G. Centonze, D. Colonna, F. Micelli, and M. A. Aiello, “Fiber-reinforced concrete with low content of recycled steel fiber: Shear behaviour,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 161, pp. 141–155, 2018.
• [31] G. B. Golpasand, M. Farzam, and S. S. Shishvan, “Behavior of recycled steel fiber reinforced concrete under uniaxial cyclic compression and biaxial tests,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 263, no. 120664, p. 120664, 2020.
• [32] M. Smrkić, D. Damjanović, and A. Baričević, ‘’Application of recycled steel fibres in concrete elements subjected to fatigue loading,’’ Građevinar, 69(10.), 893-905, 2017.
• [33] A. B. Ekmen, “Evaluation of SPT-N values and internal friction angle correlation using artificial intelligence methods in granular soils,” Soil Res., 2023.
• [34] J. Dong and S. Hu, “The progress and prospects of neural network research,” Information and Control, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 360–368, 1997.
• [35] M. Açikgenç, M. Ulaş, and K. E. Alyamaç, “Using an artificial neural network to predict mix compositions of steel fiber-reinforced concrete,” Arab. J. Sci. Eng., vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 407–419, 2015.
• [36] M. Nasir, U. Gazder, M. Maslehuddin, O. S. Baghabra Al-Amoudi, and I. A. Syed, “Prediction of properties of concrete cured under hot weather using multivariate regression and ANN models,” Arab. J. Sci. Eng., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 4111–4123, 2020.
• [37] R. R. Mahesh, and D. Sathyan, Modelling the hardened properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete using ANN, Mater. Today Proc, vol. 49, 2021.
• [38] K. Khan, M, B. A. Salami, M. N. Amin, I. Ahamd, AA. Alabdullah, ..., and F. E. Jalal. ‘’Estimating flexural strength of FRP reinforced beam using artificial neural network and random forest prediction model,’’ Polymers, 14(11), 2270, 2022.
• [39] N. Abunassar, M. Alas, and S. I. A. Ali, “Prediction of compressive strength in self-compacting concrete containing fly ash and silica fume using ANN and SVM,” Arab. J. Sci. Eng., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 5171–5184, 2023.
• [40] Afshoon, M. Miri, and S. R. Mousavi, “Using the Response Surface Method and Artificial Neural Network to Estimate the Compressive Strength of Environmentally Friendly Concretes Containing Fine Copper Slag Aggregates,” Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 3415–3429, 2023.
• [41] A. B. Ekmen, “SPT-CPT İlişkisinin Yapay Zeka Desteğiyle Çeşitli Zemin Tipleri İçin Araştırılması,” Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 204–216.
• [42] M. R. Akbarzadeh, H. Ghafourian, A. Anvari, R. Pourhanasa, and M. L. Nehdi, ‘’Estimating compressive strength of concrete using neural electromagnetic field optimization,’’ Materials, 16(11), 4200, 2023.
• [43] T. F. Awolusi, D. O. Oguntayo, D. O. Oyejobi, B. D. Agboola., O. O. Akinkurolere, O. E. Babalola, and S.K. Shukla, “Performance evaluation of discontinuous coconut and steel fibers as reinforcement in concrete using the artificial neural network approach,’’ Cogent Engineering, 9(1), 2022.
• [44] E. M. Golafshani, and A. Behnood, “Predicting themechanical propertie of sustainable concrete containing waste foundry sand using multi-objective ANN approach,’’ Construction and Building Materials, 291, 123314, 2021.
• [45] S. Ray, M. Haque, T. Ahmed, and T.T. Nahin, “Comparison of artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) in predicting the compressive and splitting tensile strength of concrete prepared with glass waste and tin (Sn)can fiber,“ Journal of king saud university-engineering sciences, 35(3), 185–199, 2023.
• [46] H.H. Almasaeid, A. Suleiman, and R. Alawneh, “Assessment of high-temperature damaged concrete using non-destructive tests and artificial neural network modelling,’’ Case Studies in Construction Materials, 16, e01080, 2022.
• [47] P. G. Asteris and V. G. Mokos, “Concrete compressive strength using artificial neural networks,” Neural Comput. Appl., vol. 32, no. 15, pp. 11807–11826, 2020.
