Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Glucose with Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and o-BBV Modified Electrodes
Year 2025,
Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 26 - 33, 31.12.2025
Ayşenur Yılmaz Kabaca
,
Melike Bilgi Kamaç
,
Seda Demirel Topel
,
Merve Yılmaz
Abstract
Glucose is one of the leading causes of serious chronic diseases that negatively impact human health. Although enzymatic glucose sensors are widely used to determine glucose levels, the enzymes' high sensitivity to pH changes, poor thermal stability, and sensitivity to active substances limit the lifespan of such biosensors. Therefore, the need for new enzyme-free and highly selective sensor systems is increasing day by day. In this study, the potential use of carbon-based nanomaterials and orto-boronic acid linked viologen (o-BBV)-modified electrodes containing boronic acid derivatives in non-enzymatic glucose sensors was investigated. RGO, ERGO, MWCNT, and MWCNT-COOH were selected as carbon-based nanomaterials to increase the conductivity of surface-imprinted carbon electrodes (SPCE). o-BBV was chosen to provide specific binding to glucose. Modifications to SPCE surfaces were achieved by physical adsorption and/or electrochemical reduction methods. Electrochemical characterization of the modified electrodes was performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The potential of the modified SPCE, which exhibited the highest conductivity, as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor was investigated using CV. As a result of the analyses, it was observed that the boronic acid groups in the o-BBV molecule bind specifically to glucose by reversibly forming boronic ester bonds with the 1,2-diol groups in glucose. These results indicate that the SPCE/MWCNT-COOH/o-BBV electrode can be used as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor.
Thanks
Merve YILMAZ ÇILÇAR and Ayşenur YILMAZ KABACA would like to thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) for the financial support provided within the scope of BIDEB/2211-A Doctoral Scholarship Programs.
References
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Ali, M. Y., Abdulrahman, H. B., Ting, W. T., & Howlader, M. M. (2024). Green synthesized gold nanoparticles and CuO-based nonenzymatic sensor for saliva glucose monitoring. RSC advances, 14(1), 577-588.
-
Bilgi Kamaç, M., Kıymaz Onat, E., & Yılmaz, M. (2020). A new disposable amperometric NADH sensor based on screen-printed electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide/polyneutral red/gold nanoparticle. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 100(4), 419-431.
-
Gijare, M. S., Chaudhari, S. R., Ekar, S., Shaikh, S. F., Al-Enizi, A. M., Pandit, B., & Garje, A. D. (2024). Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and its applications in non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 450, 115434.
-
Khizar, S., Al-Dossary, A. A., Zine, N., Jaffrezic-Renault, N., Errachid, A., & Elaissari, A. (2022). Applications of Surface Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors. In Surface Modified Carbon Nanotubes Volume 1: Fundamentals, Synthesis and Recent Trends (pp. 131-179). American Chemical Society.
-
Li, M., Zhu, W., Marken, F., & James, T. D. (2015). Electrochemical sensing using boronic acids. Chemical Communications, 51(78), 14562-14573.
-
Liu, K., Xu, T., Li, A., & Zhao, C. (2024). A novel electrochemical sensor for in situ and in vivo detection of sugars based on boronic acid-diol recognition. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 218, 108714.
-
Liu, L., Xia, N., Xing, Y., & Deng, D. (2013). Boronic acid-based electrochemical sensors for detection of biomolecules. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 8(9), 11161-11174.
-
Nan, K., Jiang, Y. N., Li, M., & Wang, B. (2023). Recent progress in diboronic-acid-based glucose sensors. Biosensors, 13(6), 618.
-
Sun, H., Saeedi, P., Karuranga, S., Pinkepank, M., Ogurtsova, K., Duncan, B. B., ... & Magliano, D. J. (2022). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 183, 109119.
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Toghill, K. E., & Compton, R. G. (2010). Electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensors: a perspective and an evaluation. International Journal of electrochemical science, 5(9), 1246-1301.
-
Wang, W., Kong, L., Zhu, J., & Tan, L. (2017). One-pot preparation of conductive composite containing boronic acid derivative for non-enzymatic glucose detection. Journal of colloid and interface science, 498, 1-8.
-
Zheng, W., Li, Y., Hu, L., & Lee, L. Y. S. (2019). Use of carbon supports with copper ion as a highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 282, 187-196.
-
Zheng, W., Li, Y., Liu, M., Tsang, C. S., Lee, L. Y. S., & Wong, K. Y. (2018). Cu2+‐doped Carbon Nitride/MWCNT as an Electrochemical Glucose Sensor. Electroanalysis, 30(7), 1446-1454.
