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Hint diasporası ile İngiliz sömürgeci yayılması: Hint denizaşırı göçü örneği

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 56 - 81, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.38154/cjas.27

Öz

Tarihsel olarak Hindistan denizaşırı Britanya İmparatorluğu’nun kurulması ve sürdürülmesinde çok önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Hindistan'ın fethi aracılığıyla İngilizler sadece büyük maddi zenginlik elde etmek ve sanayi sermayesi birikimini tamamlamakla kalmamış, aynı zamanda sömürgeci yayılmasını kolaylaştırmak için büyük bir yetenekli insan kaynağı havuzu da temin etmiştir. Günümüzde, Çin diasporasının ardından en büyük ikinci diasporayı oluşturan denizaşırı Hintlilerin toplam sayısı 30 milyonu aşmış durumdadır. Bu muazzam göçmen grubu ve denizaşırı dağılımı, İngilizlerin Hindistan'ı fethi ve insan kaynaklarının temini ile Hindistan'a ihracatından ayrılmazdı. İngiliz sömürge yöneticileri, askere alma, hizmet personelinin işe alımı, suçluların sürgün edilmesi ve senetli kölelik yoluyla, Hint insan gücünü sömürgeci çıkarlarına hizmet etmek için diğer kolonilere aktarmıştır. Bu yayılmaya çok sayıda Hintli iş adamı da eşlik etmiştir. Bütün bu Hintli göçmenler bugünkü Hint diasporasının temelini ve yapısını küresel ölçekte ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Adas, Michael. 1974. “Immigrant Asians and the Economic Impact of European Imperialism: The Role of the South Indian Chettiars in British Burma” The Journal of Asian Studies, 33 (3).
  • Allen, Richard B. 2012a. “European Slave Trading, Abolitionism, and ‘New Systems of Slavery’ in the Indian Ocean” Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 9 (1).
  • Allen, Richard. 2012b. “Re-conceptualizing the ‘new system of slavery’” Man in India, 92 (2).
  • Anderson, Clare. 2005. “‘The Ferringees Are Flying⁃the Ship Is Ours! ’: The Convict Middle Passage in Colonial South and Southeast Asia, 1790⁃1860” The Indian Economic and Social History Review, 41 (3).
  • Anderson, Clare. 2007. “Sepoys, Servants and Settlers: convict transportation in the Indian Ocean, 1787-1945”, Ian Brown and Frank Dikotter (eds.), Cultures of Confinement: a history of the prison in Africa, Asia and Latin America, London: Hurst.
  • Anderson, Clare. 2011. “Colonization, Kidnap And Confinement In The Andamans Penal Colony, 1771-1864” Journal of Historical Geography, 37 (1), 68-81.
  • Anderson, Clare. 2015. Madhumita Mazumdar and Vishvajit Pandya, New Histories of the Andaman Islands: Landscape, Place and Identity in the Bay of Bengal, 1790-1920, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Anderson, Clare. 2018. “The Andaman Islands Penal Colony: race, class, criminality and the British Empire” International Review of Social History, 63 (26).
  • Anderson, David M. and David Killingray. 1991. “Consent, coercion and colonialcontrol: policing the empire, 1830–1940”, David M. Anderson and David Killingray (eds.), Policing the Empire: Government, Authority and Control, 1830–1940, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Blackburn, Robin. 1988. The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery 1776-1848. London, Verso Books.
  • Brown, R. 1993. Chettiar Capital and Southeast Asian Credit Networks in the Interwar Period, Austin G., Sugihara K. (eds.), Local Suppliers of Credit in the Third World, 1750–1960, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Burn, W. L. 1937. Emancipation and Apprenticeship in the British West Indies, London: Jonathan Cape.
