Visual Feature Extraction and Machine Learning for Graphical Violence Detection: A Deep Learning-Free, Efficient Approach

Mehmet Osman Devrim; Serdar Kırışoğlu

doi:10.29130/dubited.1793010

TR EN

Görsel Özellik Çıkarma ve Makine Öğrenmesi ile Grafiksel Şiddet Tespiti: Derin Öğrenmesiz, Verimli Bir Yaklaşım

Abstract

Bu çalışma, dijital platformlarda yaygın bir sorun olan grafiksel şiddet içeren görsellerin otomatik tespiti için verimli bir makine öğrenmesi yaklaşımı sunmaktadır. Çalışmada, sınıflar arasında yaklaşık 16:1 oranında ciddi bir dengesizlik sergileyen 'Graphical Violence and Safe Images' veri seti kullanılmıştır. Veri setinin görece küçük ölçeği bir sınırlılık olarak not edilmekle birlikte, modelin genelleme kabiliyetini artırmak ve sınıf dengesizliğini gidermek amacıyla, veri seti %75 eğitim ve %25 test olarak ayrıldıktan sonra yalnızca eğitim setindeki azınlık sınıfı üzerinde veri artırma (data augmentation) uygulanmıştır. Önerilen yaklaşımın temelini, renk, doku ve şekil bilgilerini birleştiren hibrit bir özellik çıkarımı stratejisi oluşturmaktadır. Hesaplama verimliliğini artırmak amacıyla bu zengin özellik uzayı, ANOVA F-testi tabanlı özellik seçimi ile en ayırt edici niteliklere indirgenmiş ve ardından beş farklı makine öğrenmesi modeliyle değerlendirilmiştir. Deneysel sonuçlar, test setinde en yüksek performansı XGBoost modelinin elde ettiğini ortaya koymuştur. Model, sınıf dengesizliğine rağmen %84,38 Makro F1-Skoru ile güçlü bir ayrım kabiliyeti gösterirken %96,55 genel doğruluk oranına ulaşmıştır. Bu bulgular, önerilen yaklaşımın sosyal medya platformlarında otomatik içerik moderasyonu, çocuk koruma filtreleri ve dijital güvenlik sistemleri gibi kritik uygulamalarda, derin öğrenmeye kıyasla daha düşük hesaplama maliyetiyle yüksek doğruluk sağlayan etkili bir alternatif olabileceğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

Grafiksel Şiddet Tespiti, Makine Öğrenmesi, Özellik Çıkarımı, XGBoost, Sınıf Dengesizliği, İçerik Moderasyonu

Supporting Institution

Düzce Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Koordinatörlüğü

Project Number

2024.06.01.1550

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmada kullanılan "Grafik Şiddet ve Güvenli Görüntüler" veri seti Kaggle platformunda kamuya açıktır. Veri seti herhangi bir kişisel, klinik veya hassas veri içermemektedir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma için etik kurul onayı veya katılımcı onayı gerekmemektedir. Yazarlar arasında herhangi bir çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır.

Thanks

Bu projeyi destekleyen Düzce Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Koordinatörlüğü'ne vermiş oldukları destekten dolayı teşekkür ederiz.

Visual Feature Extraction and Machine Learning for Graphical Violence Detection: A Deep Learning-Free, Efficient Approach

Abstract

This study proposes an efficient, deep learning-free approach for detecting graphically violent images to address the challenges of high computational costs and class imbalance in digital content moderation. Using the "Graphical Violence and Safe Images" dataset, we employed a hybrid feature extraction strategy combining color (3D Histogram), texture (Local Binary Patterns [LBP], Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix [GLCM]), and shape (Histogram of Oriented Gradients [HOG]) descriptors, followed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)-based feature selection. Among five machine learning models evaluated, XGBoost achieved the highest performance with 96.55% accuracy and an 84.38% Macro F1-Score on the test set. Furthermore, the proposed method offers a processing time of approximately 33.85 ms per image on a standard CPU. The results demonstrate that the proposed method offers a computationally efficient and interpretable alternative to deep learning for real-time applications.

