Genç Yetişkinlerde Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük ve Psikolojik Esnekliğin Endişeyi Yordaması

Abstract

Bu araştırma üniversite mezunu genç yetişkin bireylerin endişe, belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük ve psikolojik esneklik düzeylerinin demografik değişkenlerle olan ilişkisini incelemeyi ve katılımcıların endişe düzeylerinin değişkenler açısından yordanmasını hiyerarşik regresyon analiziyle test etmeyi amaçlamıştır. İlişkisel araştırma yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilen bu araştırmanın örneklemi toplam 425 genç yetişkin bireyden (339K, 86E) oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri COVID-19 pandemisi döneminde Demografik Bilgi Formu, Penn Eyalet Endişe Ölçeği, Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği ve Kabul ve Eylem Formu-II kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda, araştırma değişkenlerinin arasındaki ikili ilişkiler incelendiğinde üç değişkenin de birbiriyle yüksek düzeyde anlamlı ilişkisinin olduğu; katılımcıların endişe düzeylerinin, cinsiyete, aile aylık gelir düzeyine göre anlamlı farklılık gösterirken yaşa ve aktif çalışma durumuna göre anlamlı bir farklılık göstermediği; üç aşamalı modelle yapılan hiyerarşik regresyon analizi sonucunda ise katılımcıların endişe düzeylerini cinsiyet, belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük ve psikolojik esneklik değişkenlerinin birlikte yordadığı ve bu değişkenlerden endişeyi en iyi açıklayan değişkenin toplam varyansa sağladığı %39,5’lik katkıyla belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük olduğu sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır. Son olarak araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular tartışılıp yorumlanarak sonraki çalışmalar için öneriler sunulmuştur.

Keywords

• belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük
• COVID-19
• endişe
• genç yetişkin
• psikolojik esneklik

Ethical Statement

Bu makale birinci yazarın ikinci yazar danışmanlığında hazırladığı yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmiştir.

Intolerance of Uncertainty and Psychological Flexibility Predict Worry in Young Adults

Abstract

This research purposed to examine the relationship among worry, intolerance of uncertainty, and psychological flexibility levels of young adult individuals with a university degree and their demographic features, and to test the prediction of participants' worry levels in terms of these variables using hierarchical regression analysis. The sample of this correlational research consisted of 425 young adults (339F, 86M). The data of the study were obtained using the Demographic Information Form, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II during the COVID-19 pandemic period. The results of the study revealed that there were significant high-level relationships among the research variables. While participants' worry levels showed significant differences based on gender and monthly family income, they did not show significant differences based on age and current employment status. The hierarchical regression analysis conducted using a three-step model revealed that participants' worry levels were jointly predicted by the variables which gender, intolerance of uncertainty, and psychological flexibility, with intolerance of uncertainty contributing the most, explaining 39.5% of the total variance in worry. Lastly, the findings of the study were discussed and interpreted, and recommendations were provided for future studies.

Keywords

• intolerance of uncertainty
• psychological flexibility
• worry
• young adult
• COVID-19

Ethical Statement

This article based on master thesis of first author under the supervision of second author.

