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PANDAS eş tanısı olan ve olmayan kekemelik olgularının retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 49 Sayı: 3, 535 - 546, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.1429653

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Streptokok Enfeksiyonu İle İlişkili Pediatrik Otoimmün Nöropsikiyatrik Hastalık (PANDAS) eş tanısı olan ve olmayan kekemelik tanılı olguların, klinik, demografik ve otoimmun özelliklerini değerlendirmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya, polikliniğimize 2012-2022 yılları arasında başvuran ve kekemelik tanısı alan 2-17 yaş arası 271 çocuk ve ergen alınmıştır. Hastaların demografik bilgileri ve hastaların ve ailelerinin enfeksiyon, alerji, romatizmal hastalık, tonsillektomi ve penisilin profilaksisi gibi tıbbi geçmişleri retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Rutin laboratuvar testleri de kaydedilmiştir.
Bulgular: Yaş ortalaması 7,6±3,6 yıl olan 55 kız (%20,3) ve 216 (%79,7) erkek çocuk çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. PANDAS grubunda 48 (%17) ve PANDAS olmayan grupta 223 (%82,3) vaka vardı. PANDAS tanı alt grupları karşılaştırıldığında, PANDAS grubunda tonsillektomi, adenoidektomi, adenoid, sık enfeksiyon ve tonsillektomi öyküsü oranlarının anlamlı olarak daha yüksek olduğu görüldü. Aile öyküsü incelendiğinde, PANDAS grubunda psikiyatrik bozukluklar, otoimmün hastalıklar ve alerjik hastalıkların oranlarında anlamlı bir artış vardı. PANDAS grubunda obsesif kompulsif bozukluk, tikler, dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu ve anksiyete gibi komorbid hastalıkların görülme sıklığı ve en az bir tane mevcut olan ortalama komorbid tanı sayısı diğer gruba kıyasla anlamlı derecede daha yüksekti. Ayrıca, psikiyatrik semptomların başlangıç yaşı ve vakaların ortalama yaşı PANDAS grubunda daha yüksekti. PANDAS grubunun ilk ortalama Anti-streptolizin O düzeyleri 326,5±335,3 IU/mL iken, diğer grupta 155,6±215,1 IU/mL idi.
Sonuç: PANDAS grubunda hem bireylerde hem de ailelerde inflamatuar ve otoimmün bozuklukların yanı sıra yüksek oranda komorbiditeye sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Kekemelik vakalarında, bu özelliklerin değerlendirilmesi ve gerekli metodolojilerin belirlenmesi ve patofizyolojik mekanizmaların açıklanmasına ihtiyaç vardır.

