Amatör Sporculardaki Sigara Kullanımının Egzersiz Kapasitesi ve Fiziksel Aktivite Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Giriş ve Amaç: Amatör sporculardaki sigara kullanım süresinin ve miktarının sporcuların vücut fonksiyonları, fiziksel aktivite düzeyi, performans ve egzersiz seviyesine etkisini değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışma amatör futbol kulüplerindeki 18-30 yaş arasındaki 66 sporcu ile gerçekleştirildi. Çalışmada nikotin kullanım seviyesi Fagerstrom Tolerans Anketi (FTA) ve Sigara Bağımlılık Ölçeği; fiziksel aktivite düzeyi Baecke fiziksel aktivite anketi kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Ayrıca performans değerlendirmesi için 6 dakika yürüme testi (6DYT) ve tepe öksürük kuvvetini ölçmek içinde pik flow metre kullanıldı. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan amatör sporcularda sigara içenlerin yaş ortalamaları 24.77±3.31, sigara içmeyenlerin ortalamaları 21.91±4.75 tespit edildi. Yapılan bu araştırmada amatör sporcuların %65’i sigara kullanırken, %35’i sigara kullanmamaktadır. Sigara içen sporcuların bağımlılık düzeyleri FTA’da 3.86±2.04, Sigara Bağımlılık Ölçeği’nde ort. 30.77±12.08 olarak bulundu. Sigara kullanan sporcuların kullanmayan sporculara göre 6DYT mesafesi ve test sonrası ölçülen SPO2 değeri anlamlı derece düşük olduğu bulundu (p=0.002 ve p=0.027). Sonuç: Çalışmamız sonucunda amatör sporcularda sigara kullanımının performans ve SPO2 üzerinde olumsuz etkilerinin olduğu görülmektedir. Bu etkiler sporcunun bireysel performansında negatif etkiye sebep olmaktadır. Amatör sporcuların sigara kullanım alışkanlıklarının yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Bu açıdan bireysel sağlık ve performansın arttırılması için sigaranın olumsuz etkileri hakkında daha fazla bilgilendirici eğitimlerin verilmesi gerektiğini düşünmekteyiz.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sigara
• nikotin
• amatör sporcular
• performans
• fiziksel aktivite

Effects of Smoking on Exercise Capacity and Physical Activity in Amateur Athletes

Öz

Aim; To assess the effect of duration and amount of smoking on body functions, physical activity level, performance and exercise level of amateur athletes. Method; The study was conducted with 66 athletes aged 18-30 years in amateur soccer clubs. Nicotine use level was assessed using the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTA) and Smoking Dependence Scale, and physical activity level was assessed using the Baecke physical activity questionnaire. In addition, 6-minute walk test (6MWT) was used for performance evaluation and peak flow meter was used to measure peak cough force. Results; The mean age of the amateur athletes who participated in the study was 24.77±3.31 for smokers and 21.91±4.75 for non-smokers. In this study, 65% of amateur athletes were smokers and 35% were non-smokers. The addiction levels of the athletes who smoked were 3.86±2.04 in the FTA and 30.77±12.08 in the Smoking Addiction Scale. 30.77±12.08. It was found that 6DYT distance and SPO2 value measured after the test were significantly lower in smokers compared to non-smokers (p=0.002 and p=0.027). Conclusion; As a result of our study, it is seen that smoking has negative effects on performance and SPO2 in amateur athletes. These effects cause negative effects on the individual performance of the athlete. It is seen that amateur athletes have high smoking habits. In this respect, we think that more informative trainings should be given about the negative effects of smoking in order to increase individual health and performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Smoking
• nicotine
• amateur athletes
• performance
• physical activity