References

1. Acar, A.C. (2020). COVID-19 Krizinin ı̇stihdam ve çalışma yöntemlerine etkisi, In M. Şeker, A. Özer. & K. Cem, (Eds). Küresel Salgının Anatomisi İnsan ve Toplumun Geleceği. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi.
2. Adamis, A. M., Cole, D. A., & Olatunji, B. O. (2024). Intolerance of uncertainty and worry Prospectively Predict COVID-19 Anxiety and Distress: A 4-Year Longitudinal study. Behavior Therapy, 55(2), 320–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2023.07.009
3. Andrews, J. L., Li, M., Minihan, S., Songco, A., Fox, E., Ladouceur, C. D., Mewton, L., Moulds, M., Pfeifer, J. H., Van Harmelen, A., & Schweizer, S. (2023). The effect of intolerance of uncertainty on anxiety and depression, and their symptom networks, during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04734-8
4. Arnett, J.J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
5. Atak, H., Tatlı, C. E., Çokamay, G., Büyükpabuşcu, H., & Çok, F. (2016). Yetişkinliğe geçiş: Türkiye’de demografik ölçütler bağlamında kuramsal bir gözden geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 8(3), 204-227. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.238184
6. Bavolar, J., Kacmar, P., Hricova, M., Schrötter, J., Kovacova-Holevova, B., Köverova, M., & Raczova, B. (2021). Intolerance of uncertainty and reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Journal of General Psychology, 150(2), 143–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2021.1922346
7. Bayhan, V., & Bozkurt, V. (2021). Psycho-social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the young people. In: H. Gülerce, V. Nımehchısalem, V. Bozkurt, G.Dawes & S. Rafık-Galea (Eds.) Society in the COVID-19 pandemic: inequalities, challenges, and opportunities, 57-68. PEGEM Akademi Yayınevi.
8. Bedel, E. F., (2014). Genç işsizlerde işsizlik deneyiminin sosyolojik analizi [Unpublished Master Thesis]. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Retrieved from, https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

9. Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: A Revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007
10. Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The nature, functions, and origins of worry. In G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Worrying: Perspectives on Theory, Assessment and Treatment (pp. 5–33). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(94)00064-S
11. Boysan, M., Keskin, S., & Beşiroğlu, L. (2008). Penn state endişe ölçeği Türkçe formunun hiyerarşik faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenilirliği. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 18(3), 174-182.
12. Bozkurt, V., (2020). Pandemi döneminde çalışma: Ekonomik kaygılar, dijitalleşme ve verimlilik. In D.Demirbaş, V.Bozkurt & S.Yorğun (Eds.), Covid-19 Pandemisinin Ekonomik, Toplumsal ve Siyasal Etkileri (s. 115-116) İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınevi. https://doi.org/10.26650/B/SS46.2020.005.08
13. Bracke, P., Pattyn, E., & von dem Knesebeck, O. (2013). Overeducation and depressive symptoms: diminishing mental health returns to education. Sociology Of Health & Illness, 35(8), 1242-1259. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.12039
14. Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 20(2) 222-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.12.004 Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2020). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Pegem Yayınları.
15. Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the ıntolerance of uncertainty scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(1), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014
16. Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morisson K. (2007). Research Methods in Education (8th Edition). Routledge Press.
17. Dawson, D. L., & Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2020). COVID-19: Psychological flexibility, coping, mental health, and wellbeing in the UK during the pandemic. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 17, 126-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.010
18. Drentea, P., (2000). Age, debt and anxiety. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41(4), 437–450. https://doi.org/10.2307/2676296
19. Eryılmaz, A., & Mutlu, T. (2017). Yaşam boyu gelişim yaklaşımı perspektifinden kariyer gelişimi ve ruh sağlığı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar- Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 9(2), 227. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.281802
20. Freeston, M. H., Rheaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17(6), 791−802. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5
21. Gonçalves, D. C., & Byrne, G. J., (2013). Who worries most? Worry prevalence and patterns across the lifespan. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(1), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.3788
22. Godinic, D., Obrenovic, B., & Khudaykulov, A. (2020). Effects of Economic uncertainty on Mental Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic context: Social Identity Disturbance, Job Uncertainty and Psychological Well-Being Model. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, 6(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.61.2005
23. Gould, C. E., & Edelstein, B. A., (2010). Worry, emotion control, and anxiety control in older and young adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(7), 759-766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.05.009
24. Gönül, E., (2008). Kimlik statülerinin 22-30 yaşlar arasındaki genç yetişkinlerin yaşadığı kaygı düzeyi ile ilişkisi [Unpublished Master Thesis]. Maltepe Ünı̇versı̇tesı̇, Sosyal Bı̇lı̇mler Enstitüsü. Retrived from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
25. Grupe, D. W., & Nitschke, J. B., (2013). Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: an integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(7), 488-501. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3524
26. Harris, R., (2019). ACT made simple: An easy-to-read primer on acceptance and commitment therapy. New Harbinger Publications.
27. Havighurst, R.J., (1972) Developmental Tasks and Education, (3rd ed.). David McKay Company.
28. Hayes, S. C., Pistorello, J., & Levin, M. E., (2012). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Unified Model of Behavior Change. The Counseling Psychologist, 40(7), 976–1002. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012460836
29. Hochberg, Z., & Konner, M. (2020). Emerging Adulthood, a Pre-adult Life-History stage. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00918
30. Hunt, S., Wisocki, P., & Yanko, J., (2003). Worry and use of coping strategies among older and younger adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(5), 547-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00229-3
31. Karataş, Z., & Uzun, K., (2018). Belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlüğün yordayıcısı olarak endişe ile ilgili olumlu ve olumsuz inançlar. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 26(4), 1267-1276. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.434169.
32. Kıçır, B., (2017). Eğitimli genç işsizliği üzerinden işsizlik kaygısına bir bakış. Çalışma ve Toplum, 3(54), 1369-1396. Retrived from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ct/issue/71813/1155382
33. Koerner, N., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). A Cognitive model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The role of intolerance of uncertainty. In Worry and its Psychological Disorders: Theory, Assessment and Treatment (1st ed., pp. 201–216). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470713143.ch12
34. Ladouceur, R., Blais, F., Freeston, M. H., & Dugas, M. J., (1998). Problem solving and problem orientation in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12(2), 139-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00002-4
35. Ladouceur, R., Gosselin, P., & Dugas, M. J. (2000). Experimental manipulation of intolerance of uncertainty: A study of a theoretical model of worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy 38(9) 933-941, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00133-3
36. Lin, Y., Mason, D., Zhong, S., Hirsch, C., & Happé, F. (2024). How is “intolerance of uncertainty” (IU) measured? A systematic review of assessment tools for IU and the psychometric properties of IU questionnaires. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 31(2), 179–204. https://doi.org/10.1037/cps0000199
37. Lindesay, J., Baillon, S., Brugha, T., Dennis, M., Stewart, R., Araya, R., & Meltzer, H., (2006). Worry content across the lifespan: An analysis of 16-to 74-year-old participants in the British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity 2000. Psychological Medicine, 36(11), 1625-1633. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291706008439.