  • Chengjie, Lin. 1995. Modern Indian History, Beijing: Peking University Press.
  • Chengjie, Lin. 2004. Indian History during the Colonial Rule, Beijing: Peking University Press.
  • Compilation and Translation Bureau of the CPC Central Committee (CTB CPC). 1961. The Complete Works of Marx and Engels (vol. 9), Beijing: Beijing People's Publishing House.
  • Green, William A. 1976. British Slave Emancipation:The Sugar Colonies and the Great Experiment, 1830-1865, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Jackson, Isabella. 2012. “The Raj on Nanjing Road: Sikh Policemen in Treaty Port Shanghai” Modern Asian Studies, 46 (6).
  • James, Lawrence. 1997. Raj: The Making of British India, London: Little, Brown and Company.
  • Jian, Liu, Zhu Mingzhong and Ge Weijun. 2004. Indian Civilization, Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.
  • Kadekar, Laxmi Naraya. Indian Diaspora: A Demographic Perspective, Accessed May 15, 2020. http://www.uohyd.ernet.in/sss/cinddiaspora/occ3.html Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies.
  • Kaur, Amarjit. 2008. „The Movement of Indians in East Asia: Contemporary and Historical Encounters“, K. Kesavapany and A.Mani (eds.), Rising India and Indians in East Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
  • Kegley, Charles W. and Eugene R. Wittkopf. 1997. World Politics. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Kulke, Hermann and Dietmar Rothermund. 2004. A History of India, London: Routledge.
  • Lal, Brij V., Peter Reeves and Rajesh Rai. 2007. The Encyclopedia of the Indian Diaspora, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Majumdar, R. C. 2015. History and Culture of Indian People, Mumbai: Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan.
  • Markovits, Claude. 1999. “Indian Merchant Networks outside India in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: A Preliminary Survey” Modern Asian Studies, 33 (4).
  • McNair, J. F. A. 2013. Prisoners their own warders: A record of the convict prison at Singapore in the Straits Settlements, established 1825, discontinued 1873, together with a cursory history of the convict establishments at Bencoolen, Penang and Malacca from the year 1797, Miami, FL: Hardpress Publishing.
  • Minfeng, Ning. 2012. A study on Indian overseas migration and government immigration policies in the process of globalization, PHD Thesis, East China Normal University.
  • Nicholas, Stephen and Peter R. Shergold. 1988. “Transportation as Global Migration”, Stephen Nicholas (ed.), Convict Workers: Reinterpreting Australia's Past, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Peers, Douglas M. 2016. “State, Power, and Colonialism” Douglas M. Peers and Nandini Gooptu (eds.), India and the British Empire, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 16-43.
  • Qineng, Chen eds. 2007. Before and after the British empire's Retreat from the Colonies, Beijing: Fang Zhi Press.
  • Ramsaran, Ashook. 2018. Encyclopedia of Indian Indentureship: Yesterday and Today, Indian Diaspora Council International Accessed May 15, 2020. http://www.indiandiasporacouncil.org/pdf/Encyclopedia-of-Indian-Indentureship.pdf
  • Reddy, E. S. and Gopalkrishna Gandhi (eds). 1993. Gandhi and South Africa 1914-1948, Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House.