Kaynakça

1. 1. Mermelstein R, Cohen S, Lichtenstein E, Baer JS, Kamarck T, Social support and smoking cessation and maintenance, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 1986, 54(4), 447.
2. 2. Bartal M, Health effects of tobacco use and exposure, Monaldi archives for chest disease, 2001, 56(6), 545-54.
3. 3. Lushniak BD, Samet JM, Pechacek TF, Norman LA, Taylor PA, The Health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: A report of the Surgeon General, 2014.
4. 4. Lisko JG, Tran H, Stanfill SB, Blount BC, Watson CH, Chemical Composition and Evaluation of Nicotine, Tobacco Alkaloids, pH, and Selected Flavors in E-Cigarette Cartridges and Refill Solutions, Nicotine Tob Res, 2015, 17(10), 1270-8, doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu279.
5. 5. Jensen KP, Valentine G, Buta E, DeVito EE, Gelernter J, Sofuoglu M, Biochemical, demographic, and self-reported tobacco-related predictors of the acute heart rate response to nicotine in smokers, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2018, 173(36-43, doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.08.004.
6. 6. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Castelli WP, D'Agostino RB, Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study, Jama, 1987, 258(9), 1183-6.
7. 7. Szeremeta M, Petelska AD, Kotyńska J, Niemcunowicz-Janica A, Figaszewski ZA, The effect of fatal carbon monoxide poisoning on the surface charge of blood cells, J Membr Biol, 2013, 246(9), 717-22, doi: 10.1007/s00232-013-9591-2.
8. 8. Taşoğlu Ö, Özdemir O, Gökçe Kutsal Y, A Neglected Risk Factor in Patients with Osteoporosis: Cigarette Smoking, Turk Osteoporoz Dergisi, 0(0), 0-0.

