Academic Integrity from the Perspective of Textual Ownership: A Study on L2 Writing Development

Abstract

Akademik dürüstlüğü, ikinci dil ediniminde yazar duruşu ve metin sahipliği gelişimi bağlamında inceleyen bu araştırma yakınsayan karma desenle tasarlanmıştır ve İngilizce öğretmen adaylarının akademik dürüstlüğe dair görüşlerini incelemeyi; akademik dürüstlük ilkelerinin ihlal edilmesindeki olası nedenlere dair bakış açılarını ayrıntılamayı amaçlamıştır. Çalışmaya İngilizce öğretmenliği bölümü birinci sınıfta öğrenim gören 46 öğretmen adayı katılmıştır. Sormaca yoluyla toplanan nicel veriler betimsel istatistiklerle, katılımcıların senaryolara verdikleri yanıtlarla toplanan nitel veriler ise içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda öğrencilerin yazar duruşu ve akademik dürüstlüğün bağdaştırılması konusunda temel düzeyde bir bakış açılarının olduğu saptanmıştır. Öğrencilerin akademik dürüstlük ilkelerine uymama konusundaki sıraladıkları nedenler arasında ağır iş yükü, ödevlerin tamamlanması için verilen kısıtlı süre, hata yapma korkusu, bilgi, motivasyon ve özgüven eksikliği olduğu bulgulanmıştır. Öğrencilerin yanıtlarından yola çıkarak yazma süreçlerinde kendi görüşlerini açıklama konusundaki yeterliliklerinin az olmasının bir yazar duruşu oluşturmada engel olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu bulgulardan yola çıkarak öğrencilerin yazma becelerinin edinim süreçlerinde akademik dürüstlük ilkelerine bağlı kalarak yazar duruşunu anlamalarını sağlama ve yazar duruşu konusundaki bakış açılarını zenginleştirme konusunda öğretim önerileri açımlanmıştır. Bu bulgular ve tartışma noktaları ışığında, akademik dürüstlük konusundaki söylem kalıplarının ve özelliklerinin yazmanın sosyal bir eylem, kimliklerin sunulması ve değerlerin açıklanması olarak düşünülmesi yoluyla yeniden kavramsallaştırılması önerilmiştir.

Keywords

• Academic integrity
• L2 writing development
• authorial identity
• pre-service English language teachers

References

1. Abasi, A. R., N. Akbari, and B. Graves. (2006). Discourse appropriation, construction of identities, and the complex issue of plagiarism: ESL students writing in graduate school. Journal of Second Language Writing, 15, 102-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2006.05.001
2. Avoiding Plagiarism: Scenarios (2015). Leland speed library, Mississippi College: Clinton, MS. http://mc.libguides.com/plagiarism/scenarios
3. Akbulut, Y., Şendağ, S., Birinci, G., Kiliçer, K., Şahim, M. C., & Odabaşi, H. F. (2008). Exploring the types and reasons of internet-triggered academic dishonesty among Turkish undergraduate students: Development of the Internet Triggered Academic Dishonesty Scale (ITADS). Computers & Education, 51(1), 463-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2007.06.003
4. Breen, L. & Maassen, M. (2005). Reducing the incidence of plagiarism in an undergraduate course: The role of education. Issues in Educational Research, 15(1), 1-16.
5. Cheung, K. Y. F., Elander, J., Stupple, E. J. N., & Flay, M. (2018). Academics’ understandings of the authorial academic writer: A qualitative analysis of authorial identity. Studies in Higher Education, 43(8), 1468-1483. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1264382
6. Chien, S. C. (2014). Cultural constructions of plagiarism in student writing: Teachers' perceptions and responses. Research in the Teaching of English, 120-140.
7. Claxton, L. D. (2005). Scientific authorship: Part 1. A window into scientific fraud?. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 589(1), 17-30.
8. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.