  • Rediker, Marcus, Cassandra Pybus, and Emma Christopher. 2007. “Introduction”, Emma Christopher, Cassandra Pybus, and Marcus Rediker (eds.), Many Middle Passages: Forced Migration and the Making of the Modern World, Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Roy, Kaushik. 2017. “Indian Army in World War II” Oxford Bibliographies, Accessed May 15, 2020. https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791279/obo-9780199791279-0159.xml
  • Sandhu, K. S. and A. Mani (eds). 1993. Indian Communities in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
  • Saran, Mishi and Zhang Ke. 2018. Stray Birds on the Huangpu: A History of Indians in Shanghai, Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Fine Arts Publishing House.
  • Satyanarayana, Adapa. 2001. “Birds of Passage, Migration of South Indian Labour Communities to South-East Asia: 19-20 Centuries, A.D.“ Accessed May 15, 2020. http://www.tamilnation.co/diaspora/01birds_of_passage.pdf.
  • Schrader, Heiko. 1996. “Chettiar Finance in Colonial Asia” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 121 (96), 101-126.
  • Sen, Satadru. 2000. Disciplining Punishment: Colonialism and convict society in the Andaman Islands, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Shaofeng, Xu. 1986. “A brief analysis of loan sharking activities of Chettiars in colonial Burma” Dongnanya Yanjiu Ziliao (4).
  • Shihai, Sun and Ge Weijun. 2003. India, Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.
  • Singh, Manmohan. 2014. Inaugural Address by Dr. Manmohan Singh, Honorable Prime Minister of India, The Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, Accessed May 15, 2020. http://www.moia.gov.in/shared/sublinkimages/84.htm
  • Singh, Sarva Daman and Mahavir Singh (eds.). 2003. Indians Abroad, Kolkata: Maulana Abul
  • Srinivasan, Shiva Kumar. 2001. “Diaspora and its Discontents” Makarand Paranjape (ed.), Diaspora:Theories, Histories, Texts, New Delhi: Indialog Publications, 52-67.
  • The Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (MEA). Population of Diaspora. Accessed May 22, 2019. http://mea.gov.in/images/attach/NRIs-and-PIOs_1.pdf.
  • Tinker, Hugh. 1974. A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas, 1830-1920, London: Oxford University Press.
  • Turnbull, C. M. 1972. The Straits Settlements, 182–-67: Indian presidency to crown colony, London: Athlone Press.
  • Turnbull, C.M. 1970. “Convicts in the Straits Settlements 1826-1867” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 43 (1).
  • Vaid, K. N. 1972. The Overseas Indian Community in Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong.
  • Vaidik, Aparna. 2010. Imperial Andamans: Colonial encounter and Island History, London: Palgrave.
  • Vathyam, Meena. 2016. Sikhs: A Piece of History That Remains Fragmentary, Accessed May 15, 2020. https://archive.shine.cn/feature/art-and-culture/Sikhs-A-piece-of-history-that-remains-fragmentary/shdaily.shtml
  • Wang, Aiping. 2014. The rice industry and the economic, social and cultural change in Burma during the British colonial era, PhD Thesis, Yunnan University.
  • Wong, Siu-lun. 2002. “People In-Between: Reflections from the Indian Indentured Diaspora”, Siu-lun Wong (ed.), Chinese and Indian Diasporas: Comparative perspectives, Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong.
  • Yang, Anand A. 2003. “Indian Convict Workers in Southeast Asia in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries” Journal of World History, 14 (2).