Karbon Temelli Nanomalzemeler ve o-BBV Modifiye Elektrotlarla Glukozun Elektrokimyasal Davranışının İncelenmesi
Year 2025,
Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 26 - 33, 31.12.2025
Ayşenur Yılmaz Kabaca
,
Melike Bilgi Kamaç
,
Seda Demirel Topel
,
Merve Yılmaz
Abstract
Glukoz, insan sağlığını olumsuz etkileyen ciddi kronik hastalıkların başında gelmektedir. Glukoz seviyelerinin belirlenmesinde, enzimatik glukoz sensörleri yaygın olarak kullanılmasına rağmen, enzimlerin pH değişimlerine yüksek duyarlılık göstermesi, düşük ısı stabilitesi ve aktif maddelere karşı hassas olmaları, bu tür biyosensörlerin kullanım ömrünü sınırlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, enzimsiz ve yüksek seçiciliğe sahip yeni sensör sistemlerine olan ihtiyaç her geçen dün daha da artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, karbon temelli nanomalzemeler ve boronik asit türevi içeren o-BBV modifiyeli elektrotların nonenzimatik glukoz sensöründe kullanılabilme potansiyeli incelenmiştir. Yüzey baskılı karbon elektrotların (SPCE) iletkenliğini artırmak için karbon temelli nanomalzeme olarak, RGO, ERGO, MWCNT ve MWCNT-COOH seçilmiştir. o-BBV ise glukoza spesifik bağlanmayı sağlamak için tercih edilmiştir. SPCE yüzeylerine modifikasyonlar fiziksel adsorpsiyon ve/veya elektrokimyasal indirgenme yöntemleriyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Modifiye elektrotların elektrokimyasal karakterizasyonları dönüşümlü voltametri (CV) ve diferansiyel puls voltametrisi (DPV) metotları ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. En yüksek iletkenlik gösteren modifiye SPCE’nin nonenzimatik glukoz sensörü olarak kullanım potansiyeli CV ile incelenmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, o-BBV molekülündeki boronik asit gruplarının, glukozdaki 1,2-diol grupları ile tersinir bir şekilde boronik ester bağı oluşturarak glukoza spesifik olarak bağlandığı görülmüştür. Bu sonuçlar, SPCE/MWCNT-COOH/o-BBV elektrotunun nonenzimatik glukoz sensörü olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
Thanks
Merve YILMAZ ÇILÇAR ve Ayşenur YILMAZ KABACA, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu'nun (TÜBİTAK) BIDEB/2211-A Doktora Burs Programları kapsamında sağladığı maddi destek için teşekkürlerini sunar.
References
-
Ali, M. Y., Abdulrahman, H. B., Ting, W. T., & Howlader, M. M. (2024). Green synthesized gold nanoparticles and CuO-based nonenzymatic sensor for saliva glucose monitoring. RSC advances, 14(1), 577-588.
-
Bilgi Kamaç, M., Kıymaz Onat, E., & Yılmaz, M. (2020). A new disposable amperometric NADH sensor based on screen-printed electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide/polyneutral red/gold nanoparticle. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 100(4), 419-431.
-
Gijare, M. S., Chaudhari, S. R., Ekar, S., Shaikh, S. F., Al-Enizi, A. M., Pandit, B., & Garje, A. D. (2024). Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and its applications in non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 450, 115434.
-
Khizar, S., Al-Dossary, A. A., Zine, N., Jaffrezic-Renault, N., Errachid, A., & Elaissari, A. (2022). Applications of Surface Modified Carbon Nanotubes in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors. In Surface Modified Carbon Nanotubes Volume 1: Fundamentals, Synthesis and Recent Trends (pp. 131-179). American Chemical Society.
-
Li, M., Zhu, W., Marken, F., & James, T. D. (2015). Electrochemical sensing using boronic acids. Chemical Communications, 51(78), 14562-14573.
-
Liu, K., Xu, T., Li, A., & Zhao, C. (2024). A novel electrochemical sensor for in situ and in vivo detection of sugars based on boronic acid-diol recognition. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 218, 108714.
-
Liu, L., Xia, N., Xing, Y., & Deng, D. (2013). Boronic acid-based electrochemical sensors for detection of biomolecules. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 8(9), 11161-11174.
-
Nan, K., Jiang, Y. N., Li, M., & Wang, B. (2023). Recent progress in diboronic-acid-based glucose sensors. Biosensors, 13(6), 618.
-
Sun, H., Saeedi, P., Karuranga, S., Pinkepank, M., Ogurtsova, K., Duncan, B. B., ... & Magliano, D. J. (2022). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 183, 109119.
-
Toghill, K. E., & Compton, R. G. (2010). Electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensors: a perspective and an evaluation. International Journal of electrochemical science, 5(9), 1246-1301.
-
Wang, W., Kong, L., Zhu, J., & Tan, L. (2017). One-pot preparation of conductive composite containing boronic acid derivative for non-enzymatic glucose detection. Journal of colloid and interface science, 498, 1-8.
-
Zheng, W., Li, Y., Hu, L., & Lee, L. Y. S. (2019). Use of carbon supports with copper ion as a highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 282, 187-196.
-
Zheng, W., Li, Y., Liu, M., Tsang, C. S., Lee, L. Y. S., & Wong, K. Y. (2018). Cu2+‐doped Carbon Nitride/MWCNT as an Electrochemical Glucose Sensor. Electroanalysis, 30(7), 1446-1454.