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association , 2013.
  • Yairi E, Ambrose N. Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances. J Fluency Disord. 2013;38:66-87.
  • Alm PA. Stuttering: A disorder of energy supply to neurons? Front Hum Neurosci. 2021;26:15:662204.
  • Smith A, Weber C. How stuttering develops: the multifactorial dynamic pathways theory. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2017;60:2483-505.
  • Singer CM, Hessling A, Kelly EM, Singer L, Jones RM. Clinical characteristics associated with stuttering persistence: a meta-analysis. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2020;63:2995-3018.
  • Alm PA. Streptococcal infection as a major historical cause of stuttering: data, mechanisms, and current importance. Front Hum Neurosci. 2020;14:569519.
  • Prosell U, Norman H, Sand A, McAllister A. Infection and speech: disfluency and other speech symptoms in pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome. J Commun Disord. 2022;99:106250.
  • Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, Mittleman B, Allen AJ, Perlmutter S et al. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:264-71.
  • Swedo SE, Leckman JF, Rose NR. From research subgroup to clinical syndrome: modifying the PANDAS criteria to describe PANS (pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome). Pediatr Therapeut. 2012;2:113.
  • Chang K, Frankovich J, Cooperstock M, Cunningham MW, Latimer ME, Murphy TK et al. Clinical evaluation of youth with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS): recommendations from the 2013 PANS Consensus Conference. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25:3-13.
  • Swedo SE, Seidlitz J, Kovacevic M, Latimer ME, Hommer R, Lougee L, et al. Clinical presentation of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections in research and community settings. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2015;25:26-30.
  • Frankovich J, Thienemann M, Pearlstein J, Crable A, Brown K, Chang K. Multidisciplinary clinic dedicated to treating youth with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome: presenting characteristics of the first 47 consecutive patients. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25:38-47.
  • Antistreptococcal antibody titres. gpnotebook. URL: http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/cache/-1630535637.htm.
  • Calaprice D, Tona J, Parker-Athill EC, Murphy TK. A Survey of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome characteristics and course. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2017;27:607-18.
  • Murphy TK, Kurlan R, Leckman J. The immunobiology of Tourette's disorder, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Streptococcus, and related disorders: a way forward. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2010;20:317-31.
  • Alm PA. Stuttering and the basal ganglia circuits: a critical review of possible relations. J Commun Disord. 2004;37:325-69.
  • Cunningham MW. Post-streptococcal autoimmune sequelae: rheumatic fever and beyond. In Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations [Internet], (Eds JJ Ferretti, DL Stevens and VA Fischetti):703-33. Oklahoma City, OK, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 2016.
  • Cunningham MW, Cox CJ. Autoimmunity against dopamine receptors in neuropsychiatric and movement disorders: a review of Sydenham chorea and beyond. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2016;216:90-100.
  • Orefici G, Cardona F, Cox CJ, Cunningham MW. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). In Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations [Internet], (Eds JJ Ferretti, DL Stevens and VA Fischetti):649-82. Oklahoma City, OK: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 2016.
  • Cunningham MW. Molecular mimicry, autoimmunity, and infection: the cross-reactive antigens of group a streptococci and their sequelae. Microbiol Spectr. 2019;7:10.
  • Dale RC. Post-streptococcal autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47:785-91.
  • Cutforth T, DeMille MM, Agalliu I, Agalliu D. CNS autoimmune disease after Streptococcus pyogenes infections: Animal models, cellular mechanisms and genetic factors. Future Neurol. 2016;11:63-76.
  • Boyce JO, Jackson VE, van Reyk O, Parker R, Vogel AP, Eising E, et al. Self-reported impact of developmental stuttering across the lifespan. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2022;64:1297-306.
  • Briley PM, Ellis C Jr. The coexistence of disabling conditions in children who stutter: evidence from the national health interview survey. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2018;61:2895-905.
  • Nandhini Devi G, Thalamuthu A, Valarmathi S, Karthikeyen NP, Srikumari Srisailapathy CR. Genetic epidemiology of stuttering among school children in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. J Fluency Disord. 2018;58:11-21.
  • Choo AL, Smith SA, Li H. Associations between stuttering, comorbid conditions and executive function in children: a population-based study. BMC Psychol. 2020;8:113.
  • Murphy TK, Patel PD, McGuire JF, Kennel A, Mutch PJ, Parker-Athill EC et al. Characterization of the pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome phenotype. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25:14-25.
  • Johnson M, Fernell E, Preda I et al. Paediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome in children and adolescents: an observational cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2019;3:175-80.
