Effects of Neural Gene Expressions on Grooming Behavior in Honey Bees

Öz

Grooming behavior, which is one of the behavioral resistance mechanisms based on the genetic basis in honeybees, is a defense response against parasitic mites, especially Varroa mite. In recent years, scientists and beekeepers have focused on bee breeding in terms of grooming behavior, because honey bees showing grooming behavior have the potential to can protect themselves against Varroa destructor. It is of great importance to determine the genes and gene regions related to this behavior before starting the breeding studies in terms of grooming behavior. In this respect, the right honey bee species or races can be selected and the success rate will increase. In researches, it was found that bees exhibit different grooming behaviors level according to species and races. Therefore, some species and races were found to be more successful than others. Especially in neural, developmental, detoxification and health-related gene expression studies, it has been shown that some gene expression is in direct proportion to the intensity of grooming behavior. While the genes responsible for grooming behavior are not known exactly, studies are underway to solve the genetic mechanism of this behavior. In this study, we reviewed the effects of neural gene expression on grooming behavior.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Neural gene,Grooming behavior,Honey bee

Kaynakça

1. Allsopp MH, de Lange WJ, Veldtman R. 2008. Valuing insect pollination services with cost of replacement. PloS ONE, 3:e3128.
2. Arathi HS, Burns I, Spivak M. 2000. Ethology of hygienic behaviour in the honey bee Apis mellifera L.(Hymenoptera: Apidae): behavioural repertoire of hygienic bees. Ethology, 106(4), 365-379.
3. Arechavaleta-Velasco ME, Alcala-Escamilla K, Robles-Rios C, Tsuruda JM, Hunt GJ. 2012. Fine-scale linkage mapping reveals a small set of candidate genes influencing honey bee grooming behavior in response to varroa mites. PLoS One 7:e47269.
4. Aumeier P. 2001. Bioassay for grooming effectiveness towards Varroa destructor mites in Africanized and Carniolan honey Bees. Apidologie, 32, 81–90.
5. Barradale F, Sinha K, Lebestky T. 2017. Quantification of Drosophila Grooming Behavior. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments), (125), e55231.
6. De Figueiró Santos J, Coelho FC, Bliman PA. 2016. Behavioral Modulation of Infestation by Varroa destructor in Bee Colonies. Implications for Colony Stability. PLoS ONE, 11(9): e0160465. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160465.
7. Genersch E. 2010. Honey bee pathology: current threats to honey bees and beekeeping. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 87(1), 87-97.
8. Ghazoul J. 2005a. Buzziness as usual? Questioning the global pollination crisis. Trends Ecol Evol, 20:367–373.

