Seçilmiş Bazı Bitki Ekstraktlarının Penicillium expansum’un Misel Büyümesi Üzerine İn vivo ve İn vitro Etkinliği

Abstract

Hasat sonrası elmalarda oldukça yaygın görülen Penicillim expansum’un neden olduğu mavi küf dünya çapında önemli ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Caprifoliaceae, Papaveraceae familyalarına ait 14 bitki türü P. expansum’un misel büyümesinin kontrolü için in vivo ve in vitro etkinlikleri açısından değerlendirildi. İn vivo sonuçlara göre P. expansum’un misel büyümesini Lamiaceae familyasına ait Origanum vulgare ve Thymus longicaulis sırası ile %100 ve %87.11’lik oranlarında inhibe etti. En düşük MİK değerini O. vulgare sulu ekstraktı gösterdi (250 µg/mL). O. vulgare sulu ekstraktları (32 mg/mL) elmada yapay olarak oluşturulan mavi küf enfeksiyonunu %69.21 oranında engelledi. SEM analizinde P. expansum’un hifal yapısı üzerine O. vulgare ve T. longicaulis’in çökertme, yassılaşma ve kırışık hücre yüzeyli hücreler etkileri gözlendi. Mavi küf enfeksiyonlarını kontrol edebilmek için O. vulgare sulu ekstraktının doğal bir antifungal madde olarak değerlendirilebileceğini önerebiliriz.

Keywords

• Penicillium expansum
• bitki ekstraktı
• antifungal aktivite

in vivo and in vitro Efficacy of Selected Some Plant Extracts on Mycelial Growth of Penicillium expansum

Abstract

Blue mold caused by Penicillim expansum, which is very common in post-harvest apples, causes significant economic losses worldwide. In this study, plant powders and aqueous extracts obtained from the stem, leaf and flower parts of 14 plant species belonging to the Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Caprifoliaceae, Papaveraceae families were evaluated for their in vivo and in vitro activities for the control of mycelial growth of Penicillium expansum. According to in vitro results, Penicillium expansum inhibited mycelial growth of Lamiaceae family Origanum vulgare and Thymus longicaulis by 100% and 87,11%, respectively. O. vulgare aqueous extract showed the lowest MIC value (250 µg/mL). At 32 mg/mL, O. vulgare aqueous extract prevented artificially induced blue mold infection in apples by 69,21%. In SEM analysis, collapsing, flattening and rough cells effects of O. vulgare and T. longicaulis on hyphal structure of Penicillium expansum were observed. We can suggest that the aqueous extract of O. vulgare can be evaluated as a natural antifungal agent in order to control blue mold infections.

Keywords

• Penicillium expansum
• Antifungal activity
• Plant extract

References

1. [1] Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Tarım Ürünleri Piyasaları, Elma, Ocak-2022.
2. [2] N, Hendel, L. Larous, L. Belbey. “Antioxidant activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and its in vitro inhibitory effect on Penicillium digitatum”. International Food Research Journal. vol. 23(4), pp. 1725-1732, 2016.
3. [3] F. Reyes-Jurado, A.R. Navarro-Cruz, C.E. Ochoa-Velasco, E. Palou, A. López-Malo, R. Ávila-Sosa. “Essential oils in vapor phase as alternative antimicrobials: A review”. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., vol.60, pp.1641–1650, 2020. [4] G.P. Munkvold, R.H. Proctor, A. Moretti. “Mycotoxin Production in Fusarium According to Contemporary Species Concepts”. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. vol. 59, pp.373-402, 2021.
4. [5] R.D. Jeong, E.J. Shin, E.H. Chu, H.J. Park. “Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Postharvest Fungal Pathogens”. Plant Pathol J. vol.31, pp.176-180, 2015.
5. [6] C.K. Jimdjio, H. Xue, Y. Bi, M. Nan, L. Li, R. Zhang, Q. Liu, L. Pu. “Effect of Ambient pH on Growth, Pathogenicity, and Patulin Production of Penicillium expansum”. Toxins (Basel). Vol. 13, pp.550, 2021. [7] İ. Erper, Ç. Kalkan, G. Kaçar, M. Türkkan, “Elmada mavi küfe neden olan Penicillium expansum’a karşı bazı bor tuzlarının antifungal etkisi”. Anadolu Tarım Bilim. Derg./Anadolu J Agr Sci, vol.34, pp.250-258, 2019.
6. [8] N. Salhi, S.A. Mohammed Saghir, V. Terzi, I. Brahmi, N. Ghedairi, S. Bissati, “Antifungal Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Some Dominant Algerian Medicinal Plants”. Biomed Res Int. doi: 10.1155/2017/7526291, 2017.
7. [9] A.A. El-Shahir, D.A. El-Wakil, A.A.H. Abdel Latef, N.H. Youssef, “Bioactive Compounds and Antifungal Activity of Leaves and Fruits Methanolic Extracts of Ziziphus spina-christi L.”. Plants. Vol.11, pp.746, 2022.
8. [10] I. Talibi, L. Askarne, H. Boubaker, E.H. Boudyach, F. Msanda, B. Saadi, A. Ait Ben Aoumar, “Antifungal activity of some Moroccan plants against Geotrichum candidum, the causel agent of postharvest citrus sour rot”. Crop Protection, vol.35, pp.41-46, 2012.