  • Gamucci A, Uccella S, Sciarretta L et al. PANDAS and PANS: clinical, neuropsychological, and biological characterization of a monocentric series of patients and proposal for a diagnostic protocol. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2019;29:305-12.
  • Gromark C, Harris RA, Wickstrom R, Horne A, Silverberg-Mörse M, Serlachius E et al. Establishing a pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome clinic: baseline clinical features of the pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome cohort at Karolinska Institutet. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2019;29:625-33.
  • Gagliano A, Galati C, Ingrassia M, Ciuffo M, Alquino MA, Tanca MG et al. Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome: a data mining approach to a very specific constellation of clinical variables. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2020;30:495-511.
  • Gagliano A, Carta A, Tanca MG, Sotgiu S. Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome: current perspectives. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2023;24:19:1221-50.
  • Rea I, Guido CA, Spalice A.Clinical Features in Patients With PANDAS/PANS and therapeutic approaches: a retrospective study. Front Neurol. 2021;12:741176.
  • Berry MF. A study of the medical history of stuttering children. Communications Monographs. 1938;5:97-114.
  • West R, Nelson S, Berry M. The heredity of stuttering, Quarterly Journal of Speech. 1939;25:1:23-30.
  • Maguire GA, Viele SN, Agarwal S, Handler E, Franklin D. Stuttering onset associated with streptococcal infection: a case suggesting stuttering as PANDAS. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2010;22:283-4.
  • Ray PC, Tas DA, Gul Celik G, Yolga Tahiroglu A, Avci A, Erken E. Periodic fever and hyperimmunoglobulin D syndrome in a boy with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with group A β-Hemolytic streptococcus. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013;23:302-4.
  • Pozzi M, Pellegrino P, Carnovale C, Perrone V, Antoniazzi S, Perrotta C et al. On the connection between autoimmunity, tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders: a meta-analysis on anti-streptolysin O titers. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2014;9:606-14.
  • Pruett DG, Shaw DM, Chen HH, Petty LE, Polikowsky HG, Kraft SJ Jet al. Identifying developmental stuttering and associated comorbidities in electronic health records and creating a phenome risk classifier. J Fluency Disord. 2021;68:105847.
  • Valderas JM, Starfield B, Sibbald B, Salisbury C, Roland M. Defining comorbidity: implications for understanding health and health services. Ann Fam Med. 2009;7:357-63.
  • Dönmez YE, Özcan ÖÖ. Developmental stuttering and comorbid psychiatric disorders in school-age children. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020;21:523-30.
  • Unicomb R, Kefalianos E, Reilly S, Cook F, Morgan A. Prevalence and features of comorbid stuttering and speech sound disorder at age 4 years. J Commun Disord. 2020;84:105976.
  • Blood GW, Ridenour VJ Jr, Qualls CD, Hammer CS. Co-occurring disorders in children who stutter. J Commun Disord. 2003;36:427-48.
  • Murphy TK, Storch EA, Lewin AB, Edge PJ, Goodman WK. Clinical factors associated with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections. J Pediatr. 2012;160:314-9.
  • Kurlan R, Johnson D, Kaplan EL: Streptococcal infection and exacerbations of childhood tics and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A prospective blinded cohort study. Pediatrics. 2008;121:1188-97.
  • Bernstein GA, Victor AM, Pipal AJ, Williams KA. Comparison of clinical characteristics of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections and childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2010;20:333-40.
  • Colvin MK, Erwin S, Alluri PR, Laffer A, Pasquariello K, Williams KA. Cognitive, graphomotor, and psychosocial challenges in pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021;33:90-7.
  • Strom MA, Silverberg JI. Eczema is associated with childhood speech disorder: a retrospective analysis from the National Survey of Children's Health and the National Health Interview Survey. J Pediatr. 2016;168:185-92. e4.
  • Hallaj A, Shafi'ei B. The investigation of relationship between stuttering and some of allergic diseases in Isfahan in 1380-81. Arch Rehabil. 2003;3:15-9.
  • Dalsgaard S, Waltoft BL, Leckman JF, Mortensen PB. Maternal history of autoimmune disease and later development of tourette syndrome in offspring. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54:495-501.e491.
  • Pérez-Vigil A, Fernández de la Cruz L, Brander G, Isomura K, Gromark C, Mataix-Cols D. The link between autoimmune diseases and obsessive-compulsive and tic disorders: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;71:542-62.
  • Murphy T, Storch E, Turner A, Reid J, Tan J, Lewin A. Maternal history of autoimmune disease in children presenting with tics and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neuroimmunol. 2010;229:243-7.
  • Pohlman D. PANDAS Network: PN 2018 State of Our Children SURVEY 2018 [May 20, 2022]. Available from: http://pandasnetwork.org/wp- content/uploads/2018/10/PN-SOOC-SURVEY_2018.
  • Lougee L, Perlmutter SJ, Nicolson R, Garvey MA, Swedo SE. Psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:1120-6.