9. 9. Fix BV, O'Connor RJ, Vogl L, Smith D, Bansal-Travers M, Conway KP, et al., Patterns and correlates of polytobacco use in the United States over a decade: NSDUH 2002-2011, Addict Behav, 2014, 39(4), 768-81, doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.12.015.
10. 10. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, Lancet, 2020, 396(10258), 1223-49, doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30752-2.
11. 11. Ambrose JA, Barua RS, The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004, 43(10), 1731-7, doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.047.
12. 12. D'Alessandro A, Boeckelmann I, Hammwhöner M, Goette A, Nicotine, cigarette smoking and cardiac arrhythmia: an overview, Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2012, 19(3), 297-305, doi: 10.1177/1741826711411738.
13. 13. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, et al., eds. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Washington (DC), New York: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank Oxford University Press Copyright © 2006, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank Group., 2006.
14. 14. Murray CJ, Lopez AD, Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study, Lancet, 1997, 349(9064), 1498-504, doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07492-2.
15. 15. Günay M, Tamer K, Cicioolu, İ, Spor Fizyolojisi ve Performans Ölçümü, Gazi Kitapevi, Ankara, 2006,
16. 16. İpekoğlu G, Akut egzersize dayalı kas hasarının sigara kullanımı açısından incelenmesi, 2016.
17. 17. Asplund K, Smokeless tobacco and cardiovascular disease, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 2003, 45(5), 383-94, doi: 10.1053/pcad.2003.00102.
18. 18. Zandonai T, Tam E, Bruseghini P, Pizzolato F, Franceschi L, Baraldo M, et al., The effects of oral smokeless tobacco administration on endurance performance, J Sport Health Sci, 2018, 7(4), 465-72, doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.12.006.
19. 19. Chaabane Z, Murlasits Z, Mahfoud Z, Goebel R, Tobacco Use and Its Health Effects among Professional Athletes in Qatar, Can Respir J, 2016, 2016(2684090, doi: 10.1155/2016/2684090.
20. 20. Nystoriak MA, Bhatnagar A, Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise, Front Cardiovasc Med, 2018, 5(135, doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00135.
21. 21. Dan W, Kaiyuan Q, Mingming Y, Xin Y, Anqi L, Jun R. Cardiorespiratory Benefits of Exercise. In: Hasan S, ed. Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Rijeka: IntechOpen, 2022:Ch. 1.
22. 22. Ahmad A, The Physiological Aspects of Exercise-Induced Adaptation in the Cardiovascular System, Al- Anbar Medical Journal, 2024, doi:10.33091/amj.2024.150002.1729.
23. 23. D'Onofrio G, Kirschner J, Prather H, Goldman D, Rozanski A, Musculoskeletal exercise: Its role in promoting health and longevity, Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 2023, 77(25-36, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2023.02.006.
24. 24. Bao F, Zhao X, You J, Liu Y, Xu Z, Wu Y, et al., Aerobic exercise alleviates skeletal muscle aging in male rats by inhibiting apoptosis via regulation of the Trx system, Experimental Gerontology, 2024, 194(112523, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2024.112523.
25. 25. Mendoza MF, Suan NM, Lavie CJ, Exploring the Molecular Adaptations, Benefits, and Future Direction of Exercise Training: Updated Insights into Cardiovascular Health, Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 2024, 9(3), 131,
26. 26. Shava BK, Vhudzijena B, Kupenga-Maposa T, Musingwini T, Samudzi T, Muchemwa S, et al., Perceived benefits and barriers to exercise and associated factors among Zimbabwean undergraduate students: a cross-sectional study, Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2024, 6(doi: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1205914.
27. 27. Öztaş H, Sigarada bulunan bazı kimyasal maddeler ve bunların değişik organlardaki kanserojen etkileri, Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center, 1994, 1(4),
28. 28. Bosetti C, Gallus S, Peto R, Negri E, Talamini R, Tavani A, et al., Tobacco smoking, smoking cessation, and cumulative risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancers, Am J Epidemiol, 2008, 167(4), 468-73, doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm318.
29. 29. Odabaşı G, Sigara alışkanlığının Türk toplumundaki yeri, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Halk Sağlığı Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi, İstanbul, 1991,
30. 30. Uysal MA, Kadakal F, Karşidağ C, Bayram NG, Uysal O, Yilmaz V, Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: reliability in a Turkish sample and factor analysis, Tuberk Toraks, 2004, 52(2), 115-21,
31. 31. Etter J-F, Le Houezec J, Perneger TV, A Self-Administered Questionnaire to Measure Dependence on Cigarettes: The Cigarette Dependence Scale, Neuropsychopharmacology, 2003, 28(2), 359-70, doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300030.
32. 32. Baecke JA, Burema J, Frijters JE, A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies, Am J Clin Nutr, 1982, 36(5), 936-42, doi: 10.1093/ajcn/36.5.936.
33. 33. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 166(1), 111-7, doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at1102.
34. 34. Chatwin M, Toussaint M, Gonçalves MR, Sheers N, Mellies U, Gonzales-Bermejo J, et al., Airway clearance techniques in neuromuscular disorders: A state of the art review, Respiratory Medicine, 2018, 136(98-110, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2018.01.012.
35. 35. Göral K, Saygın Ö, Karacabey K, Amatör ve profesyonel futbolcuların beslenme bilgi düzeylerinin İncelenmesi, Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 2010, 7(1), 836-56,
36. 36. Atamtürk H, Ahmedov S, Tokmak H, P-074 Lifestyles and nutritional habits of footballers from North Cyprus Football League, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2007, 10.
37. 37. Kaptanoğlu AY, Polat G, Soyer M, Marmara Üniversitesi öğrencilerinde ve öğretim üyelerinde sigara alışkanlığı ve durağan maliyet ilişkisi, Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 2012, 2), 119-25.
38. 38. Zhou Y, Feng W, Zhang N, Guo J, Xu S, Wang S, et al., Effects of different exercise interventions on cardiopulmonary function in male tobacco-dependent college students, Journal of Sports Sciences, 2024, 42(14), 1323-30, doi: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2390303.
39. 39. Pehlivan E, The harmful effects of smoking and factors affecting smoking: maximal voluntary breath-holding time and exercise capacity, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2024, 13(2), 599-606, doi: 10.37989/gumussagbil.1369310.
40. 40. Sančanin B, Penjišević A, Impacts of tobacco use and exposure to tobacco smoke on health, socıety, economy, and envıronment, MEDIS – International Journal of Medical Sciences and Research, 2024, 3(2), 25-29, doi: 10.35120/medisij030225s.
41. 41. Pepera G, Panagiota Z, Comparison of heart rate response and heart rate recovery after step test among smoker and non-smoker athletes, African health sciences, 2021, 21(1), 105-11.
42. 42. Bhupendra Kumar J, Ashwin S, A cross-sectional study to investigate short duration toxic consequences of smoking to lungs of asymptomatic smokers through spirometry and 6 min walk test, Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2022, 13(8), 179-85, doi: 10.3126/ajms.v13i8.43972.
43. 43. Joshi P, Dhake S, Association of Nicotine Dependence with Respiratory Muscle Strength and Six Minute Walk Distance in Adult Smokers, International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 2020, 35(10), 8.
44. 44. Neves CDC, Lacerda ACR, Lage VKS, Lima LP, Tossige-Gomes R, Fonseca SF, et al., Oxidative stress and skeletal muscle dysfunction are present in healthy smokers, Bra. J Med Biol Res, 2016, 49(11).
45. 45. Jeon HG, Kim G, Jeong HS, So W-Y. Association between Cigarette Smoking and Physical Fitness Level of Korean Adults and the Elderly. Healthcare, 2021; 9(2).