British colonial expansion through the Indian diaspora: the pattern of Indian overseas migration

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 56 - 81, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.38154/cjas.27

Öz

Historically, India played a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of the British Empire overseas. Through the conquest of India, the British not only acquired great material wealth and secured the accumulation of industrial capital, but also obtained a sizeable pool of skilled human resources to facilitate its colonial expansion. At present, the total number of overseas Indians has exceeded 30 million, making up the second largest Diaspora after that of China. This massive immigrant group and its overseas distribution were inseparable from the British conquest of India and its borrowing and export of human resources to India. Through conscription, the recruitment of service personnel, the exile of criminals and the utilization of indentured labour, the British colonial rulers transferred Indian manpower to other colonies to serve their colonialist interests. This expansion was also accompanied by the movement of a large number of Indian businessmen, and all these Indian immigrants would lay the basic foundation and structure of today's global Indian Diaspora.

Kaynakça

  • Adas, Michael. 1974. “Immigrant Asians and the Economic Impact of European Imperialism: The Role of the South Indian Chettiars in British Burma” The Journal of Asian Studies, 33 (3).
  • Allen, Richard B. 2012a. “European Slave Trading, Abolitionism, and ‘New Systems of Slavery’ in the Indian Ocean” Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 9 (1).
  • Allen, Richard. 2012b. “Re-conceptualizing the ‘new system of slavery’” Man in India, 92 (2).
  • Anderson, Clare. 2005. “‘The Ferringees Are Flying⁃the Ship Is Ours! ’: The Convict Middle Passage in Colonial South and Southeast Asia, 1790⁃1860” The Indian Economic and Social History Review, 41 (3).
  • Anderson, Clare. 2007. “Sepoys, Servants and Settlers: convict transportation in the Indian Ocean, 1787-1945”, Ian Brown and Frank Dikotter (eds.), Cultures of Confinement: a history of the prison in Africa, Asia and Latin America, London: Hurst.
  • Anderson, Clare. 2011. “Colonization, Kidnap And Confinement In The Andamans Penal Colony, 1771-1864” Journal of Historical Geography, 37 (1), 68-81.
  • Anderson, Clare. 2015. Madhumita Mazumdar and Vishvajit Pandya, New Histories of the Andaman Islands: Landscape, Place and Identity in the Bay of Bengal, 1790-1920, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Anderson, Clare. 2018. “The Andaman Islands Penal Colony: race, class, criminality and the British Empire” International Review of Social History, 63 (26).
  • Anderson, David M. and David Killingray. 1991. “Consent, coercion and colonialcontrol: policing the empire, 1830–1940”, David M. Anderson and David Killingray (eds.), Policing the Empire: Government, Authority and Control, 1830–1940, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Blackburn, Robin. 1988. The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery 1776-1848. London, Verso Books.
  • Brown, R. 1993. Chettiar Capital and Southeast Asian Credit Networks in the Interwar Period, Austin G., Sugihara K. (eds.), Local Suppliers of Credit in the Third World, 1750–1960, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Burn, W. L. 1937. Emancipation and Apprenticeship in the British West Indies, London: Jonathan Cape.
  • Chengjie, Lin. 1995. Modern Indian History, Beijing: Peking University Press.
  • Chengjie, Lin. 2004. Indian History during the Colonial Rule, Beijing: Peking University Press.
  • Compilation and Translation Bureau of the CPC Central Committee (CTB CPC). 1961. The Complete Works of Marx and Engels (vol. 9), Beijing: Beijing People's Publishing House.
  • Green, William A. 1976. British Slave Emancipation:The Sugar Colonies and the Great Experiment, 1830-1865, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Jackson, Isabella. 2012. “The Raj on Nanjing Road: Sikh Policemen in Treaty Port Shanghai” Modern Asian Studies, 46 (6).
  • James, Lawrence. 1997. Raj: The Making of British India, London: Little, Brown and Company.
  • Jian, Liu, Zhu Mingzhong and Ge Weijun. 2004. Indian Civilization, Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.
  • Kadekar, Laxmi Naraya. Indian Diaspora: A Demographic Perspective, Accessed May 15, 2020. http://www.uohyd.ernet.in/sss/cinddiaspora/occ3.html Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies.
  • Kaur, Amarjit. 2008. „The Movement of Indians in East Asia: Contemporary and Historical Encounters“, K. Kesavapany and A.Mani (eds.), Rising India and Indians in East Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
  • Kegley, Charles W. and Eugene R. Wittkopf. 1997. World Politics. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Kulke, Hermann and Dietmar Rothermund. 2004. A History of India, London: Routledge.
  • Lal, Brij V., Peter Reeves and Rajesh Rai. 2007. The Encyclopedia of the Indian Diaspora, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Majumdar, R. C. 2015. History and Culture of Indian People, Mumbai: Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan.
  • Markovits, Claude. 1999. “Indian Merchant Networks outside India in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: A Preliminary Survey” Modern Asian Studies, 33 (4).