Retrospective evaluation of stuttering cases with and without PANDAS comorbidity

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 49 Sayı: 3, 535 - 546, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.1429653

Öz

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical, demographic, and autoimmune characteristics of stuttering cases with and without Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS) comorbidity.
Materials and Methods: The study included 271 children and adolescents aged 2-17 years who were brought to our outpatient clinic between 2012 and 2022 and diagnosed with stuttering. The demographic information and medical characteristics of the patients and their families, such as infections, allergies, rheumatic diseases, and tonsillectomy or penicillin prophylaxis, were evaluated retrospectively. Their routine laboratory test results were also documented.
Results: In total, 55 girls (20.3%) and 216 (79.7%) boys at a mean age of 7.6±3.6 years were included. Forty-eight cases (17%) were in the PANDAS group, and 223 (82.3%) were in the non-PANDAS group. The comparison of the PANDAS and non-PANDAS groups showed that the PANDAS group had significantly higher rates of history of tonsillectomy, history of adenoidectomy, and history of frequent infections. The rates of psychiatric, autoimmune, and allergic diseases in the families of the cases in the PANDAS group were significantly higher. The PANDAS group had a significantly greater frequency of comorbid conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, tics, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and anxiety, as well as a greater mean number of comorbid conditions with at least one diagnosis. Additionally, the age at onset of psychiatric symptoms and the mean age of cases were higher in the PANDAS group. The mean initial anti-streptolysin O level of the PANDAS group was 326.5±335.3 IU/mL, while the mean level in the non-PANDAS group was 155.6±215.1 IU/mL.
Conclusion: Both the individuals in the PANDAS group and their families had high rates of comorbidities and inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In cases of stuttering, there is a need to evaluate these conditions, determine the required methodologies, and explain the relevant pathophysiological mechanisms.

