Türkiye’de Uzay Faaliyetleri ve Ekonominin Eş Zamanlı Gelişimi

Abstract

Uzay teknolojileri günlük hayatımızın ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelirken, 1957'den bu yana insan uygarlığının seyrini derinden etkilemiştir. Bu teknolojiler, insanlığa birçok önemli içgörü sağlamıştır. Bu nedenle, modern toplumda önemli bir role sahiptirler. Uydu teknolojisi sadece askeri ve savunma için değil, aynı zamanda ulaşım, iletişim, afet yönetimi, tarım planlaması, arazi ve şehir planlaması gibi sivil uygulamalar için de hayati öneme sahiptir. Bu uygulamalar, uzay sektörünü gelişmiş ve ileri teknolojiye sahip ekonomik büyümenin öncüsü haline getirmektedir. Uzaydaki teknolojik gelişmeler sürekli olarak gelişmiş ülke vatandaşlarına fayda sağlamaktadır. Uzay ekonomisi, keşif, araştırma, bilgi, yönetim ve mekan kullanımı yoluyla insanlara fayda sağlayan ve değer üreten tüm eylemler ve kaynaklar olarak tanımlanır. Uydu iletişimi, navigasyon sistemleri, yer gözlem görevleri, uzay bilimi ve teknoloji araştırmaları yoluyla istihdam yaratılır, ekonomik büyüme sağlanır ve birçok endüstri dünya çapındaki ekonomik pazarda daha rekabetçi hale gelir. Yan şirketler uzay faaliyetlerinden doğar. 1994 yılında Türkiye, Aerospatiale tarafından inşa edilen ilk haberleşme uydusu TURKSAT 1B'ye sahip oldu. Böylece Türkiye bölgesinde operatör olarak uzay sahasına girdi. Milenyumdan sonra, Türk uzay endüstrisi, özel iletişim ve gözlem uydularını ve bunların alt sistemlerini geliştirerek ve mikro uydu için bir fırlatma sistemi oluşturarak hız kazandı. Türkiye artık uzay teknolojisini daha kapsamlı bir şekilde geliştiriyor. Bu makale, Türkiye'deki uzay faaliyetleri ve gelecekteki çalışmalarla ilgili son gelişmeleri açıklamaktadır. Makalede, uzay teknolojilerinde diğer ülkelerdeki stratejileri de tartışılarak Türkiye için uzay teknolojileri eğitimi, uzay ekonomisinin gelişimi ve uzay faaliyetlerinin regülasyonu ile ilgili önerilerde bulunulmaktadır.

Keywords

• Uzay teknolojisi
• uzay kabiliyeti
• uzay ekonomisi
• TÜRKSAT
• Türkiye

Space Activities and the Simultaneous Development of the Economy in Türkiye

Abstract

As space technologies have become an integral part of our daily lives, they have profoundly influenced the course of human civilization since 1957. These technologies have provided humanity with many remarkable insights. Therefore, they have an important role in modern society. Satellite technology is not only vital for military and defence but also for civil applications such as transportation, communication, disaster management, agriculture planning, land, and urban planning. These applications make the space sector an engine of economic growth having advanced and the state-of-the art technology. Technological advances in space continuously benefit the citizens of developed countries. The space economy is defined as all the actions and resources that produce value and benefit to people through exploration, research, knowledge, management, and utility of space. Through satellite communications, navigation systems, earth observation missions, space science and technology research, employment is created, economic growth is achieved, and many industries become more competitive in worldwide economic market. Spinoff companies are born from space activities. In 1994, the Türkiye had its first communication satellite TURKSAT 1B built by Aerospatiale; thus, Türkiye entered the space field being an operator in its region. After millennium, the Turkish space industry has ramped-up by developing its dedicated communication and observation satellites, and their subsystems and creating a launcher system for microsatellites. Türkiye is now developing space technology more comprehensively. This article describes recent developments of space activities and future work in Türkiye. In the article, the strategies in other countries in space technologies are also discussed and suggestions are made for space technology education, development of space economy and regulation of space activities for Türkiye.