Keywords

Content moderation, Feature extraction, Graphical violence detection, Machine learning, XGBoost

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by the Düzce University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Office (BAP - 2024.06.01.1550) through the HIZDEP project.

Project Number

2024.06.01.1550

Ethical Statement

This study does not involve human or animal participants. All procedures followed scientific and ethical principles, and all referenced studies are appropriately cited.

Thanks

The authors would like to thank Düzce University Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship (BAP) for their support.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Machine Vision , Supervised Learning, Classification Algorithms, Machine Learning (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Mehmet Osman Devrim
0009-0002-3712-5117
Türkiye

Serdar Kırışoğlu ^*
0000-0002-4416-6657
Türkiye

Publication Date

January 21, 2026

Submission Date

September 29, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 14, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 14 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1793010

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA22BS34JX

APA

Devrim, M. O., & Kırışoğlu, S. (2026). Visual Feature Extraction and Machine Learning for Graphical Violence Detection: A Deep Learning-Free, Efficient Approach. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, 14(1), 216-224. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1793010

AMA

1.Devrim MO, Kırışoğlu S. Visual Feature Extraction and Machine Learning for Graphical Violence Detection: A Deep Learning-Free, Efficient Approach. DUBİTED. 2026;14(1):216-224. doi:10.29130/dubited.1793010

Chicago

Devrim, Mehmet Osman, and Serdar Kırışoğlu. 2026. “Visual Feature Extraction and Machine Learning for Graphical Violence Detection: A Deep Learning-Free, Efficient Approach”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 14 (1): 216-24. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1793010.

EndNote

Devrim MO, Kırışoğlu S (January 1, 2026) Visual Feature Extraction and Machine Learning for Graphical Violence Detection: A Deep Learning-Free, Efficient Approach. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 14 1 216–224.

IEEE

[1]M. O. Devrim and S. Kırışoğlu, “Visual Feature Extraction and Machine Learning for Graphical Violence Detection: A Deep Learning-Free, Efficient Approach”, DUBİTED, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 216–224, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.29130/dubited.1793010.

ISNAD

Devrim, Mehmet Osman - Kırışoğlu, Serdar. “Visual Feature Extraction and Machine Learning for Graphical Violence Detection: A Deep Learning-Free, Efficient Approach”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 14/1 (January 1, 2026): 216-224. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1793010.

JAMA

1.Devrim MO, Kırışoğlu S. Visual Feature Extraction and Machine Learning for Graphical Violence Detection: A Deep Learning-Free, Efficient Approach. DUBİTED. 2026;14:216–224.

MLA

Devrim, Mehmet Osman, and Serdar Kırışoğlu. “Visual Feature Extraction and Machine Learning for Graphical Violence Detection: A Deep Learning-Free, Efficient Approach”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 2026, pp. 216-24, doi:10.29130/dubited.1793010.

Vancouver

1.Mehmet Osman Devrim, Serdar Kırışoğlu. Visual Feature Extraction and Machine Learning for Graphical Violence Detection: A Deep Learning-Free, Efficient Approach. DUBİTED. 2026 Jan. 1;14(1):216-24. doi:10.29130/dubited.1793010

Görsel Özellik Çıkarma ve Makine Öğrenmesi ile Grafiksel Şiddet Tespiti: Derin Öğrenmesiz, Verimli Bir Yaklaşım

Abstract

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Project Number

Ethical Statement

Thanks

Visual Feature Extraction and Machine Learning for Graphical Violence Detection: A Deep Learning-Free, Efficient Approach

Abstract

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Project Number

Ethical Statement

Thanks

References

Details

Primary Language

Subjects

Journal Section

Authors

Publication Date

Submission Date

Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

DOI

IZ

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