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association , 2013.
  • Yairi E, Ambrose N. Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances. J Fluency Disord. 2013;38:66-87.
  • Alm PA. Stuttering: A disorder of energy supply to neurons? Front Hum Neurosci. 2021;26:15:662204.
  • Smith A, Weber C. How stuttering develops: the multifactorial dynamic pathways theory. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2017;60:2483-505.
  • Singer CM, Hessling A, Kelly EM, Singer L, Jones RM. Clinical characteristics associated with stuttering persistence: a meta-analysis. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2020;63:2995-3018.
  • Alm PA. Streptococcal infection as a major historical cause of stuttering: data, mechanisms, and current importance. Front Hum Neurosci. 2020;14:569519.
  • Prosell U, Norman H, Sand A, McAllister A. Infection and speech: disfluency and other speech symptoms in pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome. J Commun Disord. 2022;99:106250.
  • Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, Mittleman B, Allen AJ, Perlmutter S et al. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:264-71.
  • Swedo SE, Leckman JF, Rose NR. From research subgroup to clinical syndrome: modifying the PANDAS criteria to describe PANS (pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome). Pediatr Therapeut. 2012;2:113.
  • Chang K, Frankovich J, Cooperstock M, Cunningham MW, Latimer ME, Murphy TK et al. Clinical evaluation of youth with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS): recommendations from the 2013 PANS Consensus Conference. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25:3-13.
  • Swedo SE, Seidlitz J, Kovacevic M, Latimer ME, Hommer R, Lougee L, et al. Clinical presentation of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections in research and community settings. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2015;25:26-30.
  • Frankovich J, Thienemann M, Pearlstein J, Crable A, Brown K, Chang K. Multidisciplinary clinic dedicated to treating youth with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome: presenting characteristics of the first 47 consecutive patients. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25:38-47.
  • Antistreptococcal antibody titres. gpnotebook. URL: http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/cache/-1630535637.htm.
  • Calaprice D, Tona J, Parker-Athill EC, Murphy TK. A Survey of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome characteristics and course. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2017;27:607-18.
  • Murphy TK, Kurlan R, Leckman J. The immunobiology of Tourette's disorder, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Streptococcus, and related disorders: a way forward. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2010;20:317-31.
  • Alm PA. Stuttering and the basal ganglia circuits: a critical review of possible relations. J Commun Disord. 2004;37:325-69.
  • Cunningham MW. Post-streptococcal autoimmune sequelae: rheumatic fever and beyond. In Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations [Internet], (Eds JJ Ferretti, DL Stevens and VA Fischetti):703-33. Oklahoma City, OK, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 2016.
  • Cunningham MW, Cox CJ. Autoimmunity against dopamine receptors in neuropsychiatric and movement disorders: a review of Sydenham chorea and beyond. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2016;216:90-100.
  • Orefici G, Cardona F, Cox CJ, Cunningham MW. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). In Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations [Internet], (Eds JJ Ferretti, DL Stevens and VA Fischetti):649-82. Oklahoma City, OK: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 2016.
  • Cunningham MW. Molecular mimicry, autoimmunity, and infection: the cross-reactive antigens of group a streptococci and their sequelae. Microbiol Spectr. 2019;7:10.
  • Dale RC. Post-streptococcal autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47:785-91.
  • Cutforth T, DeMille MM, Agalliu I, Agalliu D. CNS autoimmune disease after Streptococcus pyogenes infections: Animal models, cellular mechanisms and genetic factors. Future Neurol. 2016;11:63-76.
  • Boyce JO, Jackson VE, van Reyk O, Parker R, Vogel AP, Eising E, et al. Self-reported impact of developmental stuttering across the lifespan. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2022;64:1297-306.
  • Briley PM, Ellis C Jr. The coexistence of disabling conditions in children who stutter: evidence from the national health interview survey. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2018;61:2895-905.
  • Nandhini Devi G, Thalamuthu A, Valarmathi S, Karthikeyen NP, Srikumari Srisailapathy CR. Genetic epidemiology of stuttering among school children in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. J Fluency Disord. 2018;58:11-21.
  • Choo AL, Smith SA, Li H. Associations between stuttering, comorbid conditions and executive function in children: a population-based study. BMC Psychol. 2020;8:113.
  • Murphy TK, Patel PD, McGuire JF, Kennel A, Mutch PJ, Parker-Athill EC et al. Characterization of the pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome phenotype. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25:14-25.
  • Johnson M, Fernell E, Preda I et al. Paediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome in children and adolescents: an observational cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2019;3:175-80.
  • Gamucci A, Uccella S, Sciarretta L et al. PANDAS and PANS: clinical, neuropsychological, and biological characterization of a monocentric series of patients and proposal for a diagnostic protocol. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2019;29:305-12.