  • McNair, J. F. A. 2013. Prisoners their own warders: A record of the convict prison at Singapore in the Straits Settlements, established 1825, discontinued 1873, together with a cursory history of the convict establishments at Bencoolen, Penang and Malacca from the year 1797, Miami, FL: Hardpress Publishing.
  • Minfeng, Ning. 2012. A study on Indian overseas migration and government immigration policies in the process of globalization, PHD Thesis, East China Normal University.
  • Nicholas, Stephen and Peter R. Shergold. 1988. “Transportation as Global Migration”, Stephen Nicholas (ed.), Convict Workers: Reinterpreting Australia's Past, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Peers, Douglas M. 2016. “State, Power, and Colonialism” Douglas M. Peers and Nandini Gooptu (eds.), India and the British Empire, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 16-43.
  • Qineng, Chen eds. 2007. Before and after the British empire's Retreat from the Colonies, Beijing: Fang Zhi Press.
  • Ramsaran, Ashook. 2018. Encyclopedia of Indian Indentureship: Yesterday and Today, Indian Diaspora Council International Accessed May 15, 2020. http://www.indiandiasporacouncil.org/pdf/Encyclopedia-of-Indian-Indentureship.pdf
  • Reddy, E. S. and Gopalkrishna Gandhi (eds). 1993. Gandhi and South Africa 1914-1948, Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House.
  • Rediker, Marcus, Cassandra Pybus, and Emma Christopher. 2007. “Introduction”, Emma Christopher, Cassandra Pybus, and Marcus Rediker (eds.), Many Middle Passages: Forced Migration and the Making of the Modern World, Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Roy, Kaushik. 2017. “Indian Army in World War II” Oxford Bibliographies, Accessed May 15, 2020. https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791279/obo-9780199791279-0159.xml
  • Sandhu, K. S. and A. Mani (eds). 1993. Indian Communities in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
  • Saran, Mishi and Zhang Ke. 2018. Stray Birds on the Huangpu: A History of Indians in Shanghai, Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Fine Arts Publishing House.
  • Satyanarayana, Adapa. 2001. “Birds of Passage, Migration of South Indian Labour Communities to South-East Asia: 19-20 Centuries, A.D.“ Accessed May 15, 2020. http://www.tamilnation.co/diaspora/01birds_of_passage.pdf.
  • Schrader, Heiko. 1996. “Chettiar Finance in Colonial Asia” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 121 (96), 101-126.
  • Sen, Satadru. 2000. Disciplining Punishment: Colonialism and convict society in the Andaman Islands, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Shaofeng, Xu. 1986. “A brief analysis of loan sharking activities of Chettiars in colonial Burma” Dongnanya Yanjiu Ziliao (4).
  • Shihai, Sun and Ge Weijun. 2003. India, Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.
  • Singh, Manmohan. 2014. Inaugural Address by Dr. Manmohan Singh, Honorable Prime Minister of India, The Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, Accessed May 15, 2020. http://www.moia.gov.in/shared/sublinkimages/84.htm
  • Singh, Sarva Daman and Mahavir Singh (eds.). 2003. Indians Abroad, Kolkata: Maulana Abul
  • Srinivasan, Shiva Kumar. 2001. “Diaspora and its Discontents” Makarand Paranjape (ed.), Diaspora:Theories, Histories, Texts, New Delhi: Indialog Publications, 52-67.
  • The Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (MEA). Population of Diaspora. Accessed May 22, 2019. http://mea.gov.in/images/attach/NRIs-and-PIOs_1.pdf.
  • Tinker, Hugh. 1974. A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas, 1830-1920, London: Oxford University Press.
  • Turnbull, C. M. 1972. The Straits Settlements, 182–-67: Indian presidency to crown colony, London: Athlone Press.
  • Turnbull, C.M. 1970. “Convicts in the Straits Settlements 1826-1867” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 43 (1).
  • Vaid, K. N. 1972. The Overseas Indian Community in Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong.
  • Vaidik, Aparna. 2010. Imperial Andamans: Colonial encounter and Island History, London: Palgrave.
  • Vathyam, Meena. 2016. Sikhs: A Piece of History That Remains Fragmentary, Accessed May 15, 2020. https://archive.shine.cn/feature/art-and-culture/Sikhs-A-piece-of-history-that-remains-fragmentary/shdaily.shtml
  • Wang, Aiping. 2014. The rice industry and the economic, social and cultural change in Burma during the British colonial era, PhD Thesis, Yunnan University.
  • Wong, Siu-lun. 2002. “People In-Between: Reflections from the Indian Indentured Diaspora”, Siu-lun Wong (ed.), Chinese and Indian Diasporas: Comparative perspectives, Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong.
  • Yang, Anand A. 2003. “Indian Convict Workers in Southeast Asia in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries” Journal of World History, 14 (2).
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Beşeri Coğrafya, Asya Toplumu Çalışmaları, Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Tang Shan Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-2370-154X

Jia Haitao Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-4046-0699

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Shan, Tang, ve Jia Haitao. “British Colonial Expansion through the Indian Diaspora: The Pattern of Indian Overseas Migration”. Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies 2, sy. 1 (Haziran 2020): 56-81. https://doi.org/10.38154/cjas.27.