38. Mantzios, M., Wilson, J. C., Linnell, M., & Morris, P., (2014). The role of negative cognition, intolerance of uncertainty, mindfulness, and self-compassion in weight regulation among male army recruits. Mindfulness, 6(3), 545-552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0286-2
39. Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D., (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6
40. Molina, S., & Borkovec, T. D., (1994). The Penn State Worry Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and associated characteristics. In G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Ed.), Worrying: Perspectives on Theory, Assessment and Treatment (s. 265–283). John Wiley & Sons.
41. Newman, M. G., & Llera, S. J. (2011). A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: A review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(3), 371–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.008
42. ÖSYM (2024). (2022). 2024-YKS Yerleştirme Sonuçlarına İlişkin Sayısal Bilgiler. Retrived on 1 September 2024 from https://www.osym.gov.tr/TR,29510/2024.html
43. Patler, C., & Laster Pirtle, W., (2018). From undocumented to lawfully present: Do changes to legal status impact psychological wellbeing among Latino immigrant young adults?. Social Science & Medicine, 199, 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.009
44. Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 75(5), 631–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660
45. Prudenzi, A., Graham, C. D., Rogerson, O., & O’Connor, D. B. (2022). Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: exploring the role of psychological flexibility and stress-related variables. Psychology and Health, 38(10), 1378–1401. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2021.2020272
46. Puci, M. V., Nosari, G., Loi, F., Puci, G. V., Montomoli, C., & Ferraro, O. E. (2020). Risk Perception and Worries among Health Care Workers in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from an Italian Survey. Healthcare, 8(4), 535. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040535
47. Roemer, L., Salters, K., Raffa, S. D., & Orsillo, S. M., (2005). Fear and avoidance of internal experiences in GAD: Preliminary tests of a conceptual model. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(1), 71−88. doi:10.1007/s10608-005-1650-2
48. Sahib, A., Chen, J., Cárdenas, D., & Calear, A. (2023). Intolerance of uncertainty and emotion regulation: A meta-analytic and systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 101, 102270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102270
49. Sarı, S., (2007). Sürekli Kaygının yordayıcıları olarak belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük, endişe ı̇le ı̇lgili ı̇nançlar ve kontrol odağının ı̇ncelenmesi. [Unpublished Master Thesis], Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Retrived from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
50. Sarıçam, H., (2014). Belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlüğün mutluluğa etkisi. Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(8), 1-12. Retrived from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kilissbd/issue/45250/566819
51. Schoeps, K., Tamarit, A., De La Barrera, U., Lacomba-Trejo, L., Montoya-Castilla, I., Del Rosario, C., Coello, F., Herrera, S., Trujillo, Á., Munevar, F. R., & Esparza, N. a. A. (2022). Social and Psychological Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Adolescents’ and young Adults’ Mental Health: a Cross-Cultural Mediation Study. Psychological Reports, 126(6), 2729–2756. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221100451.
52. Shanahan, M.J., Porfeli, E., Mortimer, J.T., & Erickson, L., (2002). Subjective age identity and the transition to adulthood: Demographic markers and personal attributes. Youth Development Study, 8, 76-81.
53. Smith, B.M., Twohy, A.J., & Smith, G. S., (2020). Psychological inflexibility and intolerance of uncertainty moderate the relationship between social isolation and mental health outcomes during COVID-19. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 18, 162-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.005
54. Surat, A., & Ceran D., (2020). Unemployment anxiety of university students. ISPEC International Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 4(3), 145–166. https://doi.org/10.46291/ISPECIJSSHvol4iss3pp145-166
55. Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S., (2019). Using Multivariate Statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.
56. Tanner, J. L., (2006). Recentering during emerging adulthood: A critical turning point in life span human development. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Ed.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (s. 21–55). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11381-002
57. Tarhan, N., (2020). Küresel salgın sonrası ı̇nsan ı̇lişkileri: Yeni dünyada yeni doğrular, In Küresel Salgının Anatomisi: İnsan ve Toplumun Geleceği, M.Şeker, A.Özer, C.Korkut (Eds.). TÜBA Yayınları.
58. Tolan, Ö.Ç., & Uğur, G.B., The mediatingng role of difficulties in emotion regulation in the relationship between covid-19 fear, psychological distress and mindfulness in teachers. International Journal of Education Technology and Scientific Researches, 16, 2166-2217. http://dx.doi.org/10.35826/ijetsar.392
59. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2024). İş Gücü İstatistikleri, Haziran 2024. Retrived on 1 September 2024 from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-Haziran-2024-53512
60. Wolbers, M. H. J. (2003). Job Mismatches and their Labour-Market Effects among School-Leavers in Europe. European Sociological Review, 19(3), 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/19.3.249
61. Wright, M., & Von Stumm, S. (2024). Perceptions of Adulthood: What Does it Mean to be Grown-Up? Journal of Adult Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-024-09477-8
62. Yavuz, F., Ulusoy, S., Iskin, M., Esen, F. B., Burhan, H. S., Karadere, M. E., & Yavuz, N., (2016). Turkish version of Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II): A reliability and validity analysis in clinical and non-clinical samples. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 26(4), 397-408. https://doi.org/10.5455/bcp.20160223124107
63. Yılmaz, A. E., Gençöz, T., & Wells, A. (2008). Psychometric characteristics of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and Metacognitions Questionnaire‐30 and metacognitive predictors of worry and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in a Turkish sample. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 15(6), 424–439. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.589
64. Yükseköğretim Bilgi Yönetim Sistemi (2024). Retrived on 1 September 2024 from https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/
65. Zhou, M., & Guo, W. (2021). Social factors and worry associated with COVID-19: Evidence from a large survey in China. Social Science & Medicine, 277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113934