  • Gromark C, Harris RA, Wickstrom R, Horne A, Silverberg-Mörse M, Serlachius E et al. Establishing a pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome clinic: baseline clinical features of the pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome cohort at Karolinska Institutet. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2019;29:625-33.
  • Gagliano A, Galati C, Ingrassia M, Ciuffo M, Alquino MA, Tanca MG et al. Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome: a data mining approach to a very specific constellation of clinical variables. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2020;30:495-511.
  • Gagliano A, Carta A, Tanca MG, Sotgiu S. Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome: current perspectives. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2023;24:19:1221-50.
  • Rea I, Guido CA, Spalice A.Clinical Features in Patients With PANDAS/PANS and therapeutic approaches: a retrospective study. Front Neurol. 2021;12:741176.
  • Berry MF. A study of the medical history of stuttering children. Communications Monographs. 1938;5:97-114.
  • West R, Nelson S, Berry M. The heredity of stuttering, Quarterly Journal of Speech. 1939;25:1:23-30.
  • Maguire GA, Viele SN, Agarwal S, Handler E, Franklin D. Stuttering onset associated with streptococcal infection: a case suggesting stuttering as PANDAS. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2010;22:283-4.
  • Ray PC, Tas DA, Gul Celik G, Yolga Tahiroglu A, Avci A, Erken E. Periodic fever and hyperimmunoglobulin D syndrome in a boy with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with group A β-Hemolytic streptococcus. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013;23:302-4.
  • Pozzi M, Pellegrino P, Carnovale C, Perrone V, Antoniazzi S, Perrotta C et al. On the connection between autoimmunity, tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders: a meta-analysis on anti-streptolysin O titers. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2014;9:606-14.
  • Pruett DG, Shaw DM, Chen HH, Petty LE, Polikowsky HG, Kraft SJ Jet al. Identifying developmental stuttering and associated comorbidities in electronic health records and creating a phenome risk classifier. J Fluency Disord. 2021;68:105847.
  • Valderas JM, Starfield B, Sibbald B, Salisbury C, Roland M. Defining comorbidity: implications for understanding health and health services. Ann Fam Med. 2009;7:357-63.
  • Dönmez YE, Özcan ÖÖ. Developmental stuttering and comorbid psychiatric disorders in school-age children. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020;21:523-30.
  • Unicomb R, Kefalianos E, Reilly S, Cook F, Morgan A. Prevalence and features of comorbid stuttering and speech sound disorder at age 4 years. J Commun Disord. 2020;84:105976.
  • Blood GW, Ridenour VJ Jr, Qualls CD, Hammer CS. Co-occurring disorders in children who stutter. J Commun Disord. 2003;36:427-48.
  • Murphy TK, Storch EA, Lewin AB, Edge PJ, Goodman WK. Clinical factors associated with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections. J Pediatr. 2012;160:314-9.
  • Kurlan R, Johnson D, Kaplan EL: Streptococcal infection and exacerbations of childhood tics and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A prospective blinded cohort study. Pediatrics. 2008;121:1188-97.
  • Bernstein GA, Victor AM, Pipal AJ, Williams KA. Comparison of clinical characteristics of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections and childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2010;20:333-40.
  • Colvin MK, Erwin S, Alluri PR, Laffer A, Pasquariello K, Williams KA. Cognitive, graphomotor, and psychosocial challenges in pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021;33:90-7.
  • Strom MA, Silverberg JI. Eczema is associated with childhood speech disorder: a retrospective analysis from the National Survey of Children's Health and the National Health Interview Survey. J Pediatr. 2016;168:185-92. e4.
  • Hallaj A, Shafi'ei B. The investigation of relationship between stuttering and some of allergic diseases in Isfahan in 1380-81. Arch Rehabil. 2003;3:15-9.
  • Dalsgaard S, Waltoft BL, Leckman JF, Mortensen PB. Maternal history of autoimmune disease and later development of tourette syndrome in offspring. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54:495-501.e491.
  • Pérez-Vigil A, Fernández de la Cruz L, Brander G, Isomura K, Gromark C, Mataix-Cols D. The link between autoimmune diseases and obsessive-compulsive and tic disorders: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;71:542-62.
  • Murphy T, Storch E, Turner A, Reid J, Tan J, Lewin A. Maternal history of autoimmune disease in children presenting with tics and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neuroimmunol. 2010;229:243-7.
  • Pohlman D. PANDAS Network: PN 2018 State of Our Children SURVEY 2018 [May 20, 2022]. Available from: http://pandasnetwork.org/wp- content/uploads/2018/10/PN-SOOC-SURVEY_2018.
  • Lougee L, Perlmutter SJ, Nicolson R, Garvey MA, Swedo SE. Psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:1120-6.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Perihan Çam Ray 0000-0002-6254-6055

Merve Doğan 0000-0002-4682-9469

Adnan Barutçu 0000-0001-8930-1122

Necmiye İrem Sehlikoğlu 0000-0002-9607-7605

Ayşegül Yolga Tahiroğlu 0000-0002-3039-2864

Gonca Çelik 0000-0001-6101-0796

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 6 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 49 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

MLA Çam Ray, Perihan vd. “Retrospective Evaluation of Stuttering Cases With and Without PANDAS Comorbidity”. Cukurova Medical Journal, c. 49, sy. 3, 2024, ss. 535-46, doi:10.17826/cumj.1429653.