9. Curtin University. (2010). Referencing. Retrieved April 9, 2022, from https://libguides.library.curtin.edu.au/uniskills/referencing.
10. Çelik, Ö., & Lancaster, T. (2021). Violations of and threats to academic integrity in online English language teaching. The Literacy Trek, 7(1), 34-54. https://doi.org/10.47216/literacytrek.932316
11. Çelik, Ö., & Razı, S. (2023). From transgressors to authors promoting EFL writing through academic integrity integrated instruction. System, 103101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2023.103101
12. Devlin, M. (2003). The problem with plagiarism. Campus Review, 12, 4-5.
13. Eret, E., & Ok, A. (2014). Internet plagiarism in higher education: tendencies, triggering factors and reasons among teacher candidates. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 39(8), 1002-1016. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2014.880776
14. Franklyn-Stokes, A., & Newstead, S. E. (1995). Undergraduate cheating: who does what and why?. Studies in Higher Education, 20(2), 159-172.
15. Gregory, J. L. (2021). Plagiarism as a social contract, a new way to approach plagiarism. Journal of Academic Ethics, 19(3), 407-424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-021-09409-1
16. Güzel, S., & Razı, S. (2018). ELT academics’ perceptions of plagiarism: Cross-cultural investigation of degrees. Paper presented at the 4th Plagiarism across Europe and Beyond Conference, Fostering academic integrity through consistent and transparent approaches, 9-11 May, Ephesus, Turkey.
17. Howard, R. M., & Jamieson, S. (2021). The ethics of teaching rhetorical intertextuality. Journal of Academic Ethics, 19(3), 385-405.
18. Hyland, K. (2002). Authority and invisibility: Authorial identity in academic writing. Journal of Pragmatics, 34(8), 1091-1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00035-8
19. Ives, B., Alama, M., Mosora, L. C., Mosora, M., Grosu-Radulescu, L., Clinciu, A. I., ... & Dutu, A. (2017). Patterns and predictors of academic dishonesty in Romanian university students. Higher Education, 74, 815-831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0079-8
20. Kaçar, I. G., & Işık-Güler, H. (2021). Internet-based text-matching software and EFL preservice teachers' awareness of academic integrity: A case study in the Turkish context. In Redefining the Role of Language in a Globalized World (pp. 243-305). IGI Global.
21. Kang, J. (2017). Epistemic stance construction in L1 and L2 undergraduate argumentative writing. SNU Working Papers in English Linguistics and Language, 15, 53-67.
22. Kaposi, D., & Dell, P. (2012). Discourses of plagiarism: moralist, proceduralist, developmental and inter-textual approaches. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 33(6), 813-830. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2012.686897
23. McCabe, D. & Pavela, G. (2000). Some good news about academic integrity. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 32(5), 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00091380009605738
24. McNeill, L. (2022). Changing “hearts” and minds: Pedagogical and institutional practices to foster academic integrity. In S. E. Eaton & J. Christensen Hughes (Eds.), Academic integrity in Canada: An enduring and essential challenge (pp. 487-503). Springer.
25. Neumann, H., Leu, S., & McDonough, K. (2019). L2 writers’ use of outside sources and the related challenges. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 38, 106-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2019.02.002
26. Noah, H., & Eckstein, M. (2001). Fraud and education: The worm in the apple. Rowman & Littlefield.
27. Park, C. (2003). In other (people’s) words: Plagiarism by university students-literature and lessons. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 28(5), 471-488.
28. Pecorari, D., & Petric, B. (2014). Plagiarism in second-language writing. Language Teaching, 47(3), 269-302.
29. Pecorari, D., & Sutherland-Smith, W. (2021). Perspectives on positive academic ethics: An introduction. Journal of Academic Ethics, 19, 305-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-021-09439-9
30. Perkins, M., Gezgin, U. B., & Roe, J. (2018). Understanding the relationship between language ability and plagiarism in non-native English speaking business students. Journal of Academic Ethics, 16, 317-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-018-9311-8
31. Pennycook, A. (1996). Borrowing others’ words. TESOL Quarterly, 30(2), 201-230. https://doi:10.1017/S0261444814000056
32. Pittam, G., Elander, J., Lusher, J., Fox, P., & Payne, N. (2009). Student beliefs and attitudes about authorial identity in academic writing. Studies in Higher Education, 34(2), 153-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070802528270
33. Razı, S. (2015). Development of a rubric to assess academic writing incorporating plagiarism detectors. SAGE Open.
34. Razı, S, Şahan, Ö. (2021). Emergency online language education and academic integrity. The Literacy Trek, 7(1), 1-4.
35. Rocha-Erkaya, O. (2009). Plagiarism by Turkish students: Causes and solutions. Asian EFL Journal, 11(2), 86-103.
36. Roe, J., & Perkins, M. (2022). What are Automated Paraphrasing Tools and how do we address them? A review of a growing threat to academic integrity. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 18(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-022-00109-w
37. Romanowski, M. H. (2021). Preservice teachers’ perception of plagiarism: a case from a college of education. Journal of Academic Ethics, 20(3), 289-309.
38. Schrimsher, R. H., Northrup, L. A., & Alverson, S. P. (2011). A survey of Samford University students regarding plagiarism and academic misconduct. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 7(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.21913/IJEI.v7i1.740
39. Smith, M. P. (2022). Dialogic problematization of academic integrity education. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 1-26.
40. Strangfeld, J. A. (2019). I just don’t want to be judged: Cultural capital’s impact on student plagiarism. SAGE Open, 9(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018822382
41. Sun, Q., Kuzborska, I., & Soden, B. (2022). Learning to construct authorial voice through citations: A longitudinal case study of L2 postgraduate novice writers. System, 106, 102765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102765
42. Thacker, E. J. (2022). Assessment brokering and collaboration: Ghostwriter and student academic literacies. In Contract Cheating in Higher Education: Global Perspectives on Theory, Practice, and Policy (pp. 287-302). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
43. Yeh, E. (2021). Intentional plagiarism? Strategies for teaching language learners academic integrity. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 57(3), 132-137.
44. Yıldırım, B., & Razı, S. (2018). English language teaching students’ attitudes towards plagiarism and their locus of control. In S. Razı and I. Glendinning (Eds.). Towards Consistency and Transparency in Academic Integrity, (pp. 1-16). Peter Lang.