Keywords

• Space technology
• space capability
• space economy
• TURKSAT
• Turkey

References

1. [1] Turkish Policy Quarterly (TPQ). (2022, October 24). [Online]. Available: http://turkishpolicy.com/blog/42/the-global-space-economy-a-short-overview-of-the-new-space-race.
2. [2] R. Krawec, “Ukrainian space policy contributing to national economic development,” Space Pol., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 105-114, 1995, doi:10.1016/0265-9646(95)00004-V.
3. [3] A. Hansson, “The future of the European space industry,” Space Pol., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 293-294, 1996.
4. [4] E. D, Gaggero, “New roles in space for the 21st century: a Uruguayan view,” Space Pol., vol. 19, pp. 203-210, 2003, doi:10.1016/S0265-9646(03)00040-7.
5. [5] J.M.C. Romero, “Technology, limitations and applications of space technology in developing countries,” Adv. Space Res., vol. 34, pp. 2203-2208, 2004, doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2003.11.006.
6. [6] H. Jazebizadeh, M. Tabeshian, and M. Taheran Vernoosfaderani, “Appling the system engineering approach to devise a master’s degree program in space technology in developing countries,” Acta Astronautica., vol. 67, pp. 1323-1332, doi: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.06.026.
7. [7] D. Wood, and A. Weigel, “Charting the evolution of satellite programs in developing countries-The Space Technology,” Space Pol., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 15-24, 2012, doi:10.1016/j.spacepol.2011.11.001.
8. [8] K. Venturini, C. Verbano, and M. Matsumoto, “Space technology transfer: Spin-off cases from Japan,” Space Pol., vol. 29, pp. 49-57, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2012.11.010.

