Effect of Low-Pressure Radio Frequency (RF) Plasma Exposure Time on the Profile of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): GC-MS Based Chemometric Evaluation

Namık Bilici; Ferhat Bozduman

doi:10.29130/dubited.1884356

TR EN

Abstract

Bu çalışma, kemometrik analizle birleştirilmiş GC-MS yöntemini kullanarak, farklı sürelerde (90 s, 3, 5, 9 ve 15 dk) uygulanan düşük basınçlı radyo frekansı plazma (LPRFP) işleminin toz zerdeçalın uçucu bileşen profili üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmıştır. Toplam 49 uçucu bileşen tanımlanmış olup, bunlar arasında ortalama %39,12'lik bir oranla artemisia ketonu en baskın ve kararlı bileşen olarak öne çıkmıştır. ar-kurkumen, α-zingiberen, β-seskifellandren, β-bisabolen, β-karyofillen, ar-turmerol, himaçalen, farnesen, humulen ve turmerol izomerleri dahil olmak üzere on temel bileşen, toplam uçucu profilin %80'inden fazlasını oluşturmuş ve önemli değişimler sergilemiştir. Kısa süreli plazma uygulamaları (90 s ve 3 dk), baskın seskiterpenlerin bağıl oranlarını koruyarak kontrol örneklerine yakın bir kimyasal kararlılık sağlamıştır. Buna karşılık, uzun süreli işlemler (9 ve 15 dk), termal olmayan oksidatif bozunmaya atfedilen nedenlerle bu bileşenlerin konsantrasyonlarında ve pik alanlarında belirgin bir azalmaya yol açmıştır. Monoterpenler plazmaya en duyarlı grup olarak belirlenirken, oksijenli bileşenlerin işlem süresinin uzamasıyla önemli ölçüde artması, plazma kaynaklı oksidatif dönüşüme işaret etmiştir. İstatistiksel analizler, plazma uygulama süresinin uçucu bileşimi önemli ölçüde etkilediğini doğrulamıştır (p < 0,05). Temel bileşenlerin yapısal bütünlüğü korunurken uçucu madde salımını artırmak için 5 dakikalık işlem süresinin optimal olduğu belirlenmiştir. İçerik analizi, plazma maruziyet süresine bağlı olarak örnekler arasında belirgin bir farklılaşma olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Genel olarak LPRFP, zerdeçalın uçucu profilini kontrollü bir şekilde düzenlemek için umut verici, termal olmayan bir teknik olarak öne çıkmakta; aromatik ve fitofarmasötik endüstrilerinde kalite standardizasyonu ve fonksiyonel iyileştirme alanlarında potansiyel uygulamalar sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Zerdeçal, Düşük basınçlı RF plazma, GC-MS, Curcuminoidler üzerine RF Plazma etkisi, Curcumene, RF plazma etkisiyle fitofarmasötiklerin değişimi

Supporting Institution

Bu araştırma herhangi bir dış destek almamıştır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma insan veya hayvan katılımcıları içermemektedir. Tüm prosedürler bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uygun olarak gerçekleştirilmiş olup, atıfta bulunulan tüm çalışmalar uygun şekilde kaynak gösterilmiştir.

Thanks

Kimya ve proses mühendisi Sayın Bera Akif Bilici'ye, bu bilimsel araştırma boyunca verdiği manevi destek ve çalışma koşullarımızı kolaylaştırdığı için teşekkür ederiz.

Effect of Low-Pressure Radio Frequency (RF) Plasma Exposure Time on the Profile of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): GC-MS Based Chemometric Evaluation