9. [11] E.M. Soylu, Ş. Kurt, S. Soylu. “in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of the essential oils of various plants against tomato grey mould disease agent Botrytis cinerea”. International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol.143, pp.183-189, 2010.
10. [12] CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standarts Institute, formerly NCCLS, National Committee for Clinical and Laboratory Standarts. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts; Approved Standart, 2nd edition, NCCLS document M27-A2, NCCLS, Wayne, PA. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi; Approved Standart, 1st edition, NCCLS document M 38 A,Wayne, PA. 2002.
11. [13] J. Moraes Bazioli, J.R. Belinato, J.H. Costa, D.Y. Akiyama, J.G.M. Pontes, K.C. Kupper, F. Augusto, J.E. de Carvalho, T.P. Fill. “Biological Control of Citrus Postharvest Phytopathogens”. Toxins. Vol. 11, pp. 460, 2019.
12. [14] M. Parvu, L. Vlase, L. Fodorpataki, O. Parvu, O. Rosca-Casian, C. Bartha, L. Barbu-Tudoran, & A.E. Parvu, “Chemical Composition of Celandine (Chelidonium majus L.) Extract and its Effects on Botrytis tulipae (Lib.) Lind Fungus and the Tulip”. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, vol.41, no.2, pp.414-426, 2013.
13. [15] D. Nigussie, G. Davey, T.B. Tufa, M. Brewster, B.A. Legesse, A. Fekadu, E. Makonnen. “Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Ethiopian Medicinal Plants: A Systematic Review”. Front Pharmacol. Vol.12, 633921, 2021.
14. [16] A. Hernández-Ceja, P.D. Loeza-Lara, F.J. Espinosa-García, Y.M. García-Rodríguez. “Medina-Medrano JR, Gutiérrez-Hernández GF, Ceja-Torres LF. In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Plant Extracts on Pathogenic Fungi of Blueberry (Vaccinium sp.)”. Plants (Basel). Vol,10, pp.852, 2021.
15. [17] F. Tabatabaei-Yazdi, B. Alizadeh-Behbahani, A. Vasiee, S.A. Mortazavi, and F. Tabatabaei-Yazdi, “Antifungal Activity of Extracts Biarum carduchorum (Kardeh) on Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium expansum in vitro”. Zahedan J Res Med Sci., vol.18, no.4, pp. 6464. 2016.
16. [18] S.V. Knežević, I. Ivan Kosalec, M. Babac, M. Petrović, J. Ralić, B. Matica, B. Blažeković, “Antimicrobial activity of Thymus longicaulis C. Presl essential oil against respiratory pathogens”. Cent. Eur. J. Biol., vol.7, pp.1109-1115, 2012.
17. [19] V. Bhat, S.M. Sharma, V. Shetty, C.S. Shastry, C.V. Rao, S. Shenoy, S. Saha, S. Balaji. “Characterization of Herbal Antifungal Agent, Origanum vulgare against Oral Candida spp. Isolated from Patients with Candida-Associated Denture Stomatitis: An In vitro Study”. Contemp Clin Dent. Vol,9(1), pp.3-10, 2018.
18. [20] A.C.L.P. de Campos, R.D.S. Nandi, S. Scandorieiro, M.C. Gonçalves, G.F. Reis, M. Dibo, L.P. Medeiros, L.A. Panagio, E.P. Fagan, R.K.T. Kobayashi. “Antimicrobial effect of Origanum vulgare (L.) essential oil as an alternative for conventional additives in the Minas cheese manufacture”. LWT. Vol,157, pp.113063–113069, 2022.
19. [21] V.I. Gwa, A.O. Nwankiti and E.J. Ekefan, “Antifungal Effect of Five Aqueous Plant Extracts on Mycelial Growth of Penicillium expansum Isolated from Rotted Yam Tubers in Storage". Acta Scientific Agriculture, vol. 2,no.6, pp.65-70, 2018.
20. [22] H. Ikeura, N. Somsak, F. Kobayashi, S. Kanlayanarat, Y. Hayata, “Application of selected plant extracts to inhibit growth of Penicillium expansum on apple fruits”. Plant Pathology Journal, vol.10, no.2, pp.79-84, 2011.
21. [23] P.N. Achar, P. Q., E.C. Adukwu, A. Sharma , H.Z. Msimanga, H. Nagaraja and M.Y. Sreenivasa, “Investigation of the Antifungal and Anti-Aflatoxigenic Potential of Plant-Based Essential Oils against Aspergillus flavus in Peanuts”. J. Fungi, vol.6, no.383; doi:10.3390/jof6040383, 2020.
22. [24] B. Balkan, S. Balkan, H. Aydoğdu, N. Güler, H. Ersoy, B. Aşkın. “Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities and Antifungal Activity of Different Plants Species Against Pink Mold Rot-Causing Trichothecium roseum”. Arab J Sci Eng. vol, 42, pp. 2279–2289, 2017.
23. [25] S. Balkan, B. Balkan. “in vitro Efficiancy of Certain Plant Extracts Agaınst The Plant Pathogen Alternaria tenuissima”. Kırklareli University Journal of Engineering and Science, vol,8(1), pp. 25-37, 2022.
24. [26] N. Salhi, S.A. Mohammed Saghir, V. Terzi, I. Brahmi, N. Ghedairi, S. Bissati. “Antifungal Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Some Dominant Algerian Medicinal Plants”. Biomed Res Int. vol, 2017; doi: 10.1155/2017/7526291, 2017.