9. [9] P. Manikowski, “Developments in space activities in Poland,” Space Pol., vol. 29, pp. 35-39, 2013, doi:10.1016/j.spacepol.2012.11.002.
10. [10] Y. Chen, “China’s space policy-a historical review,” Space Pol., vol. 37, pp. 171-178, 2016, doi:10.1016/0265-9646(91)90022-A.
11. [11] S. Yılmaz, “Space and Turkey, ” Open Journal of Political Science, vol. 6, pp. 323-337, 2016.
12. [12] A.S. Soofi, “A comparative study of Chinese and Iranian Science&Technology, and techno-industrial development policies,” Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change., vol. 122, pp. 107-118, 2017, doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.06.017.
13. [13] A. Lopez, P. Pascuini, and A. Ramos, “Climbing the space technology ladder in the south: The case of Argentina, ” Space Pol., vol. 469, pp. 53-63, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2018.06.001.
14. [14] T. S. Cottom, “An examination of Vietnam and space,” Space Pol., vol. 47, pp. 78-84, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2018.07.002.
15. [15] M. Z. Hussain, and R. Q. Ahmed, “Space programs of India and Pakistan: Military and strategic installations in outer space and precarious regional strategic stability, ” Space Pol., vol. 47, pp. 63-75, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2018.06.003.
16. [16] Z. Zhang, and B. Seely, “A historical review of China-U.S. Cooperation in space. Launching commercial satellites a technology transfer, 1978-2000,” Space Pol., vol. 50, 101333, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2019.08.003.
17. [17] Y. A, Adde, “Socioeconomic Benefits of Space Technology,” IEEE-SEM, vol.10, no.6, pp. 258-262, 2019.
18. [18] H. J. Haubold, A. M. Mathai, and L. Pyenson, “Space science and technology education, teaching, research,” Space Pol., vol. 53, 101384, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2020.101384.
19. [19] M. Jussawalla, “The economic implications of satellite technology and the industrialization of space,”Telecommunications Policy, vol. 8, no. 3, 237-248, 1984, doi: 10.1016/0308-5961(84)90008-9.
20. [20] A. Ocampo, L. Friedman, and J. Logsdon, “Why space science and exploration benefit everyone,” Space Pol., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 137-143, 1998, doi:10.1016/S0265-9646(98)00012-5.
21. [21] K. Karnik, “Societal benefits of space technology,” Acta Astranautica, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 771-777, 1999, doi:10.1016/0094-5765(89)90150-1.
22. [22] O. Gurtuna, “Emerging space markets: engines of growth for future space activities, ” peresented at Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Space Technology (RAST) IEEE, 506-541, 2003. doi: 10.1109/RAST.2003.1303973
23. [23] N. Komerath, J. Nally, E. Z. Tang, “Policy model for space economy infrastructure,” Acta Astronautica, vol. 61, no. 11-12, pp. 1066-1075, 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.12.033.
24. [24] D. Comstock. (2022, November 19). “The socio-economic benefits of space technology applications and spinoffs,” United Nations/Turkey/European Space Agency Workshop on Space Technology Applications for Socio-Economic Benefits, Istanbul, Turkey, September 14, 2010. https://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/spaceworkshop/presentations/Comstock.Doug.pdf
25. [25] G. Petroni, C. Verbano, B, Bigliardi, and F. Galati, “Strategies and determinants for successful space technology transfer,” Space Pol., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 251-257, 2013.
26. [26] P. Jiyoung, “Space Technology Development: Effects on National Security and International Stability,” Science and Technology, Center for Science and Technology Policy, Korea, 2014.
27. [27] I. A, Crawford, “The long-term scientific benefits of a space economy,” Space Pol., vol. 37, no.2, pp. 58-61, 2016, doi:10.1016/j.spacepol.2016.07.003.
28. [28] P. T. Metzger, “Space development and space science together, a historic opportunity,” Space Pol., 37 (2), 77-91, 2016, doi:10.1016/j.spacepol.2016.08.004.
29. [29] A.M, Yazıcı, and S. Darıcı, “The new opportunities in space economy,” Journal of the Human and Social Sciences Researches, vol. 8, no. 4, 3252-3271, 2019, http://www.itobiad.com/tr/issue/49747/615134.
30. [30] A. Orlova, R. Nogueira, and P. Chimenti, “The present, and future of the space sector. A business ecosystem approach,” Space Pol., vol. 52, 101374, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2020.101374.
31. [31] T. Wood. (2022, October 10). [Online]. Available: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-all-of-earths-satellites/