• [48] A. Shahmansouri, M. Yazdani, S. Ghanbari, H. Akbarzadeh Bengar, A. Jafari, and H. Farrokh Ghatte, “Artificial neural network model to predict the compressive strength of eco-friendly geopolymer concrete incorporating silica fume and natural zeolite,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 279, no. 123697, p. 123697, 2021.
• [49] D. Fan et al., “Precise design and characteristics prediction of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) based on artificial intelligence techniques,” Cem. Concr. Compos., vol. 122, no. 104171, p. 104171, 2021.
• [50] S. A. Yildizel, M. Uzun, M. A. Arslan, and T. Ozbakkaloglu, “The prediction and evaluation of recycled polypropylene fiber and aggregate incorporated foam concrete using Artificial Neural Networks,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 411, no. 134646, p. 134646, 2024.
• [51] S. Yadav and S. K. Tiwari, “The impact of end-of-life tires on the mechanical properties of fine-grained soil: A Review,” Environ. Dev. Sustain., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 485–568, 2019.
• [52] G. Centonze, M. Leone, and M. A. Aiello, “Steel fibers from waste tires as reinforcement in concrete: A mechanical characterization,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 36, pp. 46–57, 2012.
• [53] E. Martinelli, A. Caggiano, and H. Xargay, “An experimental study on the post-cracking behaviour of Hybrid Industrial/Recycled Steel Fibre-Reinforced Concrete,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 94, pp. 290–298, 2015.
• [54] M. Leone, G. Centonze, D. Colonna, F. Micelli, and M. A. Aiello, “Experimental study on bond behavior in fiber-reinforced concrete with low content of recycled steel fiber,” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., vol. 28, no. 9, p. 04016068, 2016.
• [55] B. Nasir, “Steel fiber reinforced concrete made with fibers extracted from used tyres,” Master of Science in Civil Engineering dissertation, 2009.
• [56] M. A. Aiello, F. Leuzzi, G. Centonze, and A. Maffezzoli, “Use of steel fibres recovered from waste tyres as reinforcement in concrete: pull-out behaviour, compressive and flexural strength,” Waste Manag., vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1960–1970, 2009.
• [57] M. Pająk, M. Krystek, M. Zakrzewski, and J. Domski, ‘’Laboratory investigation and numerical modelling of concrete reinforced with recycled steel fibers,’’ Materials, 14(8), 1828., 2021.
• [58] D. Revuelta, P. Carballosa, J. L. García Calvo, and F.Pedrosa, ‘’Residual strength and drying behavior of concrete reinforced with recycled steel fiber from tires,’’ Materials, 14(20), 6111,2021.
• [59] S. Rossli and I. Ibrahim, Mechanical properties of recycled steel tire fibres in concrete, Engineering, Materials Science, Environmental Science, 2012.
• [60] Y. Zhang and L. Gao, “Influence of tire-recycled steel fibers on strength and flexural behavior of reinforced concrete,” Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 2020, pp. 1–7, 2020.
• [61] X. Qin and S. Kaewunruen, “Environment-friendly recycled steel fibre reinforced concrete,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 327, no. 126967, p. 126967, 2022.
• [62] Y. Gao et al., “Experimental study on recycled steel fiber-reinforced concrete under repeated impact,” Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci., vol. 62, no. 1, 2023.
• [63] Y. Avci and A. B. Ekmen, “Artificial intelligence assisted optimization of rammed aggregate pier supported raft foundation systems based on parametric three-dimensional finite element analysis,” Structures, vol. 56, no. 105031, p. 105031, 2023.
• [64] A. B. Ekmen and Y. Avci, “Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Optimization of Tunnel Support Systems Based on the Multiple Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analyses Considering the Excavation Stages,” Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 1725–1747, 2023.
• [65] Matlab, version R2017a, MathWorks, 2017.
• [66] T. Gupta, K. A. Patel, S. Siddique, R. K. Sharma, and S, “Chaudhary Prediction of mechanical properties of rubberised concrete exposed to elevated temperature using ANN’’, Measurement, 147, 106870, 2019.