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of low-pressure radio frequency plasma (LPRFP) treatment applied at different durations (90 s, 3, 5, 9, and 15 min) on the volatile component profile of powdered turmeric using GC–MS combined with chemometric analysis. A total of 49 volatile compounds were identified, among which artemisia ketone was the most dominant and stable component, accounting for an average of 39.12%. Ten major constituents, including ar-curcumene, α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, β-bisabolene, β-caryophyllene, ar-turmerol, himachalene, farnesene, humulene, and turmerol isomers, collectively represented more than 80% of the total volatile profile and exhibited significant variations. Short plasma exposures (90 s and 3 min) preserved the relative proportions of the dominant sesquiterpenes, maintaining chemical stability close to the control samples. In contrast, prolonged treatments (9 and 15 min) caused a marked reduction in the concentrations and peak areas of these compounds, attributed to non-thermal oxidative degradation. Monoterpenes were identified as the most plasma-sensitive group, whereas oxygenated compounds increased significantly with extended treatment, indicating plasma-induced oxidative transformation. Statistical analyses confirmed that plasma duration significantly influenced volatile composition (p < 0.05). A treatment time of 5 min was determined to be optimal for enhancing volatile release while maintaining the structural integrity of key components. Content analysis revealed a clear differentiation among samples depending on the plasma exposure time. Overall, LPRFP emerges as a promising non-thermal technique for modulating turmeric’s volatile profile in a controlled manner, offering potential applications in quality standardization and functional enhancement within the aromatic and phytopharmaceutical industries.

Keywords

Turmeric, Low-pressure RF plasma, GC-MS, Effect of RF plasma on curcuminoids, Curcumene, Modification of phytopharmaceuticals by RF plasma effect

Supporting Institution

This research received no external funding.

Ethical Statement

This study does not involve human or animal participants. All procedures followed scientific and ethical principles, and all referenced studies are appropriately cited.

Thanks

We would like to thank Mr. Bera Akif Bilici, a chemical and processes engineer, for his moral support and for facilitating our working conditions throughout this scientific research.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Instrumental Methods, Colloid and Surface Chemistry

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Namık Bilici
0000-0002-4320-3567
Türkiye

Ferhat Bozduman ^*
0000-0002-2669-021X
Türkiye

Publication Date

October 23, 2026

Submission Date

February 8, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 28, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 14 Number: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1884356

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA75ZU75HM

APA

Bilici, N., & Bozduman, F. (2026). Effect of Low-Pressure Radio Frequency (RF) Plasma Exposure Time on the Profile of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): GC-MS Based Chemometric Evaluation. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, 14(4), 1063-1077. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1884356

AMA

1.Bilici N, Bozduman F. Effect of Low-Pressure Radio Frequency (RF) Plasma Exposure Time on the Profile of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): GC-MS Based Chemometric Evaluation. DUBİTED. 2026;14(4):1063-1077. doi:10.29130/dubited.1884356

Chicago

Bilici, Namık, and Ferhat Bozduman. 2026. “Effect of Low-Pressure Radio Frequency (RF) Plasma Exposure Time on the Profile of Turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.): GC-MS Based Chemometric Evaluation”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 14 (4): 1063-77. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1884356.

EndNote

Bilici N, Bozduman F (October 1, 2026) Effect of Low-Pressure Radio Frequency (RF) Plasma Exposure Time on the Profile of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): GC-MS Based Chemometric Evaluation. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 14 4 1063–1077.

IEEE

[1]N. Bilici and F. Bozduman, “Effect of Low-Pressure Radio Frequency (RF) Plasma Exposure Time on the Profile of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): GC-MS Based Chemometric Evaluation”, DUBİTED, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1063–1077, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.29130/dubited.1884356.

ISNAD

Bilici, Namık - Bozduman, Ferhat. “Effect of Low-Pressure Radio Frequency (RF) Plasma Exposure Time on the Profile of Turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.): GC-MS Based Chemometric Evaluation”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 14/4 (October 1, 2026): 1063-1077. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1884356.

JAMA

1.Bilici N, Bozduman F. Effect of Low-Pressure Radio Frequency (RF) Plasma Exposure Time on the Profile of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): GC-MS Based Chemometric Evaluation. DUBİTED. 2026;14:1063–1077.

MLA

Bilici, Namık, and Ferhat Bozduman. “Effect of Low-Pressure Radio Frequency (RF) Plasma Exposure Time on the Profile of Turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.): GC-MS Based Chemometric Evaluation”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 14, no. 4, Oct. 2026, pp. 1063-77, doi:10.29130/dubited.1884356.

Vancouver

1.Namık Bilici, Ferhat Bozduman. Effect of Low-Pressure Radio Frequency (RF) Plasma Exposure Time on the Profile of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): GC-MS Based Chemometric Evaluation. DUBİTED. 2026 Oct. 1;14(4):1063-77. doi:10.29130/dubited.1884356

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Effect of Low-Pressure Radio Frequency (RF) Plasma Exposure Time on the Profile of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): GC-MS Based Chemometric Evaluation

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