32. [32] Office of Space Commerce. (2022, October 15). [Online]. Available: https://www.space.commerce.gov/category/space-economy/
33. [33] A. Piva, and N. Sasanelli, N. “Societal and economic benefits of a dedicated national space agency for Australia,” Defense SA, 2017.
34. [34] Space Safety Magazine. (2022, November 16). [Online]. Available: http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/space-on-earth/space-economy/
35. [35] “Satellite value chain: snapshot 2017.” A Euroconsult Executive Report, 2017.
36. [36] Morgan Stanley. (2022, November 15). [Online]. Available: https://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/space-economy-themes-2021/
37. [37] Morgan Stanley. (2022, November 15). [Online]. Available: https://www.morganstanley.com/Themes/global-space-economy#
38. [38] The Space Economy Report, Euroconsult, 2019.
39. [39] Euroconsult. (2022, November 16). [Online]. Available:https://www.euroconsult-ec.com/node/625
40. [40] Government Space Programs: Benchmarks, Profiles & Forecasts to 2028, Euroconsult, July 2019. (2022, November 23). [Online]. Available: https://www.euroconsult-ec.com/25_July_2019
41. [41] N. Rapp, and N. O’Keefe. (2022, October 4). [Online]. “50 years after moon landing, money races into space,” Fortune. Available: https://www.euroconsult-ec.com/node/534.
42. [42] T. Özalp, “Space as a strategic vision for Turkey and its people,” Space Policy, vol.25, no. 4, pp.224-235, 2009. doi:10.1016/j.spacepol.2009.09.005.
43. [43] TÜBİTAK UZAY Space Technologies Research Institute. (2022, November 16). [Online]. Available: https://uzay.tubitak.gov.tr/en/uydu-uzay/satellite-projects
44. [44] TÜBİTAK UZAY Space Technologies Research Institute. (2022, November 16). [Online]. Available: https://uzay.tubitak.gov.tr/en/haber/scientific-cooperation-agreement-signed-between-tubitak-uzay-and-swedish-space-physics
45. [45] TURKISH AEROSPACE. (2022, November 25). [Online]. Available: https://www.tusas.com/en/products/space
46. [46] A. G. Levaggi, D. Blinder, “High in the sky: Turkish-Argentine South-South space cooperation, ” Third World Quarterly, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 94-113, 2022, doi: 10.1080/01436597.2021.1993811.
47. [47] S. G. Mantarlis, “Turkish space technology,” M.S. thesis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, 2021.
48. [48] B. Yaglioglu, O. Yılmaz, A. Utku, and B. G. Ozdemir, “Surveillance of space: An overview and a vision for Turkey’s roadmap,” presented at 6th Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Space Technology (RAST), Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 1041-1046, 2013.
49. [49] B. Yaglioglu, E. Imre, V. Tesmer, and M. Scheper, “Mission operations to improve space mission protection,” AIAA Spaceops Conference 2012, Stockholm, Sweden, June 2012.
50. [50] B. Yaglioglu, “Effective and sustainable outreach of space science and technology: the middle east and central America cases,” presented at 66th International Astronautical Congress (IAC’15), IAC-15-E1.6.8, Jerusalem, Israel, October 2015.
51. [51] B. Yaglioglu, M. Khesroh, N. Senturk, B. Meskoob, M. Tasdemir, R. Abramovich, and T. C. Atasever, “Spacefaring future of the middle east: the role of moon missions,” presented at 71st International Astronautical Congress (IAC). Dubai, United Arab Emirates, October 12-16, 2020.
52. [52] Nanosats. (2022, November 3). [Online]. Available: https://www.nanosats.eu/database
53. [53] M. Bulut, A. Kahriman, N. Sozbir, “Design and analysis for thermal control system of nanosatellite,” presented at ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE2010), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 12-18 November. Proc. ASME. 44472; Volume 10: Micro and Nano Systems:863-866. January 01, 2010, IMECE2010-39716, doi: 10.1115/IMECE2010-39716.
54. [54] A. R. Aslan, A. Sofyalı, E. Umit, C. Tola, I. Oz, S. Gulgonul, “TURKSAT-3USAT: A 3U communication cubesat with passive magnetic stabilization,” presented 5th Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Space Technology (RAST), Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 783-788, 2011.
55. [55] M. Bulut, N. Sozbir, and S. Gulgonul, “Thermal control system of cube satellite,” presented at 6. Ankara International Aerospace Conference, METU, Ankara, AIAC-2011-050, September 14-16, 2011.
56. [56] M. Bulut, Ö. R. Sözbir, and N. Sözbir, “Thermal control of Turksat 3U nanosatellite, ” presented at 5th International Symposium on Innovative Technologies in Engineering and Science (ISITES 2017), Baku, Azerbaijan, pp. 26-32, September 29-30, 2017.