9. Ghazoul J. 2005b. Response to Steffan-Dewenter et al.: questioning the global pollination crisis. Trends Ecol Evol, 20:652–653.
10. Guzman-Novoa E, Emsen B, Unger P, Espinosa-Montan˜o, L. G, Petukhova T. 2012. Genotypic variability and relationships between mite infestation levels, mite damage, grooming intensity, and removal of Varroa destructor mites in selected strains of worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110, 314–320. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2012.03.020.
11. Guzman-Novoa E, Vandame R, Arechavaleta-Velasco ME. 1999. Susceptibility of European and Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) to Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in Mexico. Apidologie, 30, 173–182. doi:10.1051/apido:19990207.
12. Hamiduzzaman MM, Emsen B, Hunt GJ, Subramanyam S, Williams CE, Tsuruda JM, Guzman Novoa E. 2017. Differential Gene Expression Associated with Honey Bee Grooming Behavior in Response to Varroa Mites. Behavioral Genetics, 47:335–344, doi:10.1007/s10519-017-9834-6.
13. Kamikouchi A, Takeuchi H, Sawata M, Ohashi K, Natori S, Kubo T. 1998. Preferential expression of the gene for a putative inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor homologue in the mushroom bodies of the brain of the worker honeybee Apis mellifera L. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 242: 181–186.
14. Kaneko K, Ikeda T, Nagai M, Hori S, Umatani C, Tadano H, et al. 2013. Novel middle-type Kenyon cells in the honeybee brain revealed by area-preferential gene expression analysis. PloS One, 8: e71732.
15. Kiya T, Kunieda T, Kubo T. 2007. Increased neural activity of a mushroom body neuron subtype in the brains of forager honeybees. PLoS One, 4: e371.
16. Kolmes SA. 1989. Grooming specialists among worker honey bees Apis mellifera. Anim Behav, 6, 1048-1049.
17. Kucharski R, Maleszka R 2002. Evaluation of differential gene expression during behavioral development in the honeybee using microarrays and northern blots. Genome Biol, 3: research0007.1–0007.9.
18. Laidlaw HH and Page ER. 1997. Queen Rearing and Bee Breeding. Wicwas Press. Cheshire, Connecticticut, USA. 1-224.
19. Maggi MD, Ruffinengo SR, Negri P, Eguaras MJ. 2010. Resistance phenomena to amitraz from populations of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor of Argentina. Parasitology Research, 107, 1189–1192.
20. Menzel R, Giulfa M. 2001. Cognitive architecture of a mini-brain: the honeybee. Trends Cogn Sci 5: 62–71.
21. Milum VG. 1947. Grooming dance and associated activities of the honey bee. III Acad Sci Trans 40, 194-196.
22. Moretto G, Goncalves LS, De Jong D. 1993. Heritability of Africanized and European honey bee defensive behavior against the mite Varroa jacobsoni. Revista Brasileira de Genetica, 16, 71–77.
23. Navajas M, Migeon A, Alaux C, Martin-Magniette ML, Robinson GE, Evans JD, ... Le Conte Y. 2008. Differential gene expression of the honey bee Apis mellifera associated with Varroa destructor infection. BMC genomics, 9(1), 301.
24. Park OW. 1937. Testing for resistance to American foulbrood in honeybees. Journal of Economic Entomology, 30(3): 504-512.
25. Pettis JS. 2004. A scientific note on Varroa destructor resistance to coumaphos in the United States. Apidologie, 35: 91–92.
26. Rinderer TE, De Guzman LI, Delatte, GT, Stelzer JA, Lancaster VA, Kuznetsov, V, … Harris JW. 2001. Resistance to the parasitic mite Varroa destructor in honey bees from far-eastern Russia. Apidologie, 32, 381–394. doi:10.1051/apido:2001138.
27. Rosenkranz P, Aumeier P, Ziegelmann B. 2010. Biology and control of Varroa destructor. Journal of invertebrate pathology, 103, S96-S119.
28. Pritchard DJ. 2016. Grooming by honey bees as a component of varroa resistant behavior. Journal of Apicultural Research, 55(1), 38-48.
29. Rybak J, Menzel R. 1998. Integrative properties of the Pe1 neuron, a unique mushroom body output neuron. Learn Mem, 5: 133–145.
30. Sen Sarma M, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Hong F, Zhong S, Robinson GE. 2009. Transcriptomic profiling of central nervous system regions in three species of honey bee during dance communication behavior. PLoS One, 4: e6408.
31. Steffan-Dewenter I, Potts SG, Packer L. 2005. Pollinator diversity and crop pollination services are at risk. Trends Ecol Evol 20:651–652.
32. Takeuchi H, Kage E, Sawata M, Kamikouchi A, Ohashi K, Ohara M, et al. 2001. Identification of a novel gene, Mblk-1, that encodes a putative transcription factor expressed preferentially in the large-type Kenyon cells of the honeybee brain. Insect Mol Biol, 10: 487–494.
33. Tsuruda JM, Subramanyam S, Williams CE, Hamiduzzaman MM, Emsen B, Guzman-Novoa E, Hunt GJ. 2014. Behavioral resistance to varroa mites – grooming and neurexin gene expression. American Bee Journal, 154, 460.
34. Villa JD, Rinderer TE. 2008. Inheritance of resistance to Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in crosses between selected resistant Russian and selected susceptible US honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 101, 1756–1759.