The Role of Polyphenols on Cancer Prevention and Treatment

Abstract

Cancer is a disease with a high worldwide mortality rate. Only 5-10% of cancer cases develop due to genetic factors and 90-95% develop due to environmental and physical factors and hormones, including nutrition. Nutrition can affect cancer metabolism via different pathways. In addition to macro- and micronutrients, the impact of polyphenols on cancer prevention and treatment has been emphasized. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites found in parts of plants such as flowers, leaves, fruits, stems and roots, and classified into four categories based on their structure flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and stilbenes. There are differences between societies in terms of dietary polyphenol intake. However, when evaluated in general, it is noteworthy coffee and tea have an important contribution to the daily intake of polyphenols. Epidemiological studies and meta-analyses indicate dietary high polyphenol intake can reduce the risk of cancer. It has been reported several compounds, such as green tea polyphenols, isoflavonoid, curcumin, and resveratrol, could be effective in the prevention and treatment of cancer. In cell culture and experimental animal studies, polyphenols have been shown to inhibit angiogenesis, migration, proliferation, metastasis, and tumor development in cancer cells and induce apoptosis. However, the number of clinical studies of polyphenols in humans is limited. Therefore, the scientific evidence is insufficient to provide a consensus regarding the use of polyphenols in prevention and treatment of cancer. Clinical studies are needed to determine the type, amount, duration and possible side effect of polyphenol to be used in different cancer types and stages.

Keywords

• Polyphenols
• cancer
• nutrition

Kanserin Önlenmesi ve Tedavisinde Polifenollerin Rolü

Abstract

Kanser, dünya genelinde ölüm oranının yüksek olduğu hastalıklar arasında yer almaktadır. Kanser vakalarının sadece %5-10’u genetik faktörler, %90-95’i ise çevresel, fiziksel faktörler ve hormonlar nedeniyle gelişmektedir. Beslenme, çevresel faktörler arasında yer almakta ve kanser metabolizmasını farklı yolaklarla etkileyebilmektedir. Son yıllarda makro ve mikro besin öğelerinin yanı sıra polifenollerin kanseri önlemede ve tedavisindeki etkisi üzerinde durulmaktadır. Polifenoller bitkilerin çiçek, yaprak, meyve, sap ve kök gibi bölümlerinde bulunan sekonder metabolitlerdir ve flavonoidler, fenolik asitler, stilbenler ve lignanlar olarak dört sınıfta incelenmektedir Yetişkin bireylerin diyetle polifenol alımının değerlendirildiği araştırmalarda toplumlar arasında farklılıklar olduğu görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde kahve ve çayın günlük polifenol alımına önemli katkısının olduğu dikkat çekmektedir. Epidemiyolojik çalışmalar ve meta analizlerde, diyetle yüksek polifenol alımının kanser riskini azaltabileceği belirtilmektedir. Klinik çalışmalarda ise yeşil çay polifenolleri, izoflavonoid, kurkumin ve resveratrol gibi bileşiklerin kanserin önlemesi ve tedavisinde etkili olabileceği bildirilmiştir. Hücre kültürü ve deney hayvanları çalışmalarında polifenollerin farklı kanser hücrelerinde anjiogenez, migrasyon, proliferasyon, metastaz, tümör gelişimini inhibe ettiği, apoptozisi ise indüklediği gösterilmiştir. Ancak insanlar üzerinde yapılan klinik çalışmaların sayısı sınırlıdır. Bu nedenle kanserin önlenmesi ve tedavisinde polifenollerin kullanılması ile ilgili görüş birliğinin sağlanmasında bilimsel kanıtlar yetersizdir. Farklı kanser türleri ve evrelerinde kullanılacak olan polifenolün türü, miktarı, kullanım süresi ve olası yan etkilerinin belirlenmesi için klinik yeni çalışmalara gereksinim vardır

Keywords

• Polifenoller
• kanser
• beslenme

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