57. [57] B. Yaglioglu, S. Kose, O. Atas, O. Tekinalp, D. Kahraman, M. Suer, “A multi-national multi-institutional education framework: APSCO SSS-2B Cubesat project,” presented at 9th Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Space Technology (RAST), IEEE, June 12 June, Istanbul. 553-557, 2019.
58. [58] M. Bulut, and N. Sozbir, “Thermal design, analysis and test validation for TURKSAT-3USAT satellite,” J. Therm. Eng., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 468-482, 2021.
59. [59] M. Bulut, “Thermal design, analysis, and testing of the first Turkish 3U communication CubeSat in low earth orbit,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 143, pp. 4341-4353, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10566-z.
60. [60] STM. (2022, November 20). [Online]. Available: https://www.stm.com.tr/en/our-solutions/satellite-and-aerospace
61. [61] A.N. Nurbaki, B. Yıldız, D. Baş, H. H. Ertok, Ş. Gülgönül, ve M. Helvacı. “Optik gözlemlerle Türksat uydularinin yörüngelerinin belirlenmesi,”. VI. Ulusal Havacılık Ve Uzay Konferansı UHUK-2016, Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Kocaeli, Türkiye, 28-30 Eylül 2016.
62. [62] B. Gürol, Ş. Gülgönül, G. Gökay, A. Okan and I. Öz, "Optical monitoring of inter satellite distance between Turksat-2A And Turksat-3A," Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies - RAST2011, pp. 337-340, 2011. doi: 10.1109/RAST.2011.5966851.
63. [63] S. Gulgonul, M. Gokten, T. Meinerz, E. Demircioglu, and N. Sozbir, “IRIG-B time Signal distribution over geostationary satellites,” presented at 44. Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Applications Meeting, Reston, Virginia, USA, November 26-29, 2012.
64. [64] N. Sözbir, M. Bulut, Ş. Gülgönül, “Turkish space technology and economy,” 10th International Symposium on Intelligent Manufacturing and Service Systems Industry 4.0/5.0: Future Minds and Future Society, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey, September 9-11, 2019.
65. [65] S. Gulgonul, “Gnss augmentation through ku-band communication satellites with rtk realization,” Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 58-65, 2018. doi:10.3906/elk-1508-83.
66. [66] A. Yagli, E. Demircioglu, S. Gulgonul, H.H. Ertok, J. Winkel, and E. Goehler, “Regional positioning system development over Turksat geostationary telecommunication satellites,” Navigation, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 359-369, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.143.
67. [67] E. Kalelioğlu. (2022, November 21). [Online]. Available: https://www.webtekno.com/mustafa- varank-uzaya-ilk-turk-kadin-olabilir-h106142.html
68. [68] MSI. (2022, November 21). [Online]. Available: https://www.savunmahaber.com/en/ministry-of-industry-and-technology-delta-v-moo-rocket-first-firing/
69. [69] Roketsan. (2022, November 22). Space Projects [Online]. Available: https://www.roketsan.com.tr/en/product/ micro-satellite-launching-system/
70. [70] G. Petroni, C. Verbano, “The development of a technology transfer strategy in the aerospace industry: the case of the Italian Space Agency,” Technovation, vol. 20, pp. 345-351, 2000.
71. [71] S. Jason, A. Curiel da Silva Curiel, D. Liddle, F. Chizea, U. M. Leloglu, M. Helvaci, M. Bekhti, D. Benachir, L. Boland, L. Gomes, M. Sweeting, “Capacity building in emerging space nations: experiences, challenges and benefits,” Adv.Space Res., vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 571-581, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2010.03.003.
72. [72] N. Ghafoor, M. Leloglu, and M. Sweeting, “Turkey BILSAT-1: A case study for the surrey know-how transfer and training program,” presented at 34th COSPAR scientific assembly, the second world space congress, Houston, TX, USA, 10-19 October 2002.
73. [73] G. Dede, and M. Akçay, “Technology foresight in practice: A proposal for Turkish space vision, ” Space policy, vol. 30, pp. 226-230, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.spacepol.2014.07.002.
74. [74] A. Çilli Tarçın, Ü. Poyraz, M. Bayramoğlu, D. Özatürk Şahin, E. Yalçınkaya, O. Çelebioğlu, “GOKTURK-1 satellite propulsion subsystem design, integration, test and launch campaign activities,” presented at 2019 9th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST), Istanbul, Turkey, 11-14 June 2019.
75. [75] Türkiye Elektronik Haberleşme Sektörü. (2022, November 18). Üç Aylık Pazar Verileri Raporu [Online]. Available: https://www.btk.gov.tr/uploads/pages/pazar-verileri/2018-2ceyrekraporu.pdf
76. [76] T. Emen, “Government intervention in the space sector: policy recommendations in Turkey,” Marmara University Journal of Economic & Administrative Sciences, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 265-282, 2021, https://oi.org/ 10.14780/muiibd.854382.